LCLS-II-HE Instrumentation

2

LCLS-II-HE:

Enabling New Experimental Capabilities

Structural Dynamics

at the Atomic Scale

Expand the photon energy

reach of LCLS-II to 20 keV

o Atomic resolution requires ~1 Å

~1,000-fold increase in ave.

spectral brightness re: LCLS

o Average coherent X-ray power

(spatial and temporal)

is transformative

Hard X-ray pulses in a uniform

(programmable) time structure at

a repetition rate of up to 1 MHz

Photon Energy (eV) A

vera

ge B

rightn

ess

(ph

/s/m

m2/m

rad

2/0

.1%

BW

) 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

10 19

10 20

10 21

10 22

10 23

10 24

10 25

10 26

LCLS-II LCLS-II-HE

Eu-XFEL

LCLS

DLSR

limit

LCLS

~10 msec ~mJ

~fs

~msec LCLS-II

(HE)

EuXFEL

(FLASH)

LCLS Experimental Facilities After Realization of LCLS-II Plans

• 7 instruments fed by a single undulator at present

• 9 instruments available for LCLS-II

NEH 1.1: Atomic, Molecular and Optical

NEH 2.1: Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering

NEH 2.2: Soft X-ray Research

NEH 1.2: Tender X-ray Instrument

XPP: X-ray Pump Probe

XCS: X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy

MFX: Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography

CXI: Coherent X-ray Imaging

MEC: Matter in Extreme Conditions

3 Soft X-ray

5 Hard X-ray

1 “tender” x-ray

SXU

HXU

Far

Hall

XCS MFX CXI MEC

Near

Hall

N1.1 N1.2 XPP

N2.1

N2.2

~ 50 m ~ 70 m

3

NEH 1.2: Combining two XFEL sources

4

• X-ray pump / X-ray probe capability with two high repetition rate XFEL sources

• Spatial and temporal overlap of two 1 micron XFEL beams with independent

control of intensity, polarization and wavelength

• Present LCLS-II design uses:

• 400 – 1500 eV (SXU)

• 1000 – 5000 eV (HXU)

LCLS-II-HE offers the potential to extend the energy range of the HXU branch

FEH Reconfiguration:

One plausible option as an example

Cu

rre

nt

LC

LS

-II-

HE

High resolution IXS

&

XPCS

6

Considerations for Increased Repetition Rate

Sample Recovery

Optical Lasers

Detectors

Data Acquisition

Data Storage

X-ray Optics

> 120 Hz

Operation

LCLS-II X-ray Optics Development:

Wavefront preserving X-ray mirrors

HXR; 1.35 mrad, 13 keV → 0.56 nm rms

SXR; 12.0 mrad, 1.3 keV → 0.6 nm rms

The mirrors exist but, we need to preserve the shape once

installed and under the LCLS II power delivered to (up to

200 W) the mirrors

200 eV

700 eV

1300 eV

D. Cocco et al.

8

LCLS-II Pump Laser Development:

High Average Power Femtosecond Laser System

Introduction

High average power laser amplifier R&D project for LCLS-II

Future free electron lasers at SLAC require high repetition rate laser amplifiers. Initial operation at LCLS-II is planned at 0.1-1 MHz repetition rate. High energy pump/probe laser amplifiers operated at these high repetition rates are currently not commercially available. We plan to use Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) techniques to develop a mJ-level Research and Development (R&D) laser amplifier system. Ultrafast laser amplifiers based on population inversion in an optical medium have so far been the only commercially solution for ultrashort pulses with average powers of several tens of Watts. However, the ultimate limit for these laser amplifiers is the heat load generated in the gain medium. Worth mentioning is also the gain narrowing, which ultimately limits the amplified pulse bandwidth. These drawbacks can be circumvented resorting to the more exotic OPCPA, where minimal power is absorbed in the gain medium. Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers are currently the most promising option for a high average power amplifier systems. Pump-probe laser amplifiers at free electron laser facilities are designed to serve a variety of experiments. The experimental portfolio of these future FELs at SLAC can be widened using OPCPA, which allows different modes of operation and easier upgrades (tunable center wavelength, average power, ultra-short pulse duration).

0.8 µm non-collinear OPCPA system

K. Mecseki, J. Robinson, A. Fry, F. Tavella

Laser amplifier setup

OPCPA technology – required parameters

Lasers in LCLS Science

Fiber amplifier system with dual output: 7W Innoslab amplifier seeder (stretched)

Fiber oscillator with dual output: - Seeder for fiber amplifier system - Output for locking to RF (Synchronization to FEL Locking stability <20 fs rms)

White light seeder

OPCPA pre-amplifier

Drive beam

energy 2.16 uJ

Spectral range

for OPCPA 650-1000 nm

Average energy

content ~70 pJ/nm

OPCPA seed is generated in YAG crystal (white light generation)

Optical table layout

1.5 µm (non-)collinear OPA system

OPA pre-amplifier

O.D. Mücke et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 118-120 (2009)

High power OPCPA simulation

High power OPCPA simulation

Initial parameters upgrades

Repetition rate

(MHz) 0.1

single shot -

1Mhz

Pulse energy

(mJ) 1 (see power)

Power (W) 100 >100 W (NIR OPA)

>150 W (IR OPA

Pulse duration

(fs) 15

<10fs (NIR OPA),

<45 (IR OPA)

Spectral range

(µm) 0.7-1 1.4-1.6; 2.9-3.9

Energy stability <1.5% <1%

Compression <1.2xBWL -

Pump laser

power (kW) 1.5 kW tbd

Pump laser

duration (ps) 1.5 -

Pump laser

wavelength (µm) 1.03/0.515 -

Optical parametric amplifier

θ

α

pump

signal

idler

nonlinear optical crystal

White light generation

Main advantages Broadband amplification Different spectral ranges Low thermal load (linear absorption)

3 wave mixing process in a nonlinear optical crystal Energy transfer from pump → signal and idler wave

Synchronization FEL, oscillator

diagnostics

Fiber amplifier param. monitor

kW Innoslab amplifier param.

monitoring

Spectral broadening and harmonic generation test setup

OPCPA output

parameter monitor

Compressor chamber: Chirped mirrors and bulk glass compressor

Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifer system: >1.5 kW average output power - Innoslab-400 (9-pass) - Innoslab-(>)1000 (2-pass)

Compressed output

Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPA, compressed) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPCPA, uncompressed for further amplification)

Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA), >100 W λc = 1.5 µm (IR OCPA), >150 W λc = 3.5 µm (IR OPCPA), >100 W

OPCPA stage in operation

filament sub-ps laser pulse

YAG crystal

~14.6 fs FWHM

1.2µJ, <0.8% rms (1 MHz mode)

M2: 1.24/1.17

Δλ10% = 750-850 nm

S1 S2

Initial 15 fs version

125.1 [nm], λcenter 815.0 [nm], 2.18 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 15.11 [fs]

Total Heat Load: 0.0197 [W] dT(max) = 2.1 [K]

sub-10 fs upgrade

210.9 [nm], λcenter 799.1 [nm], 1.46 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 9.06 [fs] Total Heat Load: 0.0177 [W] dT(max) = 1.8 [K] (reduced output power compared to narrowband version of the amplifier) Figures: S1 (pre-amplifier); S2 (main amplifier)

Amplification in Barium Borate (BBO) crystal

S1 S2 S2

Signal: 90.4 [nm], and λcenter 1.53 [µm], 2.04 [mJ]

Idler: 422.9 [nm], λcenter 3.17 [µm], 0.89 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 63.4 [fs] / 61.2 [fs] (signal/idler) Total Heat Load: 3.3 [W] dT(max) = 231 [K]

Beam propagation direction

Heat Load: 3.3 [W]

dT(max) = 231 [K]

Heat Load: 3.3 [W]

(KTP/In/Cu heat sink) dT(max) = 58 [K]

Manual shift of CEP (glass wedge insertion)

Amplified spectrum (tuned λc) Passive CEP stability over 0.5 hours

~50 fs FWHM

seed

amplified

Passive CEP seeder concept

The seed is generated through white light continuum generation in YAG (similar to 0.8 µm OPCPA) using a 0.515 µm beam (SH from fiber laser amplifier) A passive CEP stable idler is generated in collinear OPA stage (BBO crystal) This seed (idler wave) is further amplified in a KTP OPA stage. The idler wave from the KTP stage if operated In collinear geometry can also be used (λc~3.8 µm)

Heat signature in NLO crystal

Autocorrelation measurement

OPCPA setup

Introduction

High average power laser amplifier R&D project for LCLS-II

Future free electron lasers at SLAC require high repetition rate laser amplifiers. Initial operation at LCLS-II is planned at 0.1-1 MHz repetition rate. High energy pump/probe laser amplifiers operated at these high repetition rates are currently not commercially available. We plan to use Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) techniques to develop a mJ-level Research and Development (R&D) laser amplifier system. Ultrafast laser amplifiers based on population inversion in an optical medium have so far been the only commercially solution for ultrashort pulses with average powers of several tens of Watts. However, the ultimate limit for these laser amplifiers is the heat load generated in the gain medium. Worth mentioning is also the gain narrowing, which ultimately limits the amplified pulse bandwidth. These drawbacks can be circumvented resorting to the more exotic OPCPA, where minimal power is absorbed in the gain medium. Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers are currently the most promising option for a high average power amplifier systems. Pump-probe laser amplifiers at free electron laser facilities are designed to serve a variety of experiments. The experimental portfolio of these future FELs at SLAC can be widened using OPCPA, which allows different modes of operation and easier upgrades (tunable center wavelength, average power, ultra-short pulse duration).

0.8 µm non-collinear OPCPA system

K. Mecseki, J. Robinson, A. Fry, F. Tavella

Laser amplifier setup

OPCPA technology – required parameters

Lasers in LCLS Science

Fiber amplifier system with dual output: 7W Innoslab amplifier seeder (stretched)

Fiber oscillator with dual output: - Seeder for fiber amplifier system - Output for locking to RF (Synchronization to FEL Locking stability <20 fs rms)

White light seeder

OPCPA pre-amplifier

Drive beam

energy 2.16 uJ

Spectral range

for OPCPA 650-1000 nm

Average energy

content ~70 pJ/nm

OPCPA seed is generated in YAG crystal (white light generation)

Optical table layout

1.5 µm (non-)collinear OPA system

OPA pre-amplifier

O.D. Mücke et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 118-120 (2009)

High power OPCPA simulation

High power OPCPA simulation

Initial parameters upgrades

Repetition rate

(MHz) 0.1

single shot -

1Mhz

Pulse energy

(mJ) 1 (see power)

Power (W) 100 >100 W (NIR OPA)

>150 W (IR OPA

Pulse duration

(fs) 15

<10fs (NIR OPA),

<45 (IR OPA)

Spectral range

(µm) 0.7-1 1.4-1.6; 2.9-3.9

Energy stability <1.5% <1%

Compression <1.2xBWL -

Pump laser

power (kW) 1.5 kW tbd

Pump laser

duration (ps) 1.5 -

Pump laser

wavelength (µm) 1.03/0.515 -

Optical parametric amplifier

θ

α

pump

signal

idler

nonlinear optical crystal

White light generation

Main advantages Broadband amplification Different spectral ranges Low thermal load (linear absorption)

3 wave mixing process in a nonlinear optical crystal Energy transfer from pump → signal and idler wave

Synchronization FEL, oscillator diagnostics

Fiber amplifier param. monitor

kW Innoslab amplifier param.

monitoring

Spectral broadening and harmonic generation test setup

OPCPA output

parameter monitor

Compressor chamber: Chirped mirrors and bulk glass compressor

Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifer system: >1.5 kW average output power - Innoslab-400 (9-pass) - Innoslab-(>)1000 (2-pass)

Compressed output

Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPA, compressed) λc = 1.5 µm (IR OPCPA, uncompressed for further amplification)

Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier λc = 0.8 µm (NIR OPCPA), >100 W λc = 1.5 µm (IR OCPA), >150 W λc = 3.5 µm (IR OPCPA), >100 W

OPCPA stage in operation

filament sub-ps laser pulse

YAG crystal

~14.6 fs FWHM

1.2µJ, <0.8% rms (1 MHz mode)

M2: 1.24/1.17

Δλ10% = 750-850 nm

S1 S2

Initial 15 fs version

125.1 [nm], λcenter 815.0 [nm], 2.18 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 15.11 [fs]

Total Heat Load: 0.0197 [W] dT(max) = 2.1 [K]

sub-10 fs upgrade

210.9 [nm], λcenter 799.1 [nm], 1.46 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 9.06 [fs] Total Heat Load: 0.0177 [W] dT(max) = 1.8 [K] (reduced output power compared to narrowband version of the amplifier) Figures: S1 (pre-amplifier); S2 (main amplifier)

Amplification in Barium Borate (BBO) crystal

S1 S2 S2

Signal: 90.4 [nm], and λcenter 1.53 [µm], 2.04 [mJ]

Idler: 422.9 [nm], λcenter 3.17 [µm], 0.89 [mJ]

Fourier Limit of final pulse 63.4 [fs] / 61.2 [fs] (signal/idler) Total Heat Load: 3.3 [W] dT(max) = 231 [K]

Beam propagation direction

Heat Load: 3.3 [W]

dT(max) = 231 [K]

Heat Load: 3.3 [W]

(KTP/In/Cu heat sink) dT(max) = 58 [K]

Manual shift of CEP (glass wedge insertion)

Amplified spectrum (tuned λc) Passive CEP stability over 0.5 hours

~50 fs FWHM

seed

amplified

Passive CEP seeder concept

The seed is generated through white light continuum generation in YAG (similar to 0.8 µm OPCPA) using a 0.515 µm beam (SH from fiber laser amplifier) A passive CEP stable idler is generated in collinear OPA stage (BBO crystal) This seed (idler wave) is further amplified in a KTP OPA stage. The idler wave from the KTP stage if operated In collinear geometry can also be used (λc~3.8 µm)

Heat signature in NLO crystal

Autocorrelation measurement

OPCPA setup

F. Tavella et al.

9

LCLS-II Detector Development:

High Repetition Rate Detector Systems

thermal

isolation

thermometer

absorber

C

E

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Time

X-ray 0.06

96 96.2

Temperature (mK)

Re

sis

tan

ce

(Ω

)

0.00

95.8

TES spectrometers provide a

unique combination of spectral

resolution, efficiency, and

broadband coverage

CDMS heritage

TES spectrometers

thermal

isolation

thermometer

absorber

C

E

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Time

X-ray 0.06

96 96.2

Temperature (mK)

Re

sis

tan

ce

(Ω

)

0.00

95.8

TES spectrometers provide a

unique combination of spectral

resolution, efficiency, and

broadband coverage

CDMS heritage

TES spectrometers

thermal

isolation

thermometer

absorber

C

E

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Time

X-ray 0.06

96 96.2

Temperature (mK)

Resis

tan

ce

(Ω

)

0.00

95.8

TES spectrometers provide a

unique combination of spectral

resolution, efficiency, and

broadband coverage

CDMS heritage

TES spectrometers

• 10-100 kHz rep rate

• ~0.5 eV energy resolution at 1 keV

• ~1.5 eV @ 10 keV

• 10,000 pixels

K. Irwin et al.

Energy Resolving Detectors Megapixel Imaging Detectors

• Development timeline

• ~2 kHz in 2020

• 5 kHz in 2021

• 20 kHz in 2022

SLAC TID, Fermilab, LBNL, …

TID-AIR

Full camera

Type 1: 135k pixels

Type 2: Large > 1Mpixel camera CS-PAD style,

example (modular, so 2 Mpixel possible with more

tiles) could also do guillotine, but likely center-hole is

needed

~50W@25kHz

~200W@25kHz

Cooling example: (very prelim) at 1C

delta, 10 mm pipe, 1 l/m.

Current plan: room-temp but can run

lower

Cooling: ~ 3 l/m

Centerhole style

(CSPAD style)

10

LCLS-II Data Systems Development:

High Volume/Peformance DAQ, Computing, Storage

• Data systems must be scaled to match detector performance

• Data reduction will be needed at the highest repetition rate

• Key feature extraction (lossy compression)

LCLS, SLAC, Stanford, LBNL, NERSC, ESNet, …

11

Summary

• LCLS-II-HE is an incredible X-ray source

• Many technology developments are ongoing to take best

advantage of LCLS-II and LCLS-II-HE

• New instrumentation can be accommodated in a

reconfigured Far Experimental Hall

• One plausible option was shown

• However, this presentation was just an FYI and should

NOT limit your thinking on potential science opportunities

12

13

MEC PW Facility

• MEC PW Facility

• IXS to Hutch 7

• CXI split for serial operation

• Fed via mirror in XRT alcove