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EMEAcropprotection
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GLYPHOSATE :Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
Christophe Gustin, Richard Garnet, Martin Singer; Prague June 14, 2011
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EMEAGood agricultural practice
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are "practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on‐farm processes, and result in safe and quality food and non‐food agricultural products" (FAO COAG 2003 GAP paper).
Four 'pillars' of GAP: • economic viability• environmental sustainability •social acceptability •food safety and quality
Glyphosate GAP aim to promote application of glyphosate products according to the label recommendations, maximizing return on investment for the customer (efficient weed management, yield optimization,harvest facilitation,…) and minimizing impact on the environment , non targetareas, the health of people directly or indirectly related to the application and the health of people consuming directly or indirectly treated food commodities.
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EMEALegal/regulatory frameworks
stimulating GAP* DIR 2000/60 EC
o Sustainable use of watero Good water quality status by 2015
‐Progressive reduction of emissions of PS‐Phasing out emissions of PHS
* Sustainable Use Directive
o Reduce impact of PPP on human health and environmento Achieve more sustainable use of pesticideso Monitor report Status and Progresso National action plans
* Reg 1107/2009/EC
o Clear links to water legislation (Article 4, point 3,e (i), Article 21, point 1,…)
oProduct authorization – Annex I renewal
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EMEAUniquely wide variety of registereduses
4Application throughout the year, high aggregate use volumes
• Broad spectrum – broad‐leaved weeds & grasses– annual & perennial weeds– revolutionised control of couch grass (Elymus
repens; Elytrigia repens)
• Agricultural weed control– arable, grassland, fruit & vines, horticulture– crop selectivity
• by timing e.g. pre‐plant, pre‐harvest• by placement e.g directed spray
– new developments• “no‐till”, “conservation tillage (CT)” • “harvest aid”
• Vegetation management– streets, roads & railways– parks & home gardens– forestry
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EMEASources of emissions to water
Source: http://glenbrookzerowaste.wordpress.com
~ 50% Point sources35% diffuse sources
~ 5% drift ; 30% run off15%
unclear…
Can largely be avoided Can be reduced Difficultto reduce
Source : www.topps‐life.org
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EMEAPoint Source Management
Key areas of focus are:
* the handling of PPP and the spray equipment mainly before and after spraying
* Spillage of PPP concentrate or dilute spray(filling, transport, spraying, cleaning)
* Management of residual spray solutions(in field, on farm) and empty packages
*Poor field practice, (eg over‐spraying ditches, wells)
Transport
Storage
Spraying
Remnants
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EMEAPoint Source prevention
TRANSPORT ‐ STORAGE
• Use unloading space adapted to retain spills• Absorbing materials should be available (spills)• Storage in locked, contained area
BEFORE SPRAYING
• Plan M&L sites in advance•Disconnect water supply and spray solution •Avoid tank overflow•Mix and load carefully
• fill in contained area (spill collection)• or vary locations in field
•Set‐up Sprayer correctly•Check for leakage and proper functioning• Plan safest way to get to field
DURING SPRAYING
• Do not spray directly on equipment• Do not spray when sprayer is stationairy• Stop immediately for leaks
AFTER SPRAYING ‐ REMNANTS
• Dilute the remnant spray with water and spray solution over the target area (3x)• Use spray lance to clean spry equipmentin field (vary location)• On farm, clean in area where washingwater is collected for treatment• After use park sprayer under roof to protect from rain• Use authorized recycling schemes to dispose empty packages
Transport
Storage
Spraying
Remnants
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EMEADiffuse Sources
Spray drift Run off ‐ Erosion
Key areas of focus are:
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EMEASpray drift
Spray pattern (coverage)Driftable fraction (< 150 -200 micron)
Spray equipment Tank mix properties
Droplet size spectrum
Weather conditions
Sprayer‐ nozzle type, settings, calibration and maintenance
Spray dilution (dose rate!), formulation characteristics, DCA
Buffers – no spray area’s
Drift deposition
Atmospheric stability, windspeed,
Water ways, adjacent crops,…
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• Spray pressure in middle of recommended range
•Lowering boom height (nozzle spacing and angle) :
Change in boom height Effect on drift Source
75 cm ‐ 50 cm ‐33% IMAG,DLO
50 cm ‐ 30 cm ‐34% Holterman and Van de Zande,1996
•Air assisted sprayers for pre‐harvest use : (75 ‐95%)
•Hydraulic nozzles ‐ Air induction nozzles – End nozzles (10‐ 50%) • Formulation composition may influence drift prone fraction but other factors are more important
• Drift control agents; first meters only; depends on nozzle type
0
50100
150200
250300
350
400
Dv0.5 values for Roundup with and without adjuvantsapplied through a flat fan nozzle
Hewitt, 2004
• Shielded Sprayers
Managing Spray drift
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EMEARun off
* Run off is the water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the land. Can carry eroded soil particles containing sorbedglyphosate.
* Major diffuse source
* Influencing factors : soil type – slope – tillage conditions (CT!) – drainage – application timing – weatherconditions ‐ land scape mitigation measures
What?
Vegetated Buffers
* High infiltration capacity* High macrofaunal activity* Reduces water flow (sedimentation)* High in organic matter : adsorption* Efficiency influenced by:
• length and width of strip• soil hydraulic properties• age‐nature of vegetation• soil type
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• Publication : Cold climate vegetative buffer zones as pesticide filters for surface run‐off (Syversen)
• 4 field plots of 10 x 45 m (barley)
• 2 plots with a 5 m vegetated buffer
• Vegetation of the buffer strip : thistle, common couch, timothy, tufted hair grass and meadow fescue
• 14% slope – soil type silty clay loam
• Glyphosate applied in Sept 1999
• Run‐off events monitored for 3 years (particles as well)
• Average efficiency of the vegetated buffer was 48% for glyphosate and 67% for AMPA
Proof of efficiency : a Norwegian trial
Managing Run off
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Interrow vegetation in vineyards•Vinyards are typically located in slopey run‐off sensitive areas• interrow pasture has similar properties as vegetated buffers
‐ breaks overland‐flow‐ infiltration, sedimentation of surface flow‐ adsorption – degradation of glyphosate
* Less herbicide is needed to cover the vinyard compared to full weed control
Period Amout applied (kg) Total loads (g) Total loads% of applied
Total loadsg/ha
Plot D : Bare soil controlled by pre‐ and post‐em herbicide applications
Ann average 0.57 11.21 1.95 55.9
Plot G : Natural grass in the interrow, controlled by pre and post em herbicides
Ann average 1.08 7.66 0.71 38.5
Plot TA : Natural gras in the interrow controlled by tillage
Ann average 0.21 0.83 0.4 4.1
Plot E : Sowed permanent grass in the inter‐row controlled by mowing
Ann average 0.18 0.6 0.33 3.3
Proof of efficiency: Montpellier, France (INRA)
Managing Run off
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EMEAGood Agricultural Practice for good weed management1) Know the weed population and dynamics in the fields
2) Adapt weed management & tillage to the production system
3) Plan to use mixtures/sequences with herbicides with different modes of action, and mechanical methods, to
prevent increases in any weed species
4) Use quality products from recognized suppliers to ensure optimum and consistent performance whilst respecting
the environment
5) Read the label and follow the recommendations :
the right dose (weed population) at the right time (weed growth stage) with the right application equipment
and in good weather conditions
6) Control weeds when they are most susceptible
7) Verify herbicide efficacy & take action if necessary to prevent weeds from seeding
8) Follow up poor efficacy with supplier or manufacturer
9) Clean equipment before moving from field to field to minimize spread of weed seed 18
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EMEAOptimal use ‐ plant factors Efficacy is generally determined by weed species, growth stage, growth activity, stress
• Species: some are less susceptible to Roundup
– Legumes, Equisetum, Ivy, Bindweed, nettles, volunteer potatoes,
– Polygonums, annual nettle,
– Thick waxy cuticles, hairy surfaces…
• Growth stage/ timing
– ensure weeds are green and growing to ensure uptake and translocation.
– Watch out: extension phase of growth = upward sugar transport = poor control in most grasses
– worst in ryegrass, black‐grass, bromes & some perennial BLW’s (Convolvulus, Conyza etc).
⊕ flowering/ pre‐die‐back = sink movement of sugars to roots = best control of most weeds, particularly those hard to kill
• Growth activity/stress
– No / poor metabolism = no transport
– Hot / freezing, water‐logging, disease, covering
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EMEAOptimal use – climatic factorsFactors which favour good growing conditions favour best efficacy• Temperatures
⊕ moderate temperatures favour efficacy, 15‐25◦C.⊕ low temperatures/ light frost => slow, but good kill.– hard/long‐term frosts = plant shuts down, floppy => poor performance
– high temperatures = scorch, stress, plant shut‐down => poor performance
• Moisture: in soil, relative humidity, dew, fog, rainfall⊕ Good soil moisture content⊕ high humidity => good control (as long as run‐off is minimal)⊕ spray in morning on dew/ fog (as long as dries out in day)– rainfall challenges performance most when growing conditions are poor
• Light⊕ best results in morning‐lunchtime in high light intensity, long days– do not bury (cultivate/ apply lime or manure) <5 days after treatment as shut out light = no
translocation
• Wind– avoid application in conditions which facilitate drift 20
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EMEAOptimum use – application Apply the right dose of glyphosate for the target weeds• dose rate/ water volume: hydraulic, 80‐ 250 L/ha, CDA 10l/ha
⊕ lower water volumes = higher concentration = better performance– low rates = low concentration of glyphosate/surfactant = poor– high water volumes >250L/ha = low concentration = poor⊕ care on application: calibration, medium‐coarse low drift nozzles (droplet size100 ‐ 400 microns), spray
pressure
• Special application techniques– selective wipers: 1:1 to 1:20 dilutions– injection, cut stump, painted: neat, 10‐20%
• Additives– ideal @ 0.3‐0.5% surfactant v/v : decide if extra adjuvant needed, or higher dose rate – chose adjuvant by target⊕ tallow‐amines best on grasses⊕ Biactive surfactants best on broad leaved weeds or crops⊕ Ammonium sulphate best for speed and enhanced activity
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EMEAOptimum use – water quality
Hard water• Hard water can reduce the efficacy of glyphosate sprays by locking on to
the glyphosate, (chelating), thus reducing the effective dose rate. • Hardness is measured as the total ppm of the positively charged ions
(cations), Calcium, Magnesium, Iron & Manganese– Borehole & artesian wells may have naturally hard or very hard water.
• High water volumes and low dose rates are most affected.
pH has little effect • Note: high pH may indicate hard water
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EMEAOptimum use – in practice
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• balance the various factors, they won’t all be ideal!
• take care with rainfastness– evening applications, dew falling
– broadleaved species, sub‐label; rates
• take care with weed control under stress– product cannot overcome all ills
• maximise performance and efficiency of product use
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EMEARoundup Label revisionGeneral statement addressing good agricultural practices
Any weed population may contain plants more tolerant or naturally resistant to certain herbicides, which may lead to poor control using those products. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup branded herbicides, is a Group G herbicide based on the mode of action classification of the Herbicide Resistant Action Committee (HRAC). In general there is low risk for the development of weed resistance to glyphosate and group G herbicides.
A strategy for preventing and managing herbicide resistance should be adopted based on local needs and integrated weed management. This includes the proper use of herbicides, integrating different modes of action and/or using other cultural or mechanical practices:
follow label recommendations, particularly to ensure the treatment is made at the correct weed growth stage, under suitable climatic conditions and at the correct dosage.
optimize the use of the range of agronomic tools which are part of normal crop or landscape management programs to manage weed growth. minimize the risk of spreading weed infestations. Ensure farm equipment is clean of soil and vegetation when moving between fields. good spraying practice should always be followed to attain effective weed control:
spray equipment must be checked periodically (e.g. by authorized people).dose and spray accurately – calibrate the sprayer and make the correct amount of spray mix for the area to be treated.use the correct nozzles to maximize coverage of the weeds with minimum spray driftapply only under appropriate weather conditions, e.g.
weeds are not stressed due to high temperatures, frost, drought or waterlogged. no rain falls during application or within one hour after application.suitable wind speed.
monitor the weed control during the cropping season to look out for potential problems.
Further information can be obtained from HRAC (http://www.hracglobal.com/ ), your distributor, your official extension service or your local Monsanto representative.
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EMEARoundup Label revisionSpecific statement for countries with confirmed cases of weed resistanceGlyphosate, the active substance in Roundup branded herbicides, belongs to HRAC Group G (inhibition of the EPSPS synthase). HRAC Group G resistant weed biotypes of (chose line as apropriate for country)
– Lolium rigidum in France– Lolium rigidum in Italy– Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Lolium multiflorum and
Lolium rigidum in Spain– Lolium xxxxx in Portugal– Lolium rigidum, Conyza bonariensis and Plantago lanceolata in South Africa
have been identified. Weed biotypes resistant to HRAC Group G herbicides should be effectively managed utilizing another herbicide from a different Group, or by using other cultural or mechanical practices. Since the occurrence of new glyphosate resistant weeds cannot be determined until after product use and scientific confirmation, Monsanto is not responsible for any losses that may result from the failure of this product to control glyphosate resistant weed biotypes. Please consult your distributor, your official extension service or your local Monsanto representative for further information.
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