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What is C
language
?
C is a programming language developed at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of USA
in 1972.The C programming language is a standardized programming
language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
for use on the UNIX operating system. It has since spread to many other
operating systems, and is one of the most widely used programming
languages
2. What are the types of constants in c?
C constants can ba divided into two categories :
Primary constants
Secondary constants
3. What are the types of C intructions?
Now that we have written a few programs let us look at the instructions that we
used in these programs. There are basically three types of instructions in C :
Type Declaration Instruction
Arithmetic Instruction
Control Instruction
4. What is a pointer?
Pointers are variables which stores the address of another variable. That variable
may be a scalar (including another pointer), or an aggregate (array or structure).
The pointed-to object may be part of a larger object, such as a field of a structure or
an element in an array.
5. What is the difference between arrays and pointers?
Pointers are used to manipulate data using the address. Pointers use • operator to
access the data pointed to by them.
Arrays is a collection of similar datatype. Array use subscripted variables to access
and manipulate data. Array variables can be Equivalently written using pointer
expression.
what is the difference between c
&c++?
c++ ia an object oriented programing but c is a
procedure oriented programing.c is super set of
c++. c can't suport inheritance,function
overloading, method overloading etc. but c++
can do this.In c-programe the main function
could not return a value but in the c++ the main
function shuld return a value.
What is a scope resolution
operator?
The scope resolution operator permits a
program to reference an identifier in the global
scope that has been hidden by another identifier
with the same name in the local scope.
18. What is the difference between Object and Instance?
An instance of a user-defined type is called an object. We can instantiate many
objects from one class.
An object is an instance of a class.
19. What is the difference between macro and iniine?
Inline follows strict parameter type checking, macros do not.
Macros are always expanded by preprocessor, whereas compiler may or may not
replace the inline definitions.
20. How variable declaration in c++ differs that in c?
C requires all the variables to be declared at the beginning of a scope but
in c++ we can declare variables anywhere in the scope. This makes the
programmer easier to understand because the variables are declared in the
context of their use.
What is the difference between class and
structure?
By default, the members ot
structures are public while that
tor class is private.
structures doesn’t provide
something like data hiding
which is provided by the
classes.
structures contains only data
while class bind both data and
member functions.
27. What are storage qualifiers in C++ ?
ConstKeyword indicates that memory once initialized, should not be altered by a
program.
Volatile keyword indicates that the value in the memory location can be altered even
though nothing in the program.
Mutable keyword indicates that particular member of a structure or class can be
altered even if a particular structure variable, class, or class member function is
constant.
28. What is virtual class and friend class?
Friend classes are used when two or more classes and virtual base class aids in
multiple inheritance.
Virtual class is used for run time polymorphism when object is linked to procedure
call at run time.
29. what is an abstract base class?
An abstract class is a class that is designed to be specifically used as a base class.
An abstract class contains at least one pure virtual function.
30. What is dynamic binding?
Dynamic binding (also known as late binding) means that the code
associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the
call at run time.It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
what is difference between function overloading and operator
overloading?
A function is
overloaded
when same
name is
given to
different
function.
While
overloading
a function,
the return
type of the
functions
need to be
the same.
32. What are the advantages of inheritance?
Code reusability
Saves time in program development.
33. What is a dynamic constructor?
The constructor can also be used to allocate memory while creating objects.
Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their construction is known as
dynamic construction of objects.The memory is allocated with the help of the new
operator.
34. What is the difference between an Array and a List?
The main difference between an array and a list is how they internally
store the data. whereas Array is collection of homogeneous elements. List
is collection of heterogeneous elements.
What are the differences
between new and malloc?
New initializes the allocated memory by calling the
constructor. Memory allocated with new should be
released with delete.
Malloc allocates uninitialized memory.
The allocated memory has to be released with free.new
automatically calls the constructor while malloc(dosen’t)
What is
differenc
e
between
C++ and
Java?
C++ has pointers Java does not.
Java is the platform independent as it works on any type of operating
systems.
java has no pointers where c ++ has pointers.
Java has garbage collection C++ does not.
55. What is namespace?
The C++ language provides a single global namespace.Namespaces allow to
group entities like classes, objects and functions under a name.
What is serialization?
Serialization is the process of converting a objects into a
stream of bytes.
What is an
abstract
class?
Abstract class is a class which contain one or more abstract methods,
which has to be implemented by sub classes. An abstract class can contain
no abstract methods also i.e. abstract class may contain concrete methods.
12. what are class variables
Class variables are global to a class and belong to the entire set of objects that class
creates. Only one memory location is created for each variable.
13. What is the Collection interface?
The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical
bag - an unordered collection of objects that may contain duplicates.
14. What must a class do to implement an interface?
The class must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface
in its implements clause.
15. What is the Collections API?
The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that
support operations on collections of objects.
What is the main difference between a String and a
StringBuffer class?
String is
immutable : you
can’t modify a
string object but
can replace it by
creating a new
instance. Creating
a new instance is
rather expensive.
StringBuffer is
mutable : use
StringBuffer or
StringBuilder when
you want to modify
the contents.
StringBuilder was
added in Java 5
and it is identical in
all respects to
StringBuffer except
that it is not
synchronized,which
makes it slightly
faster at the cost
of not being
thread-safe.
19. When to use serialization?
A common use of serialization is to use it to send an object over the network or if
the state of an object needs to be persisted to a flat file or a database.
20. What is the main difference between shallow
cloning and deep cloning of objects?
Java supports shallow cloning of objects by default when
a class implements the java.lang.Cloneable interface.
Deep cloning through serialization is faster to develop
and easier to maintain but carries a performance
overhead.
What is the difference between an interface and an abstract
class?
An abstract class
may contain code
in method bodies,
which is not
allowed in an
interface. With
abstract classes,
you have to
inherit your class
from it and Java
does not allow
multiple
inheritance. On
the other hand,
you can
implement
multiple interfaces
in your class.
29. what is a package?
A package is a namespace that organizes a set of related
classes and interfaces.The classes contained in the packages of
other programs can be easily reused.Packages, classes can be
unique compared with classes in other packages.That is, two
classes in two different packages can have the same name.
What is the difference
between a while statement
and a do while statement?
A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see
whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do while
statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the
next iteration of a loop should occur. The do
whilestatement will always execute the body of a loop at
least once.
What is the
difference between
an if statement and
a switch
statement?
The if statement is used to select among two alternatives. It uses a
boolean expression to decide which alternative should be executed.
The switch statement is used to select among multiple alternatives.
It uses an int expression to determine which alternative should be
executed.s
What is the
difference between
method overriding
and overloading?
Overriding is a method with the same name and arguments as in
a parent, whereas overloading is the same method name but
different arguments.
42. What do you mean by polymorphism?
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. fro example, an
operation may exhibit behaviour in different instances. The behaviour depends upon
the types of data used in the operatiom.
43 What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?
Abstract class Interface - Have executable methods and abstract methods.Can only
subclass one abstract class
Interface - Have no implementation code. All methods are abstract.A class can
implement any number of interfaces.
44. What is the purpose of finalization?
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to
perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.
45. What is the difference between a break statement and a
continue statement?
Break statement results in the termination of the statement to
which it applies (switch, for, do, or while).
A Continue statement is used to end the current loop iteration
and return control to the loop statement
How is final different from finally and
finalize()?
Final - constant declaration.
The finally block always executes
when the try block exits, except
System.exit(0) call.
finalize() is a method of Object
class which will be executed by the
JVM just before garbage collecting
object to give a final chance for
resource releasing activity.
48. What is Byte Code?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte
codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.
49. What is the difference between error and an exception?
Exception means When a method encounters an abnormal condition (an exception
condition) that it can’t handle itself, it may throw an exception.
ssError mens system doesn’t handle.For example:Overflow,Out of memory.
50. What if the main method is declared as private?
When a method is declared as private, the program compiles properly but it will give
runtime error Main method not “public„.
56. What is the difference between java and c++?
Java is a true object - oriented language while c++ is basically c with object-oriented extension.
C++ supports multiple inheritence but Java provides interfaces in case of multiple inheritence.
Java does not support operator overloading.
Java does not have template classes as in c++.
java does not use pointers
GD TOPICS
It is difficult to say arranged marriages better than love same as well as love marriages better
than arranged because both have plus and minus. I can give u an suggestion that, consider
coin "we don't know upcoming coin is head or tell" we don't know future.
Aswani
, said Mar 10, 2013
According to me i insist that what ever love we do that must be accepted by our parents
..dare to do love fist we must be capable of making it acceptable..,so evry relation has its own
imporatence that is either a love marriage or arranged.In any relation conflicts araises doue to
thae lack of mutuval understading. and the lack of respecting the partens opinion. Any
relation wil be beautiful if careand understand the patners with us. So blame a particular
relation that is either love or arranged mater gives nothing. So i conclude that both relation
jus need a caring and love and acceptance dat said
Nusky
, said Mar 5, 2013
we are accepted arrange marriage and it had shown good results. I believe that if you are in
love then it becomes your necessity to marry. Like nowadays a new point is coming in society
called live in relationship. It's good as it gives same rights to your girlfriend like your wife.
So I think by arrange marriage it will take time but it is always good.
Suganya, said Feb 28, 2013
In love marriage we get to know about each other, what he/she likes,dislikes and understand
each other and then get in to marriage so it is easy for them to accept things.
ln arrange marriage ,after marriage we come across a new member,family so there will be
some hesitation what he or she thinks about each in any situation . It takes more than
amonth to know eacth other and live a understanding life.
Any marriage understanding between eachother is important.
DRESS CODE
According to my point of view dress code is necessary for all. We should wear neat dress
code.. its look like our education, discipline,our cluture.
Sravanthi, said Feb 19, 2013
According to me dress code is necessary in all the times but what we wear should be neat
good, not as we are going to party. When we have meeting with clients i think it is necessary
because it makes a professional look and also a good impresssion.
Gayathri, said Feb 7, 2013
my opinion is dress code shld be avoided in IT industry bcz we cant feel gud with some
dresses and we couldnt estabilish our originality. And from our childhood we followed dress
code, atleast after that we shld be free to wear dress.
Prathap, said Jan 28, 2013
In my opinion dress code is necessary for it companies. It shows our professional look.
Wherever you are going its gives gentle look, and we did not working in any non professional
work.
Sabarinath, said Jan 1, 2013
According to me, dress code is necessary in IT companies. It ll give the professional look. It
will differentiate from non professionals. It ll indicate our discipline.
Aruna, said Dec 30, 2012
Accroding to my view dress code is necessary to be a presentable look in society, it tells how
we respect the society people and how we deciplined ourself.
Mohammed, said Dec 21, 2012
In my perspective dress code s not important for it co, but the dressing style matter when
FILMS
As india is making good films and is in progress but these are having bad impact on the
youngs and showing bad scene that teen try to b utilize in thier daily life.
Arati, said Mar 3, 2013
No, films are not corrupting the people, youth.films always want to give good manners. After
watching a movie it is depend on people who watch a movie to take good manners or bad
manners.from a film good boy bad boy there are many good thinks to take.
Madhu, said Feb 17, 2013
There is chance of 50% good & 50 % bad in now days films, why i say like this in some films
there is a chance of getting good way and rest of films are going bad way so good and bad
depends only when person way view of films.
Anshul, said Jan 25, 2013
Films basically made for entertainment , always in good film want to disclose some hidden or
some real thing of society,which is good as well as bad,if it is bad so film teach to us how to
fight those thing like untouchability..etc.and in good thing for society like unity for nation and
like people against corruption. so its all about individual how they react towards any movie.
Abhishek
Pratap
Singh, said
Jan 19, 2013
It’s true that films are only mirror to the society. They shows what the things happings in our
shroundings. Second things, some people who belong to rural area, they r not in the touch of
external affairs of country. But they like to see movie. By the means of movie the can also
motivate and can observe what’s happing outside.
Pinky, said Nov 1, 2012
I think Some films are creating & have been creating a somewhat bad impact on public. I
Co-ed
I thing co–education is so much important mainly for girls which are from rural areas because
they have not open mind ,they feel shy to talks with boys . It is also necessary to understands
to each other.
Govind, said Nov 21, 2012
Siblings may have to go to different places to get to school, and hence more trouble for the
parents in dropping them off, or a greater distance of travel maybe required etc.
Praveen
Mehta, said Oct 9, 2012
co–education is upmost imp as girls who are from rural areas have a shy nature cannot
handle different situation as they do not have a open mind and low thinking so on behalf of
me co education is imp.
Jay
changer, said Sep 7, 2012
Co– education is most important. Co–education gives the competition to both boys and girls.
It helps the us to inlarge our brain capability of grop discussion it remove shynes it improve
the confidence level mutual understanding improve.
Varinder
brar, said Jun 18, 2012
Co–Education gives competition to both boys and girls. I mean to say that they study more
and more to get ahead from each other. Challanges can also be noticed in sports, functions
etc.
Nilesh, said May 18, 2012
I favour co-education system, it creats competition between boys & girls and develops their
capabilities to catch more knowledge over any topic even develops their mind, how to identify
Education in foreign as well as india
Join family
Very good morning to all of u. According to me Indian education system is lacking in may
points with comparison to foreign education system. Many political issues, reservation system,
the rich persons who are opening a private institution to income there money only are
influencing and harming our education system a lot. Now we r happy that NASA has 20%
Indian scientist & 40% of engineers of India working in foreign..... n may more knowledgable
persons are getting popular in India. But you can realize one thing that if we solve the above
mentioned problems then we can get more educated persons. May be 50% of Indian scientist
will be in NASA & 80% of engineers of all over the world should be from India. This is seem to
be a dream now but its possible if the govt. of India & peoples of India will be more concern
about these. Thank you. Have a good day.
Punitha, said Mar 16, 2013
I agree with all points. As we all know A.P.J Abdul Kalam, In his school years, he had average
grades, but was desire to learn more practical knowledge. So he learned and became a great
Scientist in India.. Suppose if a student get good marks in their subjects, we can't say he/she
will have a good practical knowledge. So the education is based on which way the students
are using that education.
AVANISH
PANDEY, said Mar 15, 2013
In India education means only a way to gain money ,there people are work as teacher only for
good salary .we do not gat practical knowledges we only get theory theory .so i appeled the
govt of indian to do so many changes in our education systum and make perfect.
As everything has two sides, both joint n nuclear families have their own advantages n
disadvantages. In joint family childs can learn our culture, we can share our problems n take
best solution from more options. But beside of that at any day we will fight n be sepsrated so
behalf of that we can seperate happily without any fight or sad mind n come together for
functions n festivals . So this thing will keep the minds joint n happy.
Shital
patil, said Mar 15, 2013
I think joint family is better than single family bcoz in joint family our parents and other aged
family members have better experiences about life and they have to faced more good and bad
situations so we can learn more from them.
Also in joint family we can get support for us from our family members.
The family members give better decisions about any condition and try to make us happy in
any way.
Uday, said Mar 9, 2013
In my opinion joint family is good advantages of joint family
You learn so many things from not only from mother and father but also from grand father
and grand mother etc
You will know the culture(how to dress,how to talk,hw to behave etc)
Problems can be solved easily
In any problems there is a support my brother,father,mother,uncle etc
In this family festivals are celebrated very well
Security of the ladies and children is available
Vandana
kansal, said Mar 3, 2013
According to my point of view joint family is best than nuclear family because collective
faming,collective living and collective sharing in family wealth are traditional features of joint
family.
Yashika, said Mar 2, 2013
l think nucler family is best option for growth nd new jonration because if we want to change
our society for childeren growth that is difficult for joint family so separate family is nice.
Men and women
Well, woman are good in management. Women don’t take things personally, they are patient
when taking their decision.
Krishnapriyasaid Feb 8, 2013
According to my view women have good patience and leadership skills and communication
skills.
Ashoksaid Jan 31, 2013
Human beings are good managers, what i mean to say is both are having that capabilities. We
have so many examples for men as well as women managers the qualities that the peoples
are having leads them as managers, managing the people is not an ordinary issue so it
requires patience, good communication skills and leadership skills.
Srijasaid Jan 15, 2013
obviously women are good managers than men. Women have so much of patience they
manage both their personal life and there work perfectly while this cannot be done by men.
Women will think twice before performing any action. women has excellent management skills
when compared to men.
Sufiyansaid Nov 13, 2012
No,this is not true because it is all about having the managerial skill. Just like all the 100
rupee notes have same value and same power but the owner of that 100 rupee note is the
one who have it in his/her pocket. So the one who have the skill will be considered as a good
or better MANAGER.
Xenonsaid Sep 14, 2012
Well, I do not agree with this statement. Cause its all about the managerial skill. man or
woman whoever has the capability of managing company. He/she can be chosen as manager.
May be woman has some inborn skill. But practice makes a man perfect. through some
training process a man’s skill can be developed. So,its obvious for being a manager, we need
skill of managing, proper planing, communication skill all those.
Education in public and private
Hi this is Rohit from jaynagar and in my opinion education is essencial need in the present era
because its make us well educated,well civilised and well cultured which couldn’t be found in
government school so according to me private school is better for it.
Thiru, said Dec 24, 2012
In private schools the authorites mainly concentrating on the results,they taking care of
brilliant students and leave away the other students they have a goal to reach to sustain in
the field, but in case of public schools even if they showing the results or not is doesn’t
matter. So, the staffs are not taking care about the results of students.
N.R.Sudharsan, said Dec 22, 2012
According to me, most of the staffs working in public school r well experienced. Bt they did’nt
share their knowledge nd their thinkinks to the students, except few. This is main reason for
the fall of public schools. But in the case of private school they give fully satisfied training to
the students. But we should consider the school fees as investment.
Rakesh, said Dec 17, 2012
As per my point of view private school are very good in all aspect because there is no doubt
that they charge much than public scool,But for sustainable growth of your child its good to
invest in starting of his/her career than in near future.
Vijay, said Dec 6, 2012
As per my point view i think public school better than the private schools becas peoples spend
more money in private scholls but in a public schools peoples spend money less and get good
scores in our studies.. So,, i think public better than private schools. Why we want to spend
more money to private schools.. In that pleae we have to spend in poor childrens.
Ishika, said Nov 28, 2012
Wll as per me, private schools are much better than public and it has reasons also.
Co–Education gives competition to both boys and girls. I mean to say that they study more
and more to get ahead from each other. Challanges can also be noticed in sports, functions
etc.
Nilesh, said May 18, 2012
I favour co-education system, it creats competition between boys & girls and develops their
capabilities to catch more knowledge over any topic even develops their mind, how to identify
the difference between good or bad things.
Formely we got education non co-education because it was not very popular on that time and
use to see like a tangible sin. While now a days time has changed every school & college are
preferring co-education to develop their student and results.
Krishna
Muraree
Roy, said
Apr 7, 2012
This is a modern concept and has brought remarkable change in the sociesties. To learn to co-
exist within the human species but of opposite sex. It gives greater understanding to the
meaning of Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus.
Obvoisly The co-education has many advantages.
1.Co-educated girls and boys has less shy over each other than others.
2. Co-education inproves people confidense to interact with opposite gender.
3. Co-educated people get more competiive mind than non co-educated pupils.
4. Co-educated people are much helpfull to each other.
5. Co-educated people have strong friendship bond than others.
Global warm
Global warming is the average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and oceans since the mid20th century
and its project continuation. The scientific consensus is that global warming is occurring and is mostly the
result of human activity. This finding is recognized by the national science academies of all the major
industrialized countries and is not rejected by any scientific body of national or international standing.
Kamal, said Jan 22, 2012
Some colleges never allow to speak or discuss between boys and girls. So there is no
interaction with the opposite gender. These colleges have a name with co-education thats it.
Jenifa, said Jan 22, 2012
Definitely co-education is an advantage in our education system. Because co-education
provides an opportunity for both boys and girls to understand each other from their childhood
on wards. Both the genders can exchange their ideas and thoughts and they can easily learn
how to interact with the opposite gender. It helps them to remove the shyness and ego
among them. Co-education helps in increasing the communication skills. Also as a girl I must
say, today girls are emerging in all the professions and they are heading big in the
organization. So co-education will give the courage to girls to compete with the boys as by
understanding their nature and characteristics. So I conclude this by saying that co-education
helps both the gender to mix up freely and understand and work together for the progress of
our country.
Chaitanya I agree with you, But if you look practically then you will see that public school
education is not taking the good resources for education such as good teachers and all. Where
as if we see the private education system they are taking the fees for education but providing
good education resources.
So i think private school education is better than public school education.
Government Contribution to IT in India?
One of main contribution of govt. towards IT is that, the "SATELLITE" that they have
launched. Government has given communication facilities for the IT’s to the people.
Rajendra
chaudhary, said Sep 7, 2012
I personally think that the government has done a great deal in improving the infrastructure
and providing opportunities for the MNC’s to invest in our country.I think the boom of the IT
sector has been well utilised by our country than any other country,one of the reasons for this
would be the alarming manpower in the form of engineers that we possess. The ITES industry
has also grown to a new stature because of the everadapting quality of us,Since we adapt to
any language and any country and our high tolerance level the MNC’s are exploiting the
mindpower here and the government and the people of our county are rejoicing this wonderful
opportunity.
But I would like to make it a point over here that india should allow more MNC’s to settle in
very quickly because the east pacific countries such as japan are adaptin very quickly,anyway
hats up to the government they have done a great job.
Pawan
Sen, said Apr 21, 2012
India is contribute very highly in IT field. In india running fourth generation,It is a very
development area in our highly education IT. India goverment is developing new IT park .
Whereby be is growth of new technology in our country.
ndian villages - our strength or our weakness?
Indian villages are more better why because there is no pollution when compare with citys its
more beautiful, they maintained good relation, celebrating any festival grandly. They are
maintained good culture.
Sathya, said Nov 25, 2012
ol said was right. already know that villages r d backbone for our country . but dey lacking wit
their education so that they doesnt have some knowledge.
we the persons cultivate to them..
VIDHAEY
BHATT
V, said
Aug 10, 2012
What i think is villagers are soul of our country because they are the one who are contributing
the much and much things to our country in the form of agriculture, handicrafts, textiles etc.
They are the back bone of our country. Villagers also play a vital role in politics and in our
economy, the only thing that makes villages weakened was lacking of facilities, needs,
requirements, technology, awareness and literacy by satisfying or providing all these aspects
makes villagers much more strengthened the only thing that was missing is our indian
constitution was miss using the hard work of our villagers if we use in a correct way and if our
indian government will provide better facilities to villages then villages will become strong
pillers and good base to strengthen and develop our country.
Ash, said Jul 2, 2012
Villages are the backbone of our country as we know. Around 70% population of India is
villagers, who are completely depend on the Agriculture, or business related to agriculture.The
life of the people in the villages prove that still Indians are united. They live as a joint family.
The villages have very good ambiance. In all aspects People in Villages are contributing for
Nations’ Health and wealth, Agriculture, Handicrafts etc; we have to support the People in
Indian Villages for their growth our Nations economy, by providing all the facilities for their
work. That villages are undoubtedly the strength of the nation I like to add few points here
that as the bricks, though too small, form the base of a huge structure, the villages are also
the backbone of the economy, politics, and population of a country. And when it comes to a
Dams
, said
Dams are for supplying water for irrigation, prevention of floods and to generate electricity. Dams are the main source for water in dry areas. It’s good to use technology for our survival. Dec 27, 2012
The government of India has contributed a lot in IT sector. A lot many IT MNC has been setup
in India thereby increasing the opportunities for employment as well as preventing the brain
drain. This is also improving the economy growth of the country. Now government is
supporting many research projects in IT sector. The Indian government is working on the set
up of it's own IT companies . This is an era of IT and IT education is also being supported and
promoted by the government so that we INDIANs can cope up with the world wide IT
development and usage. Various government programs are being launched to spread IT
awareness in urba as well as rural areas.
Public sector being a guarntor of job security is a myth?
After getting the job in public sector person have full job security and no tension of loosing job. This is the
reality that most of the person who get government job they are intelligent and hard worker but after
getting the job in the government sector they become lazy and they don't work properly. I think 100% job
security is the problem for the government sector performance. In comparing with the private sector there
is not much burden of work not much competition no target of the performance, unfortunately this type
benefits and security reduce the performance of the government servant performance and make them
corrupt, as taking bribe. .
Commercialization of health care is good or bad?
State is the biggest violator of human rights?
In my point of view , its not like that. actually state makes a country management much better. Instead of 1
goal , we can devide it in many small goals and complete them effieciently and soon.
Os
t has some bad effects. Nowadays many fake orgs are in our country, trying to convince
viewers or users through making some false promises.so consumers need to be aware of this
fact. Some times orgs invest to much on commercialization of a particular product(i.e wastage
of time & money both ) than to concentrate on developing other necessary products.If those
type of org. Keep their concentration on making some low cost medicine (i.e reliable but not
downgrading it’s quality but by reducing the cost on other unecessary things) & try to make
them avaliable to people at low cost then it’ll be very helpful , as a large portion in our society
belongs to lower middle class & poor section.
Jayanta
Sarkar, said Aug 19, 2012
It is good. Commercialization brings more awareness Specifically in people on newly invented
health related issues whether it is medicine or others .If the new products can bring positive
feedback from people after using it, then the org. will take care of it & can make a big
invesment to launch more no. s of products which can cover a large mass in society.
What is
an
operatin
g
system?
An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between the
user and the computer hardware. The purpose of an OS is to provide a
convenient environment in which user can execute programs in a convenient
and efficient manner. It is a resource allocator responsible for allocating
system resources and a control program which controls the operation of the
computer hardware.
2. Why paging is used?
Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical
address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be
allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.
3. Explain the concept of the batched operating systems?
In batched operating system the users gives their jobs to the operator who sorts the
programs according to their requirements and executes them. This is time
consuming but makes the CPU busy all the time.
4. What is purpose of different operating systems?
The machine purpose workstation individual usability &resources utilization
mainframe optimize utilization of hardware PC support complex games, business
application Hand held PCs Easy interface & min. power consumption.
5. What is virtual memory?
Virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears
to have more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-
sharing, the physical memory and storage parts of the memory one
disk when they are not actively being used.
What is Throughput, Turnaround time, waiting time and Response
time?
Throughput :
number of
processes that
complete their
execution per
time unit.
Turnaround
time :
amount of
time to
execute a
particular
process.
Waiting
time :
amount of
time a process
has been
waiting in the
ready queue.
Response
time :
amount of
time it takes
from when a
request was
submitted
until the
firstresponse
is produced,
not output
(for time-
sharing
environment).
7. What are the various components of a computer system?
The hardware
The operating system
The application programs
The users.
8. What is a Real-Time System?
A real time process is a process that must respond to the eventswithin a certain
time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that can run
realtime processes successfully.
9. Explain the concept of the Distributed systems?
Distributed systems work in a network. They can share the network
resources,communicate with each other.
10. What is SCSI?
SCSI - Small computer systems interface is a type of interface used for
computer components such as hard drives, optical drives, scanners and tape
drives. It is a competing technology to standard IDE (Integrated Drive
Electronics)
What is busy
waiting?
The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an
event to occur is called busy waiting.
What are
java
threads?
Java is one of the small number of languages that support at the language
level for the creation and management of threads. However, because
threads are managed by the java virtual machine (JVM), not by a user-level
library or kernel, it is difficult to classify Java threads as either user- or
kernel-level.
17. What are types of threads?
User thread
Kernel thread
18. What is a semaphore?
It is a synchronization tool used to solve complex critical section problems. A
semaphore is an integer variable that, apart from initialization, is accessed only
through two standard atomic operations: Wait and Signal.
19. What is a deadlock?
Deadlock is a situation where a group of processes are all blocked and none of them
can become unblocked until one of the other becomes unblocked. The simplest
deadlock is two processes each of which is waiting for a message from the other.
20. What is cache memory?
Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor
can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor
processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there
(from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming
reading of data.
What is a job
queue?
When a process enters the system it is placed in the job queue.
25. What is a ready queue?
The processes that are residing in the main memory and are ready
and waiting to execute are kept on a list called the ready queue.
What are turnaround time and response
time?
Turnaround time is the interval
between the submission of a job and
its completion.
Response time is the interval between
submission of a request, and the first
response to that request.
27. What are the operating system components?
Process management
Main memory management
File management
I/O system management
Secondary storage management
Networking
Protection system
Command interpreter system
28. What is mutex?
Mutex is a program object that allows multiple program threads to share the same
resource, such as file access, but not simultaneously. When a program is started a
mutex is created woth a unique name. After this stage, any thread that needs the
resource must lock the mutex from other threads while it is using the resource. the
mutex is set to unlock when the data is no longer needed or the routine is finished.
29. What is Marshalling?
The process of packaging and sending interface method parameters across thread or
process boundaries.
30. What are residence monitors?
Early operating systems were called residence monitors.
Why thread is called as a lightweight
process?
It is called light weight process to
emphasize the fact that a thread is
like a process but is more efficient
and uses fewer resources( n hence
“lighter”)and they also share the
address space.
32. What are operating system services?
Program execution
I/O operations
File system manipulation
Communication
Error detection
Resource allocation
Accounting
Protection
33. What is a process?
A program in execution is called a process. Or it may also be called a unit of work. A
process needs some system resources as CPU time, memory, files, and i/o devices
to accomplish the task. Each process is represented in the operating system by a
process control block or task control block (PCB).Processes are of two types
Operating system processes
User processes
34. What are the different job scheduling in operating systems?
Scheduling is the activity of the deciding when process will receive the resources
they request.
FCFS ---> FCSFS stands for First Come First Served. In FCFS the job that has been
waiting the longest is served next.
Round Robin Scheduling--->Round Robin scheduling is a scheduling method
where each process gets a small quantity of time to run and then it is preempted
and the next process gets to run. This is called time-sharing and gives the effect of
all the processes running at the same time
Shortest Job First ---> The Shortest job First scheduling algorithm is a
nonpreemptive scheduling algorithm that chooses the job that will execute the
shortest amount of time.
Priority Scheduling--->Priority scheduling is a scheduling method where at all
times the highest priority process is assigned the resource.
35. What is dual-mode operation?
In order to protect the operating systems and the system programs from
the malfunctioning programs the two mode operations were evolved
System mode
User mode
What is a device
queue?
A list of processes waiting for a particular I/O device is called
device queue.
37. What are the different types of Real-Time Scheduling?
Hard real-time systems required to complete a critical task within a guaranteed
amount of time.
Soft real-time computing requires that critical processes receive priority over less
fortunate ones.
38. What is starvation ?
Starvation is a resourcemanagement problem where a process does not get the
resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other
processes.
39. What is a long term scheduler & short term schedulers?
Long term schedulers are the job schedulers that select processes from the job
queue and load them into memory for execution.
The Short term schedulers are the CPU schedulers that select a process form the
ready queue and allocate the CPU to one of them.
40. What is fragmentation?
Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of
the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request
What is context
switching?
Transferring the control from one process to other process
requires saving the state of the old process and loading the
saved state for new process. This task is known as context
switching.
42. What is relative path and absolute path?
Absolute path-- Exact path from root directory.
Relative path-- Relative to the current path.
43. What are the disadvantages of context switching?
Time taken for switching from one process to other is pure over head. Because
the system does no useful work while switching. So one of the solutions is to go
for threading when ever possible.
What is process
synchronization?
A situation, where several processes access and
manipulate the same data concurrently and the
outcome of the execution depends on the particular
order in which the access takes place, is called race
condition. To guard against the race condition we
need to ensure that only one process at a time can
be manipulating the same data. The technique we
use for this is called process synchronization.
47. What is a data register and address register?
Data registers - can be assigned to a variety of functions by the programmer. They
can be used with any machine instruction that performs operations on data.
Address registers - contain main memory addresses of data and instructions or
they contain a portion of the address that is used in the calculation of the complete
addresses.
48. What are deadlock prevention techniques?
Mutual exclusion
Hold and wait
No preemption
Circular wait
Ds
What is
data
structure
?
The logical and mathematical model of a particular organization of data is
called data structure.
There are two types of data structure
Linear
Nonlinear
2. What is a linked list?
A linked list is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, where the linear
order is given by pointers. Each node has two parts first part contain the information
of the element second part contains the address of the next node in the list.
3. What is a queue?
A queue is an ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted at one
end (front end) and items inserted at the other end (rear end). It obeys FIFO rule
there is no limit to the number of elements a queue contains.
4. What is a spanning Tree?
A spanning tree is a tree associated with a network. All the nodes of the graph
appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized so
that the total edge weight between nodes is minimized.
5. What is precision?
Precision refers the accuracy of the decimal portion of a value. Precision is the
number of digits allowed after the decimal point.
What are
the goals
of Data
Structure
?
It must rich enough in structure to reflect the actual relationship of data in
real world. The structure should be simple enough for efficient processing of
data.
7. What is the difference between a Stack and an Array?
Stack
Stack is a dynamic object whose size is constantly changing as items are pushed
and popped .
Stack may contain different data types.
Stack is declared as a structure containing an array to hold the element of the stack,
and an integer to indicate the current stack top within the array.
Stack is a ordered collection of items.
Array
Array is an ordered collection of items.
Array is a static object.
It contains same data types.
Array can be home of a stack i.e. array can be declared large enough for maximum
size of the stack.
8. What is sequential search?
In sequential search each item in the array is compared with the item being
searched until a match occurs. It is applicable to a table organized either as an array
or as a linked list.
9. What are the disadvantages array implementations of linked list?
The no of nodes needed can’t be predicted when the program is written.
The no of nodes declared must remain allocated throughout its execution.
10. What is a priority queue?
The priority queue is a data structure in which the intrinsic ordering of
the elements.
What are the disadvantages of sequential
storage?
Fixed amount of storage remains
allocated to the data structure
even if it contains less element.
No more than fixed amount of
storage is allocated causing
overflow.
12. Define circular list?
In linear list the next field of the last node contain a null pointer, when a next field
in the last node contain a pointer back to the first node it is called circular list.
13. What does abstract Data Type Mean?
Data type is a collection of values and a set of operations on these values. Abstract
data type refer to the mathematical concept that define the data type.
14. What do you mean by recursive definition?
The definition which defines an object in terms of simpler cases of itself is called
recursive definition.
15. What actions are performed when a function is called?
When a function is called
arguments are passed
local variables are allocated and initialized
transferring control to the function
Define double linked
list?
It is a collection of data elements called nodes, where each
node is divided into three parts
An info field that contains the information stored in the node.
Left field that contain pointer to node on left side.
Right field that contain pointer to node on right side.
17. What do you mean by overflow and underflow?
When new data is to be inserted into the data structure but there is no available
space i.e.free storage list is empty this situation is called overflow.
When we want to delete data from a data structure that is empty this situation is
called underflow.
18. Whether Linked List is linear or Non-linear data structure?
According to Access strategies Linked list is a linear one. According to Storage
Linked List is a Non-linear one.
19. What do you mean by free pool?
Pool is a list consisting of unused memory cells which has its own pointer.
20. What are the methods available in storing sequential files ?
Straight merging
Natural merging
Polyphase sort
Distribution of Initial runs
What is a node
class?
A node class is a class that has added new services or
functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.
22. what is binary tree?
A binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two child
nodes, usually distinguished as left and right.
What do you
mean by
Bluetooth?
It is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different
functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers
and so on. Bluetooth LAN Is an adhoc network that is the network is
formed spontaneously? It is the implementation of protocol defined by
the IEEE 802.15 standard
Defin
e TCP
?
It is connection oriented protocol.It consist byte streams oeiginating on one
machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the network.while
transmitting it fragments the stream to discrete messages and passes to interner
layer.At the destination it reassembles the messages into output stream.
61. What is URL ?
It is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the World Wide Web.
62. Define UDP ?
It is unreliable connectionless protocol.It is used for one-shot,client-server
type,request reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is required than
accuracy.
Sql
What are the
advantages of
Database?
Redundancy can be reduced
Inconsistence can be avoided
The data can be shared
Standards can be enforced
Security can be enforced
Integrity can be maintained
What are the
advantage of SQL?
The advantages of SQL are
SQL is a high level language that provides a greater degree of
abstraction than procedural languages.
SQL enables the end users and system personnel to deal with a
number of Database management systems where it is available.
Application written in SQL can be easily ported across systems.
32. What is the difference between join and outer
join?
Outer joins return all rows from at least one of the
tables or views mentioned in the FROM clause, as long
as those rows meet any WHERE or HAVING search
conditions.
A join combines columns and data from two are more
tables.
What is the difference between a primary key and a unique
key?
Both primary key
and unique
enforce
uniqueness of the
column on which
they are defined.
But by default
primary key
creates a
clustered index
on the column,
where are unique
creates a
nonclustered
index by default.
Another major
difference is that,
primary key
doesn’t allow
NULLs, but
unique key allows
one NULL only.
54. What is the difference between Function and Stored Procedure?
UDF can be used in the SQL statements anywhere in the WHERE / HAVING /
SELECT section where as Stored procedures cannot be.
UDFs that return tables can be treated as another rowset. This can be used in
JOINs with other tables.
Inline UDF’s can be though of as views that take parameters and can be used
in JOINs and other Rowset operations.
What is a
trigger?
Triggers are stored procedures created in order to enforce integrity
rules in a database. A trigger is executed every time a data-
modification operation occurs (i.e., insert, update or delete).
Triggers are executed automatically on occurance of one of the data-
modification operations.
84. What is the difference between static and dynamic SQL?
Static SQL is hard-coded in a program when the programmer knows the
statements to be executed.
Dynamic SQL the program must dynamically allocate memory to receive
the query results.
What is UNIQUE KEY
constraint?
A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the
values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are
entered. The unique key constraints are used to
enforce entity integrity as the primary key
constraints.
86. What is NOT NULL Constraint?
A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not
null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.
87. What is meant by query optimization?
The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has
the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.
88. What is meant by embedded SQL?
They are SQL statements that are embedded with in application program and are
prepared during the program preparation process before the program is executed.
89. What is File Manager?
It is a program module, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and
data structure used to represent information stored on a disk.
90. Define transaction?
A collection of operations that fom a single logical unit of
works are called transaction.
What is the difference
between TRUNCATE and
DELETE commands?
TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML
command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back,
but TRUNCATE operation cannot be rolled back. WHERE
clause can be used with DELETE and not with
TRUNCATE.
Define candidate key,
alternate key, composite
key?
A candidate key is one that can identify each row of a table
uniquely. Generally a candidate key becomes the primary
key of the table.
If the table has more than one candidate key, one of them
will become the primary key, and the rest are called
alternate keys.
A key formed by combining at least two or more columns is
called composite key.
Define Primary Key?
The primary key is the columns used to uniquely identify
each row of a table.
A table can have only one primary key.
No primary key value can appear in more than one row in the
table.
What are the
difference between
primary keys and
foreign keys?
The primary key is the columns used to uniquely identify each
row of a table.A table can have only one primary key.
Foreign keys are both a method of ensuring data integrity and
a manifestation of the relationship between tables.
What is the
difference between
a HAVING CLAUSE
and a WHERE
CLAUSE?
HAVING can be used only with the SELECT statement. HAVING is
typically used in a GROUP BY clause. When GROUP BY is not used,
HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause. Having Clause is basically
used only with the GROUP BY function in a query whereas WHERE
Clause is applied to each row before they are part of the GROUP BY
function in a query.
What is the
difference
between SET
and SELECT?
Both SET and SELECT can be used to assign values to variables. It is
recommended that SET @local_variable be used for variable assignment
rather than SELECT @local_variable.
Examples
declare @i int
set @i=1
This is used to assign constant values.
select @i=max(column_name)from table_name
for ex.
select @i=max(emp_id) from table_emp.
46. What is the difference between char , varchar and nvarchar?
char(n)Fixed length non unicode character data with length of n bytes.n must be a
value from 1 through 8,000.
varchar(n)variable length non unicode character data with length of n bytes.
nvarchar(n)variable length unicode character data of n characters. n must be a
value from 1 through 4,000.
47. How many types of triggers are there?
There are three types of triggers.
DML Triggers
--> AFTER Triggers
--> INSTEAD OF Triggers
DDL Triggers
CLR Triggers
MySQL the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,
distributed, and supported by MySQL AB. MySQL AB is a commercial company, founded by the
MySQL developers, that builds its business by providing services around the MySQL database
management system.
What is the difference
between CHAR AND
VARCHAR?
The CHAR and VARCHAR types are similar, but differ in the
way they are stored and retrieved.
The length of a CHAR column is fixed to the length that you
declare when you create the table.
The length can be any value between 1 and 255. When
CHAR values are stored, they are right-padded with spaces
to the specified length. When CHAR values are retrieved,
trailing spaces are removed.
what is difference
between primary key
and candidate key?
Primary Key
- are used to uniquely identify each row of the table. A table
can have only one primary Key.
Candidate Key
- primary key is a candidate key. There is no difference. By
common convention one candidate key is designated as a
“primary” one and that key is used for any foreign key
references.
What is Oracle
table?
A table is the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle database. The
tables of a database hold all of the user accessible data. Table data is
stored in rows and columns.
what is the
difference
between
sql&oracle?
SQL is Stuctured Query Language.Oracle is a Database.SQL is used
to write queries against Oracle DB.
What is
ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is a server side scripting technology that enables scripts
(embedded in web pages) to be executed by an Internet server.
ASP.NET provides increased performance by running compiled code.
2. What is the difference between Classic ASP and ASP.Net?
ASP is Interpreted language based on scripting languages like Jscript or VBScript.
ASP has Mixed HTML and coding logic.
Limited development and debugging tools available.
Limited OOPS support.
Limited session and application state management.
ASP.Net is supported by compiler and has compiled language support.
Separate code and design logic possible.
Variety of compilers and tools available including the Visual studio.Net.
Completely Object Oriented.
Complete session and application state management.
Full XML Support for easy data exchange.
3. What is Difference between Namespace and Assembly?
Namespace is a logical design-time naming convenience, whereas an assembly
establishes the name scope for types at run time.
4. What is the difference between early binding and late binding?
Calling a non-virtual method, decided at a compile time is known as early binding. Calling
a virtual method (Pure Polymorphism), decided at a runtime is known as late binding
Good morning sir/madam.
First of all I would like to say thanks for this wonder opportunity for giving chance to introduce
my self,
I am Ram, coming from Chennai. My native place is Hyderabad A.P.
Now I am working in SRM university in college of engineering and technology, as a asst.
Professor.
Coming to my educational qualification.
I completed ME (structural engineering) in pondicherry central university in the year of 2012, in
the same time a completed pg diploma also in the field of library and information science in
same university year of 2011.
Coming to technical skills.
I have good computer knowledge and good type writing skill, and also hardware works like PC
assembly and services.
My family consist of 4 members including me. Father working as a daily wages labour, mother
house wife, and I have younger brother he doing MBA.
My strength:
I am a silent performer.
I am a hard worker.
Flexible mind.
Thank you sir.
No comments yet | Your comments please ... | +1 -0
Gpcasrkrishna said: (Wed, Jul 24, 2013 04:03:10 PM)
First thing is that its my great pleasure to introduce myself in front of you.
My name is GPCASRama Krishna from Tadepalligudem.
Coming to my academic qulification.
Now currently I'm pursing my B-Tech in Mechanical in ANITS.
I completed my Intermediate in Sri Chaitanya Jr. College in Vijayawada with a percentage of
91.
I did my schooling in Montessori E.M School with an aggregate of 83%.
I did My project in Steel Plant on Milling operation regarding the best way of removal of scrap
that will not effect the tool life.
I Organized many events in School and in my Hostel and I actively participated in
afforestation, No to use Plastic and in blood donation clubs.
My short term goal is to get placed in a well company where I can use my knowledge and
skills that I gained from my past few years in my life to company's growth and success.
My long term goal is to achieve higher position in an organisation.
My strength is I can adopt to any environment, confident about my self, very enthuse about
learning new things.
My hobbies are knowing something which I don't know, playing chess.
Thank you.
No comments yet | Your comments please ... | +0 -0
Prasanth said: (Wed, Jul 24, 2013 11:54:48 AM)
Good Morning Sir.
Its My Pleasure to Introduce myself in-front of you.
This is Prasanth from Amalapuram.
I completed my B-Tech graduation in the year 2013 from jits college of engineering
kalagampudi.
I Have Four Members In My Family Including With Me. Me My Father & My mother & One
Younger Brother.
About My Technical skills I'm good at c-Language & I'm good At Basic SQL.
My achievements Are I Gave a Lot Of PPTs In several colleges & I got Merit PPT certificate In
My college Event.
My Hobbies Are Playing Cricket & Chess, Surfing On internet, Learning something about new
things.
I Don't Have short Term & long Term goals. My Only goal Is give The best service to The
Organization Where I work.
Thanks For Giving The Wonderful Opportunity To Me.
View Comments(1) | Your comments please ... | +17 -0
Rhea said: (Wed, Jul 24, 2013 01:10:00 AM)
Hello sir/mam.
First of all its an immense pleasure to acquaint myself to you.
This is Rhea Shrivastava from city of lakes Bhopal.
I have just completed my bachelors degree in Electronics and Communication engineering
from SIRT Bhopal with an aggregate of 79%.
I have done my schooling from St. Josephs Convent School, Bhopal.
Now coming to my family background.
We are 5 including me.
My father is a Lawyer, my mom is a teacher, my younger sister is pursuing her graduation and
brother is in 11th standard with commerce.
Regarding my strengths and weaknesses I would say that I am dedicated to my work, I keep
trying for perfection, I believe in hard work and smart work as well at times and all these
qualities becomes my strengths and I have only 1 weakness and that is I can't say no to
others but I am working on it.
Now coming to my hobbies.
In my free time I like reading novels, playing basket ball, chess, NFS UNDERGROUND.
I like to dance as well in fact I learnt classical dance for 3 years.
Sir that is all about me.
Thank you very much.
View Comments(1) | Your comments please ... | +3 -3
Ashu Kuniyal said: (Tue, Jul 23, 2013 11:42:26 PM)
Hello Sir,
First of all, its my pleasure to introduce myself in front of you.
My name is Anil Kuniyal from Pantnagar.
Coming to my qualification.
I have completed B-Tech in Computer science with an aggregate of 70% from DBIT,
Dehradun.
I have completed +2 and high school from GIC inter college with 55 and 54% respectively.
Coming to my family background.
There are 4 members in my family including me.
My father is X-Army man. My mother is house wife. My sister is doing B.A.
My hobbies are browsing, playing cricket and volleyball and listening music.
My strength is quick learning and hard work.
My weakness is lack confidence.
My short term goal is getting job in a reputed company.
My long term goal is to become a successful businessman.
Thank you sir.
Well, good morning sir/madam,
Hi Friends, my name is shivaji rao patil from Hyderabad. I parsuing my B-Tech in
stream of computer science and engineering from nict college, xxx with aggregate
65%. I have completed HSC from GURU BASAVA junior college with aggregate of 6%
and SSC from Pratibha we. N. High school with aggregate 73%.
We are five in my family. My father is a private employee and my mother is a
homemaker. I have two sibblings.
About my achievements, I never made any achievements at state level. But in my
schooling I got certificate in singing level competition. In college I got NSS certificate
which I participated as volunteer in my 1st year of engineering.
My strengths are hardworker, self motivating and dedicated towards my work. And
also I'm a good learner as well as teacher.
My hobbies are making crafts, painting, surfing net.
My short term goal to get placed in well reputed company.
My long term goal to palced in any mnc company and give my best to your.
Organisation.
As a fresher, I don't have any working experience, but I will prove once the opportunity
comes
