Lesson 5: Data Collection

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Lesson 4: Reconstructing MemoriesEXAM QUESTION

Taken from 2011 Mid Year Exam

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Model response:

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Lesson 5: Data Collection

Objectives

~ Define descriptive statistics ~ Define qualitative research~ Define quantitative research~ Distinguish between subject and objective data~ Outline scales of measurement ~ Describe the techniques of qualitative and quantitative data collection: case studies; observational studies; self-reports; questionnaires; interviews; brain imaging and recording technologies~ Describe the different types of test reliability and validity

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Data Collection

Types of Data Scales of Measurement

TechniquesQuality

QualitativeQuantitativeSubjectiveObjective

NominalOrdinalIntervalRatio

Case StudiesInterview

QuestionnairesPsychological Tests

TechnologyCross-Sectional

Longitudinal

ReliabilityInternal

Inter-rater

Test-retest

Parallel forms

Validity

Internal External

Construct

Criterion-related

Generalisation

Content

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Types of Data

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Qualitative: descriptions of characteristics

Quantitative: refers to measurements

Subjective: based on opinions

Objective: based on identifiable external criterion

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What type of data was collected??

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Objective or Subjective?

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Scales of Measurement

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Nominal: property with no quantitative value, e.g. hair colour

Ordinal: definite sequence though inconsistent gaps, e.g. age of class

Interval: scaled measure with constant values between each level *note no value of zero*

Ratio: most precise, basically an interval scale but with zero meaning zero!

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What scale are each of the following measured?

height of people in room?

temperature?eye colour?

Psych Study Score?

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Techniques

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Case Studies: detailed observations of an individual over a period of time

Observation: Naturalistic - observing voluntary behaviours in natural environment

Controlled - observing voluntary behaviours in structured environment

Questionnaires: collecting written responses from participants

Psychological Tests: personality or multiple choice

Technology: Brain-imaging

Cross-Sectional: participant data across different ages and groups compared

Longitudinal: same participant over a long period of time

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Provide an example of each

Ask around room

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Quality

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Reliability Validity

Internal - extent to which each aspect equally

contribute to final score

Inter-rater - same result obtained regardless of

administrator

Test-retest - same participant, same results

second time

Parallel form - pre and post test

Internal - measures what it claims to measure

- content (face): appears to be valid

- construct: applied to theory

External - can results be generalised?

-criterion related: support from other research

- characteristics of experiment enable generalisation

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