Proy. Tesis Final

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    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL

    “PEDRO RUIZ GALLO”

    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HISTÓRICOSOCIALES Y EDUCACIÓN

    PROYECTO DE TESIS

    MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN

    MENCIÓN: INVESTIGACIÓN Y DOCENCIA

    AUTOR:CHAMAYA BECERRA, Feli eSOSA COVE!AS, M"#$el

    ASESOR:M"%& MIGUEL ALFARO BARRANTES

    L"'(")e*$e + Pe -& ./01

    “PROGRAMA DE DEBATE PARA ME2ORAR EL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO ENEL 3REA DE COMUNICACIÓN DE 4UINTO GRADO DE SECUNDARIA DE LAINSTITUCION EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “DIVINO 2ES5S” + M3NCORA ./01

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    PROYECTO DE TESIS MAESTRÍA

    I& ASPECTOS INFORMATIVOS:

    0& TÍTULO DEL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN:

    “PROGRAMA DE DEBATE PARA MEJORAR EL PENSAMIENTOCRÍTICO EN EL ÁREA DE COMUNICACIÓN DE QUINTO GRADO DESECUNDARIA DE LA INSTITUCION EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “DIVINOJESÚS” – MÁNCORA 201 !

    .& PERSONAL INVESTIGADOR

    .&0& AUTORES:

    "#$% C'()(*( B#+#,,( *

    M(-.#$ S/ ( C/ # (

    .&.& ASESOR:

    6& TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN:

    6&0& P,/&/ %3% ( (&$%+(3% (

    7& MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN&

    MENCIÓN:

    I- # 3%4(+%5- * D/+#-+%(!

    7& LOCALIDAD E INSTITUCIÓN DONDE SE DESARROLLAR3 ELPROYECTO:

    L( %- # 3%4(+%5- # 6# (,,/$$(,7 #- #$ 6#&(,3()#-3/ 6# P%.,(8 &,/ %-+%( 6#T($(,(8 6% 3,%3/ 6# M7-+/,(8 #- $( I- 3%3.+%5- E6.+(3% ( P(,3%+.$(, “D% %-/J# 9 ” . %+(6( #- $( +($$# T.) # ;

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    8& DURACIÓN ESTIMADA DEL PROYECTO

    8&0& FECHA DE INICIO : J.-%/ 201 !

    8&.& FECHA DE T9RMINO : S#3%#) ,# 201

    & PRESENTADO POR:

    ====================== ======================== "#$% C'()(*( B#+#,,( M(4! M%4.#$ A$>(,/ B(,,(-3# AUTOR ASESOR

    ============================= ASESOR

    0/& APROBADO POR:

    ================= ================= P,# %6#-3# S#+,#3(,%/

    ================== V/+($

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    II& ASPECTOS DE LA PROBLEM3TICA

    .&0& REALIDAD PROBLEM3TICA

    .&0&0& A NIVEL MUNDIALN/ / 3(-3# $( %- # 3%4(+%/-# #6.+(3% ( 6# $( 6/ 9$3%)( 6?+(6(

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    #+3/,# @.# $# '(- (6 .6%+(6/ ($ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ (+#&+%/-#-#4(3% ( 8 3($ +/)/ /+.,,# #- #$ #+3/, #6.+(+%5-8 # + >%+()#-3#86/-6# 6/+#-3# * # 3.6%(-3# ( .)#- ($ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ +/)/ .-((+3%3.6 +/-3# 3(3(,%( / 6# /&/ %+%5- % 3#)73%+( %- )(*/, 3,( +#-6#-+%(! O3,/ $# (6 .6%+(-8 (.-@.# (4()#-3#8 +.($%6(6#&/ %3% ( 8 ,/ -/ $/4,(- ( %)%$(, #$ #-3%6/ +/)&$#3/ @.# 6%+'/

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    ,#($%6(6 6(6( $( ($3( +/)&$# %6(6 6# # 3( '( %$%6(6 #-+%#,,(! ( 3( #$)/)#-3/ +.($@.%#, %-3#-3/ 6# +/-+#&3.(, ($ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ '(,# .$3(6/ (4/8 ) -%)()#-3# &,#+% /!

    .&0&.& A NIVEL LATINOAMERICANO

    S% %#- $( $%3#,(3.,( (454%+( $(3%-/()#,%+(-( # )(*/, &(,( $(#6.+(+%5- 7 %+( @.# &(,( $( .,%/,8 %4.# %#-6/ # +(F( #-&,/&.# 3( 6# )#6%/ * )?3/6/ @.# &.#6(- (*.6(, ($ 6/+#-3# #-# 3# +/)#3%6/ 6# >/)#-3(, #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- . # 3.6%(-3# !S5$/ # &/ % $# #-+/-3,(, ($4.-/ 3,( ( / 6# %- # 3%4(6/,#% #,/()#,%+(-/ 8 @.# ,)%3#- (,,/ (, .- &/+/ 6# $.F ($ 3#)( 6# $()#3/6/$/4 ( 6#$ 6# (,,/$$/ 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- $( #6.+(+%5-

    #+.-6(,%(!

    .&0&6& A NIVEL NACIONAL

    E- -.# 3,/ &( # ).* 4#-#,($%F(6( $( 6%>%+.$3(6 6# $/ # 3.6%(-3#&(,( - (, +, 3%+()#-3# +/)/ ,# .$3(6/ 6# .-( +$(,( (. #-+%( .-(

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    .&0&7& A NIVEL REGIONAL

    A+3.($)#-3#8 #$ # 3.6%(-3# @.# # 37 &/, 3#,)%-(, $( #3(&( 6##+.-6(,%( 3%#-# $( # %4#-+%( 6# 6(, ,# &.# 3( ( 3,# 4,(-6#

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    .-( 3#,+#,( (++%5- 6# +5)/ ( .)%,7 . # #,+%+%/ +%.6(6(-/! T/6( # 3(,#>$# %5- (454%+( -/ $$# ( ( $/ 6/+#-3# 8 +/- +%#-3# 6# -.# 3,($( /,8 ( #->/+(, $( #- # (-F( '(+%( .-( #6.+(+%5- 6# +($%6(6 *

    ($# (,-/ $/ )7 @.# &/6()/ 6# .- (&,#-6%F( # ,#+#&3% / * &( % /6# %#-6/ +/- #,3%, ( -.# 3,/ # 3.6%(-3# 6# #+.-6(,%( 6# $( IEP“D% %-/ J# 9 ” ( @.# '(4(- . / 6# $( +.(3,/ +(&(+%6(6# .,%/,# :P#- ()%#-3/ +,#(3% /8 - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 /$.+%5- 6# &,/ $#)( *3/)( 6# 6#+% %/-# !

    .&.& PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA:; i(i el ?(le'" e# l?=e=@$

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    .&6& FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA:

    S# / #, ( #- #$ &,/+# / 6# #- # (-F(H(&,#-6%F( #8 #- #$ 7,#( 6#C/).-%+(+%5- @.# $/ # 3.6%(-3# 6# @.%-3/ 4,(6/ 6# #6.+(+%5-

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    .&6&0& OB2ETO DE ESTUDIO

    E$ &,/+# / #- # (-F(H(&,#-6%F( # #- #$ 7,#( 6# C/).-%+(+%5- 6# $(IEP “D% %-/ J# 9 ” 6#$ 6% 3,%3/ 6# M7-+/,(8 &,/ %-+%( 6# T($(,(8 ,#4%5-P%.,(!

    .&7& 2USTIFICACIÓN E IMPORTANCIA DEL ESTUDIO&P/,@.# $/ # 3.6%(-3# 6#$ @.%-3/ 4,(6/ 6# #6.+(+%5- #+.-6(,%( 6# $(IEP “D% %-/ J# 9 ” 3%#-#- 6%>%+.$3(6# #- #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 # 3(%- # 3%4(+%5- # . 3#-3( #- $/ ($/,# &,7+3%+/8 3#5,%+/ *)#3/6/$54%+/!

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    L( %-6(4(+%5- $/4,( ( /+%(, $( 3#/, ( 6# A-3/-%/ U-F.# U-F.#“A,4.)#-3(, &(,( 6# (3%,” * 6# C(,$/ M! Á$ (,# 6# S(*( “D%67+3%+(6# $( E6.+(+%5- S.,%/,” +/- #$ &,/4,()( #6.+(3% / 6#$ 6# (3#8 6#

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    #+.-6(,%( 6# $( IEP “D% %-/ J# 9 ” 6#$ 6% 3,%3/ 6# M7-+/,(8 &,/ %-+%(6# T($(,(8 ,#4%5- P%.,(! D# # 3# )/6/8 6/+#-3# * # 3.6%(-3#,#>$# %/-(,(- / ,# . +/)&,#- %5- # %-3,/6.+%,7- +() %/ * )# /,(#- $( #- # (-F(8 #- . (&,#-6%F( # * #- . - ()%#-3/!

    S# '( &,/&.# 3/ # 3# &,/4,()( 6# 6# (3# %)&$#)#-3(6/ &/, .-(#+.#-+%( 6# 3#)( 6% #,4#-3# ( / $/ &,%-+%&%/ 6# 3/$#,(-+%(8

    +/# % 3#-+%( #- $( 6% #, %6(68 ,# / ( $( $% #,3(6 6# /&%-%5- * 6#+, 3%+( ,)%3(- )# /,(, $( +(&(+%6(6 6# - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ %4.%#-6/.-( 6#3#,)%-(6( #+.#-+%( )#3/6/$54%+(! T/)( +/)/ ( # +/4-%3% (&(,( )# /,(, #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ ($ 6# (3# @.#8 +/)/ 3?+-%+(8,)%3# ($ # 3.6%(-3# 6# #6.+(+%5- #+.-6(,%( ( # &,# (, # *8 +/)/&(,3%+%&(-3# (+3% /8 ( ( #, (,4.)#-3(, . &.-3/ 6# % 3( * (

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    .&0& OB2ETIVOS:

    .&1&0& GENERAL:D#)/ 3,(, $( ($%6#F 6#$ &,/4,()( 6# 6# (3# ( (6/ #- $( 3#/, (6# A-3/-%/ U-F.# U-F.# “A,4.)#-3(, &(,( 6# (3%,” * 6# C(,$/ M! Á$ (,# 6# S(*( “D%67+3%+( 6# $( E6.+(+%5- S.,%/,” #- $( )# /,(6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ 6# $/ # 3.6%(-3# 6#$ @.%-3/ 4,(6/ 6##6.+(+%5- #+.-6(,%( 6# $( IEP “D% %-/ J# 9 ” 6#$ 6% 3,%3/ 6#M7-+/,(8 &,/ %-+%( 6# T($(,(8 ,#4%5- P%.,(!

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    III& MARCO TEÓRICO:

    6&0& ANTECEDENTES

    E- $( % %3( * +/- .$3( ( % $%/3#+( 6#$ )#6%/ * $( #6 # %6#-3%>%+5%- # 3%4(+%/-# #- +/-3# 3/ -(+%/-($# # %-3#,-(+%/-($# 8 $( @.#&,# #-3()/ ( +/-3%-.(+%5-:

    6&0&0& Vill" M& ./0. PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE QUINTO DE SECUNDARIA DE LOS COLEGIOS DE CARMEN DE LA LEGUA CALLAO &

    D# 6%+'( %- # 3%4(+%5- # +/-+$.*# @.# $/ # 3.6%(-3# 6# @.%-3/ ( / 6#

    #+.-6(,%( &/ ##- $( +(&(+%6(6 6# - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- .- -% #$)#6%/8 +/- >.#,3# 3#-6#-+%( ($ -% #$ ( /! L( +(&(+%6(6# +/- )# /, -% #$

    )#6%/K /- (-($%F(, %->/,)(+%5- # %->#,%, %)&$%+(-+%( 8 &,/&/-#, ($3#,-(3% ( 6# /$.+%5- * (,4.)#-3(, &,# #-3(- -% #$ ( /! E$ 4?-#,/ -/+/- 3%3.*# .- >(+3/, %->$.*#-3# &(,( 6%>#,#-+%( %4-%>%+(3% ( ! L/# 3.6%(-3# @.# &,/ %#-#- 6# %- 3%3.+%/-# #6.+(3% ( &(,3%+.$(,#)/ 3,(,/- )# /, -% #$ 6# - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/!

    3.1.2. Romero N. Flor (2008 INFLUENCIA DEL PROGRAMA !DPC"#EN EL DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO# EN EL $REA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES# EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DELSEGUNDO GRADO DE SECUNDARIA DE LA I. E. N% 81003 !C&SAR A'RA AM )ALLE*O MENDO+A"# TRU*ILLO

    L/ '($$(F4/ 6# $( %- # 3%4(+%5- ).# 3,(- @.# $( , /-( &.#6#-&,/+# (, +, 3%+()#-3# $( %->/,)(+%5- %#)&,# * +.(-6/ # $# &,/&%+%# $/# &(+%/ -#+# (,%/ / +/-/F+(- # 3,(3#4%( ! L.#4/ 6# $( (&$%+(+%5- 6#$&,/4,()( “DPC”8 $/ # 3.6%(-3# )/ 3,(,/- .-( )# /,( # 3(6 3%+()#-3#($3()#-3# %4-%>%+(3% ( #-3,# #$ &,# * #$ &/ 3 3# 3! L( %- # 3%4(+%5- +/->%,)@.# $/ # 3.6%(-3# &.#6#- 6# (,,/$$(, #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- 3(-3/

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    3.1.3. Se,- or# G. (200/ !APLICACI N DE UN PROGRAMA'ASADO EN ESTRATEGIAS COGNITI)AS PARA ELDESARROLLO DE LAS A'ILIDADES DE PENSAMIENTO

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    CRÍTICO EN EL $REA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES# EN LOS ALUMNOS DEL PRIMER A O DE EDUCACI N SECUNDARIA"

    D# )/6/ %)%$(, ( $( %- # 3%4(+%5- (-3#,%/,8 $( (&$%+(+%5- 6# .- &,/4,()(6# # 3,(3#4%( +/4-%3% ( ,# .$35 #>%+(F #- # 3.6%(-3# 6# $/ &,%)#,/( / 6# #+.-6(,%( +/- #$ &,/&5 %3/ 6# 6# (,,/$$(, '( %$%6(6# &,/&%( 6#$- ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/! L/ ($.)-/ )# /,(,/- #- . +(&(+%6(6# 6#(.3/,,#4.$(+%5-8 (,4.)#-3(+%5-8 .%+%/ 6# ($/, # %-3#,(++%5- +/- .+/)&( #,/ !

    3.1. . M- -rl456# A. (2007 !ESTRATEGIA 'ASADA EN LA T&CNICADEL ESTUDIO DE CASOS EN EL DESARROLLO DELPENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO EN ALUMNOS DEL TERCER GRADO DE EDUCACI N SECUNDARIA# EN EL $READE MATEM$TICA DE LA INSTITUCI N EDUCATI)A!LEONCIO PRADO"

    A@. # &,/&. / (&$%+(, $( 3?+-%+( 6#$ # 3.6%/ 6# +( / &(,( 6#3#,)%-(, %? 3( ,)%3 ( &,/)/ #, #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- $/ # 3.6%(-3# 6#$

    4,.&/ # ,%)#-3($! L/ ,# .$3(6/ / 3#-%6/ >.#,/- (3% >(+3/,%/ ! E$# 3.6%/ #- )#-+%5- ,#>.#,F( #$ )(,+/ 3#5,%+/ 6# -.# 3,( %- # 3%4(+%5- * $(#$( /,(+%5- 6#$ %- 3,.)#-3/ 6# ,#+/ / 6# 6(3/ !

    3.1./. R-, ol9,# A.(2008 !IMPLEMENTACI N : E)ALUACI N DE UNA PROPUESTA METODOL GICA ORIENTADA ALDESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO# A PARTIR DE LOS CONTENIDOS DE CASTELLANO : LITERATURA# EN

    ALUMNOS DE PRIMER A O DEL CICLO DI)ERSIFICADO" A &(,3%, 6# $( %- # 3%4(+%5- # +/-+$.*# @.# $( #6.+(+%5- &(,( )#6%/ #.-( &,7+3%+( @.# # 3%).$( #$ #-3,#-()%#-3/ 6# $/ # 3.6%(-3# #- $(,+#&+%5- +, 3%+( 6# $/ +/-3#-%6/ @.# # 3,(- )%3#- ( 3,( ? 6# $/)#6%/ 6# +/).-%+(+%5- * @.# # 3/8 .)(6/ ( /3,( 7,#( 6#+/-/+%)%#-3/8 &.#6# >(+%$%3(, #$ 6# (,,/$$/ 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/! E$ (.3/, 3#,)%-( &,/&/-%#-6/ “ #- # 3# #-3%6/8 3(-3/ $( #6.+(+%5- &(,( )#6%/

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    6&.& BASE TEÓRICA CIENTÍFICAS

    6&.&0& EL DEBATE

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    E- $( E6(6 M#6%( * 6.,(-3# $/ 3%#)&/ 6#$ >#.6($% )/8 $/ 6# (3## . ( (- &(,( %)&/-#, $( # % 3#-+%( 6# D%/ 8 ( +(,4/ 6# $/ / % &/

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    D.,(-3# $( 9$3%)( 3,# 6?+(6( 8 # '( / #, (6/ .- / 3#-%6/%-3#,? #- #$ &($ @.# /+.&(- #$ 6# (3#8 $( +'(,$( * 6% +. %/-# #-#$ (&,#-6%F( # ( &(,3%, 6#$ 3# 3/! E- $( 6?+(6( 6#$ /+'#-3(8 #$ >/+/ 6#(3#-+%5- # +#-3,5 #- $/ 4,.&/ 6# 6% +. %5- 4.%(6/ &/, $/ &,/&%/

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    DEFINICIÓN

    L( U-% #, %6(6 6# C5,6/ ( 2011K $/ 6#>%-# +/)/ .-( 3?+-%+( 6#+/).-%+(+%5- /,($ 6/-6# # # &/-# .- 3#)( * .-( &,/ $#)73%+(! N/

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    . %6#( #- ,#$(+%5- ($ 3#)( #- +.# 3%5-8 @.# 6# # .&/-#, 6/ /)7 &/ %+%/-# /&.# 3( ! L/ (,4.)#-3/ ( &,# #-3(, # &.#6#- %, >/,)(-6/ +/- $( %6#( 6#$ /&/ %3/,8 &/, $/ 3(-3/ # -#+# (,%/ 3#-#, 4,(- ,(&%6#F * (4%$%6(6 )#-3($!

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    6&.&.& LA T9CNICA DEL DEBATE

    E 3( 3?+-%+( # 37 ,#$(+%/-(6( -3%)()#-3# +/- $( #$( /,(+%5- 6#>.-6()#-3/ 8 $( 3/)( 6# &/ %+%5- >,#-3# ( .- 3#)(8 * $( +/).-%+(+%5-6# $/ )% )/ ! M#6%(-3# # 3( (+3% %6(6 #$ &,/># /, &/-# ($ ($.)-/>,#-3# ( $( &/ % %$%6(6 6# 6(, ( +/-/+#, . %6#( 8 . &$(-3#()%#-3/* &,%-+%&($)#-3# $( 6#>#- ( 6# # 3/ ( (6/ #- (,4.)#-3/ !

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    E$ (&,#-6%F &.#6# &(,3%+%&(, 6#$ 6# (3# #- >/,)( , /-($ / 4,.&($6#-6%#-6/ 6# $( -(3.,($#F( * / #3% / 6# $( # %5- 6# (&,#-6%F( #8$/ %)&/,3(-3# # @.# #( #$ &,/3(4/-% 3( 6# $( +$( # * @.# 3/6( .

    /&%-%/-# # %6#( 3#-4(- .- . 3#-3/ ,(+%/-($! E 3() %?- # 3( .-(/&/,3.-%6(6 &(,( &/-#, #- &,7+3%+( $( %,3.6# 6#$ - ()%#-3/+, 3%+/ &,/&.# 3( &/, E$6#, * P(9$ 200;K 3($# +/)/ '.)%$6(6%-3#$#+3.($8 - ()%#-3/ %-6#-6%#-3# / (.35-/)/ * ($#-3 (%-3#$#+3.($!

    T# #6( * M#$4(,# / 200%#-6# .- &.-3/ 6# % 3( 6# )(-#,( 4,.&($8 #- &,// #- +/-3,( ,# +3/ ( .- 3#)( +/-3,/ #, %($ )#6%(-3# $( 6% +. %5-!E- ,#$(+%5- ( # 3# &.-3/ R'(3 8 ( #,)(- * /3,/ 1 K 6%+#- @.#“#$ ,# / &/, $/ ($.)-/ * . # >.#,F/ &/, - (, /-(+,#+#-3(6/ +/- $( 6% +. %5-8 # 3/ -#+# %3(- /&/,3.-%6(6# 6#6% +.3%, +/- #$ )(# 3,/ * #-3,# % . - ()%#-3/ 8 . /&%-%/-# *

    . %-3#-3/ 6# (-7$% % ”

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    6&.&6& FUNCIÓN DEL DABATE EN EL MEDIO ACAD9MICO

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    C/)/ *( )#-+%/-()/ 8 #$ 6# (3# # .-( 3?+-%+( . .($ #- #$ ($5- 6#+$( # @.# # 6# (,,/$$( 6# )(-#,( %->/,)($ * @.#8 ).+'( #+# 8 -/

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    6&.&7& ESTRUCTURA

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    %-+$%-(, # ( >( /, / #- +/-3,( 6# .-( &/ 3.,(! A6#)7 8 # $(/&/,3.-%6(6 6# $/ &(,3%+%&(-3# &(,( +$(,%>%+(, $/ &.-3/&,%-+%&($# 6# . (,4.)#-3/ 8 ( +/)/ ,#>/,F(, $/ &.-3/

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    6&.&1& PASOS PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN DEL DEBATE:

    A& A-3# 6#$ 6# (3#:

    1! E$#4%, .- 3#)( 6# %-3#,? @.# 4#-#,# +/-3,/ #, %(!

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    +/-+#6#, $( &($( ,( ( +(6( &(,3%+%&(-3# @.# ( $/ 6# ##!

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    ! L$#4(, ( .- +/- #- / / ,# $( +/-+$. %/-# !

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    6&.&8& REGLAS Y RECOMENDACIONES GENERALES:

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    %->/,)($ / ($3% /-(-3#!

    6&.& & PROPUESTAS DE AUTORES O INVESTIGADORES SOBRE CÓMO

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    +(6( # >#,( 6# +/-/+%)%#-3/8 -/ 5$/ &(,( ,# /$ #, &,/ $#)( 8 %-/&(,( +/- 3,.%, $( % %5- 6# >.3.,/ @.# +/-3,% .%,7 ( #$# (, $( +($%6(6 6#

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    P(,( ( #,)( 1 W%4.,(6/ &/, $(+/-6%+%/-# '% 35,%+( * /+%($# !

    6&.&00& DIMENSIONES DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO:

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    - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ +/)&,#-6# 6/ 6%)#- %/-# @.# (+39(- 6#)(-#,( %-3#,,#$(+%/-(6( '(+%#-6/ . / 6# .-( #,%# 6# .'( %$%6(6# !

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    "(+%/-# #- C()&/ 200 K &,#+% ( $( '( %$%6(6# %-3#$#+3.($# @.#>/,)(- &(,3# 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ * # ($( @.# # 3(

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    .)%$6(6 %-3#$#+3.($: E 3(, +/- +%#-3# 6# $/ $ )%3# 6#$ &,/&%/

    +/-/+%)%#-3/8 $( '.)%$6(6 %-3#$#+3.($ ,(6%+( #- ,#+/-/+#, @.# .-/-/ 6# # &,#3#-6#, @.# ( # )7 6# $/ @.# ,#($)#-3# ( #!

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    C/)/ # '( &/6%6/ (&,#+%(, # % 3# +/%-+%6#-+%( #-3,# $/%- # 3%4(6/,# #- # ($(, 6/ +/)&/-#-3# / 6%)#- %/-# &(,( #$- ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 $( @.# %- /$.+,(- ( +3/ (>#+3% / * (@.#$$(

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    ANALIZAR INFORMACIÓN&

    E- $/ 3%#)&/ (+3.($# $( %->/,)(+%5- ,# +3/ 6# +.($@.%#, 3#)( #( .-6(-3#8 &/, #$$/ # -#+# (,%/ @.# $/ # 3.6%(-3# &/-4(- #-&,7+3%+( 3?+-%+( @.# $/ (*.6#- ( #&(,(, $( %->/,)(+%5-+/- %6#,(-6/ /$/ (@.#$$/ @.# # ,#$# (-3#! A$ ,# +3/ R(3'8

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    3%#-#- .- )/6#$/ +$(,/ * $/ >.-6()#-3/ ,#@.#,%6/ &(,( '(+#,$/”!P/, #$$/ # 6# # &,(+3%+(, 6# >/,)( / 3#-%6( (+3% %6(6# @.#+/-6.F+(- ( 6# (,,/$$(, #$ (-7$% % *( @.# )%#-3,( )7 #

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    INFERIR IMPLICANCIAS Y O CONSECUENCIAS&

    E 3( # $( 6# 3,#F( 6# $/ . #3/ &(,( '(+#, &,#6%++%/-# ,(F/-( $#/ ,# $/ #>#+3/ 6# .-( %3.(+%5- ( &(,3%, 6# 6(3/ # &$ +%3/ 8 &/,

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    ($4/” )%#-3,( @.# $( +/- #+.#-+%( “ /- $( +/ ( @.# % .+#6#-+.(-6/ (+39( ”8 &/, $/ @.# $( %)&$%+(-+%( # #-+/-3,(, (- #- #$&$(-/ 6# $/ '%&/3?3%+/ * $( +/- #+.#-+%( #- #$ &$(-/ 6# $/ ,#($!

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    PROPONER ALTERNATIVAS DE SOLUCIÓN&

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    )# /,# +/-6%+%/-# 6# 3/)(, .-( 6#+% %5- +.(-6/ ( # $/ # % (($4.-( %3.(+%5- 6# $( %6( +/3%6%(-(!

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    ARGUMENTAR POSICIÓN&

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    $( (,4.)#-3(+%5- # $( )# /, '#,,()%#-3( @.# ,)%3# ( $( , /-(6#)/ 3,(, $( # %6#-+%( @.# (&/*(- . &$(-3#()%#-3/ ”!

    P(,( B/% #,3 200 K “$( /&%-%5- / &/ 3.,( / ,# .- 3#)( 6# # #, (+/)&( (6/ +/- $( . 3%>%+(+%5- 6# (,4.)#-3/ ”! S#49- B#( * /3,/

    1 K “($ #$( /,(, $/ >.-6()#-3/ # -#+# (,%/ %6#-3%>%+(, $/ @.# #+/-/+# 6#$ 3#)(8 $/ / #3% / @.# # , %4.#-8 $( +(,(+3#, 3%+(6#$ 6% +., / * #$ &9 $%+/ ($ +.($ # 6%,%4# $( (,4.)#-3(+%5-”! R(3' 8

    ( #,)(- * /3,/ 1 K (>%,)( @.# “ % $/ -% / (&,#-6#- ( 6#+%, $( +/ ( ( 7-6/ # #- (,4.)#-3/ #-3/-+# # &,/6.+# .-(+/-3,% .+%5- ($ 6# (,,/$$/ 6#$ - ()%#-3/ #- (3/ $/ @.# +/-$$# ( (.-( )(6.,(+%5- +/4-%3% (”

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

    S#49- &,#+% ( E$6#, 2002K . +(, $( #,6(6 %- /$.+,( # ($.(, # %6#-+%( @.# .)#- #- #$ )/)#-3/ 6# 6#+%6%, @.# # 37 %#- / @.## 37 )($ &(,( 6#>#-6#, +/- ($#-3 ( %-3#$#+3.($ $( &/ 3.,( ( .)%6( ( (, @.# # 3( -/ #( $( )7 &/&.$(, &/,@.# $( %6#( -/ #-+.#-3,(-

    . ($/, #- $/ (6#&3/ 8 +/)/ $( %)&$# /&%-%/-# 8 %-/ #- $(,(F/-# @.# .,4#- $.#4/ 6# .- # '(. 3% / (-7$% % 6# +/-+#&3/ 8 &/, #$$/ )(-%>%# 3(- @.# “.-( &/ %+%5- %#- ,(F/-(6( -/ # .-( )#,(/&%-%5-”

    6&.&0.& ESTANDARES DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO:

    L/ # 37-6(,# %-3#$#+3.($# .-% #, ($# /- %-6%+(6/,# @.# 6# #-

    .3%$%F(, # &(,( %6#-3%>%+(, '( 3( 65-6# $/ # 3.6%(-3# #)&$#(- #$

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    - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 +/)/ $( '#,,()%#-3( &,%-+%&($ &(,( #$(&,#-6%F( #! P#- (, +, 3%+()#-3# %)&$%+( 6/)%-(, # 3/ !

    L/ &,%-+%&($# /- K:

    Claridad : L( +$(,%6(6 # .- # 37-6(, # #-+%($! S% .- &$(-3#()%#-3/

    # +/->. /8 -/ # &.#6# ( #, % # # (+3/ / ,#$# (-3#!

    Exactitud : U- #-.-+%(6/ ,# &/-6# ($ 3#)( # + >%+/!

    Precisión : U- &$(-3#()%#-3/ 6# # # 3(, #->/+(6/ ($ 3#)( / ( $(

    &,#4.-3(!

    Relevancia : U- &$(-3#()%#-3/ &.#6# #, +$(,/8 # (+3/ * &,#+% /,/ %,,#$# (-3# ($ ( .-3/ / ( $( &,#4.-3(!

    Profundidad : U- #-.-+%(6/ 6# # +/- %6#,(, $/ ( +3/ )7

    %)&/,3(-3# * %4-%>%+(3% / -/ $/ .,>%+%($# !

    Amplitud : U-( $ -#( 6# ,(F/-()%#-3/ +/- %6#,( 3/6/ $/ >(+3/,# !

    Lógica : C.(-6/ - ()/ /,6#-()/ .-( #,%# 6# %6#( ! C.(-6/

    $( %6#( +/) %-(6( # (&/*(- #-3,# * 3%#-#- #-3%6/8 #$- ()%#-3/ # $54%+/!

    6&.&06& BASES PSICOLÓGICAS DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO:

    P(,3%#-6/ 6# $( 6%>#,#-3# 6#>%-%+%/-# 6# - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #&.#6# 6#6.+%, @.# # 3( +(&(+%6(6 >/,)( &(,3# 6# $( 9$3%)( #3(&( 6#$&,/+# / +/4-%3% / 6# $( 3#/, ( &%(4#3%(-(! E 3( 3#/, ( +/)&,#-6# #$# 3(6%/ #- /,%/)/3,%F8 6# 6# #$ -(+%)%#-3/ '( 3( $/ 2 ( / 6# #6(6

    #$ # 3(6%/ &,#/,(+%/-($8 6# 2 ( ( / 6# #6(6 #$ # 3(6%/ 6# $(/,(+%/-# +/-+,#3( 8 6# ( 11 ( / 6# #6(6 * #$ # 3(6%/ 6# $(/,(+%/-# >/,)($# 8 6# 11 ( ( / 6# #6(6 '( 3( $( (6.$3#F!

    S(-3,/+ 8 2002K

    P(,( P%(4#3 #- D#$ ($ 1 K ($,#6#6/, 6# $/ 11 ( $/ 1 ( / 8 $(, /-( &%#- (- 6# >/,)( ( 3,(+3(8 %6#($% 3( * $54%+(8 &/, 3(-3/ /-+(&(+# 6# # 3( $#+#, '%&53# % * &$(-3#(, /$.+%/-# ( &,/ $#)(

    ( +/)/ $$#4(, ( +/-+$. %/-# ! E 3/ 9$3%)/ %-6%+(, ( &(,( #$ (.3/, @.#$/ (6/$# +#-3# *( '(+#- . / 6# .- ,(F/-()%#-3/ '%&/3?3%+/

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    6#6.+3% / $/ @.# %-6%+(, ( $( ,#$(+%5- #-3,# #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/)(3#,%( 6# # 3.6%/ 6# # 3( %- # 3%4(+%5- * $( #3(&( 6# /,(+%/-#>/,)($# # 3( $#+%6( &/, #$ & %+5$/4/ .%F/!

    P(,( D#$ ($ 1 K # 6.,(-3# #$ , /6/ 6# $( /,(+%/-# >/,)($#@.# #$ . #3/ 6# (,,/$$( .- - ()%#-3/ )7 $%4(6/ ( $( +%#-+%(8 *(@.# #49- (>%,)( #- # 3( #3(&(: V( #, +(&(F 6# ,(F/-(, -/ 5$/

    / ,# $/ ,#($ %-/ 3() %?- / ,# $/ &/ % $#! P/6,7 #-3#-6#, * &,/6.+%, #-.-+%(6/ @.# # ,#>%#,#- ( +/ ( @.# -/ '(- .+#6%6/8 6## ()%-(, $( +/- #+.#-+%( 6# ($4/ @.# # 3/)( +/)/ &.,()#-3#'%&/3?3%+/8 6# #-3#-6#, +/ ( @.# # 37- ($# (6( #- #$ # &(+%/ * #$3%#)&/! ( ,>#++%/-(6/ ).+'/ . &,/+#6%)%#-3/ 6# &,.# ( * *(-/ (+#&3( $( /&%-%/-# %- /)#3#,$( ( # ()#-! E +(&(F 6#,(F/-(, / ,# &,/ $#)( ( %#,3/ # ()%-(-6/ * #$%)%-(6/

    .+# % ()#-3# 6% #, ( ($3#,-(3% ( * %- '( #, #$%)%-(6/ $( /3,('( 3( @.# # ,#($%F( &/, +/)&$#3/ #$ # ()#-!

    S%- #) (,4/ +( # (+$(,(, @.# M(,3/,(-/8 +%3(6/ &/, D#$ ($ 1/ 3%#-# @.# #$ - ()%#-3/ >/,)($ -/ # .-( +(&(+%6(6 6# 3%&/

    4#-#,($ @.# #( . (6/ &/, 3/6/ $/ . #3/ 6# $( )% )( >/,)(! E$(.3/, $$#45 ( # 3( +/-+$. %5- ($ '($$(, ,# .$3(6/ 3(- 6% %)%$# #-

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    A$ ,# +3/ P%(4#3 #- D#$ ($ 1 K ($ +/-/+#, 6# $( +, 3%+( ( .3,( ( /8 ,#&$(-3#5 #$ 3#)( 6# $( 4#-#,($%6(6 6#$ - ()%#-3/ >/,)($(>%,)(-6/ @.# “$( , /-( #-3,# 1 * 20 ( / $$#4(- ($ - ()%#-3/>/,)($8 ,/ # 3/ # 37 +/-6%+%/-(6/ &/, . (&3%3.6# * $( &,/># %5- ($( @.# # 6#6%@.#-”! D# # 3( >/,)( #$ (.3/, (+#&35 @.# $( # 3,.+3.,(>/,)($# -/ /- $( )% )( #- 3/6/ $/ +( / !

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    - ()%#-3/ >/,)($ $/ .3%$%+#- %#)&,# &(,( ,# /$ #, 3/6( $( 3(,#(@.# # $# &,# #-3(-”! P(,( #$ (.3/, .- >(+3/, +$( # #- #$ 6# #) /6#$ - ()%#-3/ >/,)($ $/ +/- 3%3.*# #$ #-3,#-()%#-3/ #- $( (&$%+(+%5-

    6# # 3,(3#4%( >/,)($# !

    S# +/-+$.*# #-3/-+# @.# $/ . #3/ 6/)%-(- $/ # 3(6%/.,%/,# 6#-6%#-6/ 6# $( # 3%).$(+%5- * $( &,7+3%+( &.# 3/ @.#

    +(6( -% #$ %)&$%+( )(*/, 4,(6/ 6# +/)&$# %6(6! P/, #$$/ $( # +.#$(6# #- &,/)/ #, #$ #)&$#/ 6# # 3,(3#4%( @.# ,)%3(- ( $/ ($.)-/&( (, +/- )(*/, >(+%$%6(6 $/ # 3(6%/ $/4,(-6/ @.# #4,# #- 6# $(EBR +/- .- -% #$ (+#&3( $# 6# - ()%#-3/ >/,)($!

    6&.&07& ENFO4UES DE ENSE!ANZA DEL PENSAMIENTOCRÍTICO:

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

    E->/@.# +#-3,(6/ #- $( '( %$%6(6# 8 # 37 ( (6/ #- $( 6% % %5-

    6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ #- 6%>#,#-3# '( %$%6(6# +/)/ %-3#,&,#3(, / (-($%F(,8 $( )% )( @.# 6# #- #, (&,#-6%6( * $.#4/3,(- >#,%6( ( /3,( %3.(+%/-# !

    E->/@.# +#-3,(6/ #- $( ,# /$.+%5- 6# &,/ $#)( 8 #$ +.($ &,% %$#4%(

    #$ '#+'/ 6# @.# $/ ($.)-/ ,# .#$ (- &,/ $#)( #49- .-(#,%# 6# #3(&( @.# >%-($)#-3# 6# #- 6(, +/- .-( /$.+%5-!

    E->/@.# +#-3,(6/ #- $( $54%+(8 #$ )% )/ @.# # ( ( #- $(

    #$( /,(+%5- 6# .-( +/-+$. %5- 3/)(-6/ #- +.#-3( .-( &,#)% (

    &,%-+%&($ * .-( 6#,% (6(!

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    E->/@.# +#-3,(6/ #- #$ 3,(3()%#-3/ 6# %->/,)(+%5-8 #- # 3# +( /

    6# $/ @.# # 3,(3( # 6# &,#&(,(, ($ ($.)-/ &(,( / #, (,8+/)&(,(, * 6% +#,-%, +%#,3( %->/,)(+%5- @.# $/ &.#6( +/-6.+%, (#$( /,(, .- .%+%/!

    P/, /3,/ $(6/ E--% 8 +%3(6/ &/, B/% #,3 200 K # 3( $#+%5 +.(3,/#->/@.# &(,( $( #- # (-F( 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 $/ +.($# /-:

    E->/@.# 4#-#,($8 +/- % 3# #- $( #- # (-F( 6# $( +(&(+%6(6# *

    6% &/ %+%/-# 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ %- ,#$(+%/-(,$( +/- .-()(3#,%( 6#3#,)%-(6(!E->/@.# 6# %->. %5-8 +/)&,#-6# $( #- # (-F( %-3#- ( 6# .- 3#)(

    %-+#-3% (-6/ ( $/ ($.)-/ ( - (, 6# >/,)( +, 3%+(8 &(,( #$$/ #-#+# (,%/ 6# (, +$(,/ +.7$# /- $( (+3%3.6# * +(&(+%6(6# 6#$- ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/!E->/@.# 6# %-)#, %5-8 ($ %4.($ @.# #$ (-3#,%/, 3/)( +/)/ ( # .-

    3#)( # #8 )/3% (-6/ #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ ,/ %- -#+# %6(6 6#'(+#, # &$ +%3/ $/ &,%-+%&%/ 6# # 3#!E->/@.# )% 3/8 # #$ ,# .$3(6/ 6# $( +/) %-(+%5- #-3,# #$ #->/@.#

    4#-#,($ * #$ #->/@.# 6# $( %->. %5- / #$ 6# $( %-)#, %5-!

    6&.&01& T9CNICAS DE ENSE!ANZA DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO:

    L( %- # 3%4(+%5- ( .)# $( +/-+#&+%5- +/4-%3% ( 6#$ (&,#-6%F( # &/, 3(-3/ +/- %6#,( ($ ($.)-/ &,/3(4/-% 3( 6#$ &,/+# / #6.+(3% /8 @.%#-

    #,7 4.%(6/ &/, #$ )(# 3,/ @.# 6#-3,/ 6#$ )(,+/ +/- 3,.+3% % 3( (+39(+/)/ #$ /,%#-3(6/, 6#$ (&,#-6%F( #!

    T($ +/)/ ,#+/)%#-6( L5F 2000K +.(-6/ 6%+# @.# “#$ ,/$ 6#$#6.+(6/, # (*.6(, ( (&,#-6#,8 -/ #- # (,”!

    S#49- T(,6%> #- B/% #,3 200 K “#$ )(# 3,/ 6# #) ( .-( >.-+%5-%)&/,3(-3#8 $( 6# )#6%(6/, #-3,# #$ +/-/+%)%#-3/ * $/ ($.)-/ / ,#3/6/ ($ # &$%+(, $( # 3,(3#4%( +/4-%3% ( * )#3(+/4-%3% ( @.#-#+# %3(- &(,( ,#($%F(, (6#+.(6()#-3# .-( 3(,#(”

    A %)% )/ L/.% #- B/% #,3 200 K 6%+# @.# $/ )(# 3,/ 6# #-

    # 3%).$(, #$ - (, ( .)%#-6/ .- ,/$ 6# /,%#-3(6/, * 4. ( 6#$(&,#-6%F( #!

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    B#*#,8 B,(-6 * C/ 3( #- B/% #,3 200 K / 3%#-#- @.# #- # (, (- (, %)&$%+( @.# $/ &,/># /,# +,##- $( +/-6%+%/-# &,/&%+%(&(,( $( ,#>$# %5-! E 3# / #3% / .&/-# #$ #)&$#/ 6# # 3,(3#4%( *

    3?+-%+( 6# (&,#-6%F( # @.# &(,( #$ +( / 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/( /,6#- . 6% 3%-3( . '( %$%6(6# 3(-3/ +/4-%3% ( +/)/ (>#+3% ( !

    A +/-3%-.(+%5- # &,# #-3( .-( #$#++%5- 6# 3?+-%+( * # 3,(3#4%(@.# &/ % %$%3(- #$ 6# (,,/$$/ 6#$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/!

    ORGANIZADORES GR3FICOS

    L/ /,4(-%F(6/,# +/- 3%3.*#- .-( 3?+-%+( 7$%6( &(,( &,/+# (,

    %->/,)(+%5-! A 6#+%, 6# C()&/ 200 K “+/).-%+(- $( # 3,.+3.,(+/-+#&3.($ 6# .- 6/)%-%/ 3#)(K ($ %-+$.%, $( %6#( >.-6()#-3($# *

    . ,# +3% ( %-3#,,#$(+%/-# ” E$ &,/+# ()%#-3/ 6# $( %->/,)(+%5- #.- &( / &,# %/ &(,( ($+(-F(, #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ &.# %#)&,# #&%#- ( #- >.-+%5- 6# ($49- +/-/+%)%#-3/8 3($ +/)/ # / 3%#-# #- #$#->/@.# 6# $( %->. %5- 6#$ - ()%#-3/!

    E % 3# .-( 4()( ()&$%( 6# /,4(-%F(6/,# 4,7>%+/ 6# $( %->/,)(+%5-8

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    %4.%#-3# &/6, (- (*.6(, #- # 3# #-3%6/

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    6%>#,#-3# >(+3/,# #49- +%#,3/ +,%3#,%/ ”!

    O,4(-%F(6/, &(,( 6#3#,)%-(, $( +/->%( %$%6(6 6# .-( >.#-3# 6#

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    E &%4( 6# I '% ( (: #49- T# #6( * M#$4(,# / 200

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    ( +3/ &/ %3% / * -#4(3% / 8 $( %,3.6# * 6#>#+3/ 8 $(>/,3($#F( * 6# %$%6(6# 6# ($49- 3#)( #- +.# 3%5-!

    D%(4,()( 6# (,+/: )#-+%/-(6/ * # &$%+(6/ &/, C()&/ 200 K

    ).# 3,( .-( +/-+$. %5- * $/ (,4.)#-3/ 6# (&/*/ #- @.# #/ 3%#-# ( +/)/ $( 3# % %-%+%($!

    M(&( 6#$ (,4.)#-3/: C()&/ 200 K $/ 6#>%-# +/)/ “$(

    ,#&,# #-3(+%5- % .($ &(,( %$. 3,(, #$ ,(F/-()%#-3/ * #$- ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/”

    LECTURA CRÍTICA&

    S%- 6.6( # % 3# .-( 4,(- 6%>#,#-+%( #-3,# $##, * $##, +, 3%+()#-3#8 # 3#9$3%)/ # #$ @.# &,/&%+%( #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/ &/,@.# # 37 ( (6/-/ /$/ #- $(6#+/6%>%+(+%5- 6# $( 4,(> ( %-/ @.# (6#)7+/)&,#-6# $( %-3#,&,#3(+%5- 6# $/ $# 6/!

    X.,$(-6 #- E6.3# ( 200 K 6%+# @.# $( $#+3.,( +, 3%+( &(,#+#, ((-3#+#6#, ($ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/8 * # @.# /$()#-3# +.(-6/ # '(#-3#-6%6/ +/)&$#3()#-3# .- 3# 3/ # &.#6# # ($.(, +/- &,#+% %5-(@.#$$/ @.# (>%,)(8 $/ @.# # %6#-+%( .- . / (6#+.(6/ 6#$- ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/!

    X( ($#- #- C(, ( ($ 200 K / 3%#-# @.# $/ . #3/ 6# #- #-3,#-(, ##- $/ 3,# -% #$# 6# $( +/)&,#- %5- $#+3/,( &(,( +/- /$%6(, # +/)/$#+3/,# +, 3%+/ !

    S%#-6/ ( @.#6( +$(,/ @.# /$/ &/6#)/ /&%-(, ,# +3/ 6# .- 3# 3/

    % (-3# $/ '#)/ #-3#-6%6/ &/, 3(-3/ $( $#+3.,( +, 3%+( # .-/ 6# $/#' +.$/ @.# +/-6.+# '(+%( #$ - ()%#-3/ +, 3%+/!

    P/, #$$/ #$ M%-% 3#,%/ 6# E6.+(+%5- 200 K # ($( @.# .-( 6# $(&,%/,%6(6# 6# $( E)#,4#-+%( E6.+(3% ( # #$ $/4,/ 6# $(+(&(+%6(6# +/).-%+(3% ( 8 @.# #-3,# /3,( +/ ( ,)%3# (&,#-6#, (- (, 6# )(-#,( +, 3%+( * +,#(3% (!

    T9CNICA DEL DEBATE

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    6&.&08& LOS PROCESOS DE ENSE!ANZA + APRENDIZA2E

    El pensamiento crítico pedagógico se forma, se desarrolla y

    se expresa en actividades estructuradas y con sentido, que

    implican orientaciones, ejecuciones y controles desde los

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    +K C, 3%+/: $/ # 3.6%(-3# ,#>$# %/-(-8 3,(- >/,)(- * (++%/-(- # (%->/,)(+%5- A4.%,,#8 200 K

    6&.&0 & EDUCACIÓN BASADA EN COMPETENCIAS:

    !a educación basada en competencias es una nueva

    orientación educativa que pretende dar respuestas a la

    sociedad de la información El concepto de competencia, tal y

    como se entiende en la educación, resulta de las nuevas

    teorías de cognición y básicamente signi"ca saberes de

    ejecución #uesto que todo proceso de $conocer% se traduce

    en un $saber%, entonces es posible decir que son recíprocos

    competencia y saber& saber pensar, saber desempe'ar, saber

    interpretar, saber actuar en diferentes escenarios, desde sí y

    para los demás (dentro de un contexto determinado)

    *homs+y ( -./), a partir de las teorías del lenguaje, instaura

    el concepto y de"ne competencias como la capacidad y

    disposición para el desempe'o y para la interpretación !a

    educación basada en competencias(0olland, -112-3) se centra en las necesidades, estilos de

    aprendizaje y potencialidades individuales para que el

    alumno llegue a manejar con maestría las destrezas

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    dentro de ciertos marcos que respondan a determinados

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    al futuro y a lo inesperado 5e esta manera es posible decir,que una competencia en la educación, es una convergencia

    de los comportamientos sociales, afectivos y las habilidades

    cognoscitivas, psicológicas, sensoriales y motoras que

    permiten llevar a cabo adecuadamente un papel, un

    desempe'o, una actividad o una tarea

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    6ardner ( --.), por ejemplo, en su 7eoría de las 8nteligencias

    9últiples distingue de la siguiente manera las competencias

    que deben desarrollar los alumnos en el área del arte&

    Producción 0acer una composición o interpretaciónmusical, realizar una pintura o dibujo, escribir

    imaginativamente o creativamente

    Percepción Efectuar distinciones o discriminaciones desdeel pensamiento artístico

    Refexión. :lejarse de la propia producción e intentar

    comprender los objetivos, motivos, di"cultades y efectosconseguidos

    *omo se puede apreciar, 6ardner se'ala que quien se educa

    para producir artísticamente ha de construir percepciones

    que van más allá de las habilidades de saber mirar, observar,

    captar y que, por lo tanto, las otras habilidades conjuntas a la

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    discriminar desde el pensamiento artístico y desde un marco

    conceptual que fundamente la relación entre las habilidades,

    los procesamientos cognitivos y los valores :sí, las

    competencias se acercan a la idea de aprendizaje total, en la

    que se lleva a cabo un triple reconocimiento&

    a) ;econocer el valor de lo que se construye

    b) ;econocer los procesos a trav

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    debiera ser una ense'anza puede sintetizarse en la propuesta

    de objetivos generales siguientes

    a 8niciar y desarrollar en los estudiantes un proceso de

    planteamiento de preguntas (m

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    i ;ealizar propuestas y alternativas de solución para

    afrontar el problema materia de investigación

    j Elaborar conclusiones

    + Elaborar un informe sobre el tema investigado

    6&6& CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN

    6&6&0& T9CNICA DEL DEBATE

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    0&7&.& T9CNICA PEDAGÓGICA GRUPAL:

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    0&7&6& CAPACIDADES SUPERIORES

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    0&7&7& CIUDADANÍA:

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    0&7&8& DISCURSO

    U- 6% +., / # .-( ,#>$# %5-! E$ D%++%/-(,%/ 6# $( L#-4.(E &( /$( 6# $( R#($ A+(6#)%( -/ (*.6( ( #-3#-6#, @.# .-6% +., / # $( >(+.$3(6 6# . (, $( )#-3# #$ ,(F/-()%#-3/K &(,(,#>$# %/-(, / (-($%F(, $/