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LECTURE L21GAMES AND GAMIFICATION
Disclaimer
Games are the one of the most powerfulforce in the world
Computer Game History
Early GamesCathode ray tube amusement device, 1947
Analog game, purely electromechanical
Controlled by control knobs which influences the trajectory of the CRT's light beam
Player controls a reticle and aligns it to an airplane to shoot down
Noughts And Crosses, 1952
A Tic-Tac-Toe game
Ran on EDSAC
Used the tank display CRT as 35 x 16 pixel screen for displaying his game
Game did not get well known
Early Games
Early Games
Early 1960s - Two cultures contributed to the idea that computers should be things we interact with and play with:
Walter Isaacson: The Innovators
Hackers - “the hands on imperative”
Rebel entrepreneurs - eager to break into the amusement industry
Spacewar! 1961
Early Games
Programmed on PDP-1 in MIT in 1960 by Steve Russel
One of the first time-sharing computers
Space game where two players try to shoot each others without being drawn to the sun in the center
Spacewar! 1961
Early Games
Impact:
1. Collaboration - Liquid network effect
2. Free - Open Source
3. Strengthened the view that Computers should be Personal and Interactive in real-time
Spacewar! 1961
Early Games
ArcadesSpecial purpose machines
Most popular game was PONG
Arcades became popular amongstyoung in 1971-1974
2-D boards and movementof objects
Special controls and buttons
Pong 1974
Atari VCS 2600 1977
Game ConsolesIn 1974 game consoles start to appear
Computer games market emerges
Atari became the industry leader - Nolan BushnellVCS – Video Computer System 1974 – 1984 Discontinued in 1991
The Video Game CrashIn 1983 the computer game market crashed
Throughout the 1984 and 1985, the home video game industry was nearly dead
Too much supply of similar gamesLow qualityThe public lost interest
Atari did not want to credit developers
Game Consoles Come BackNintendo Entertainment System, 1986
Started the second computer console revolution
Changed the way games were marketedStrict control of what games were produced and soldInstituted quality standardsInstituted content standards
Enter the Personal ComputerIn the 80s Personal computers become more wide spreadGames slowly appear in the PCs
Interactive fictionIn the 80s Interactive fiction games became popular
Role-playing game in which the player moves around in imaginative adventure world and solves mysteries
Early games where text games with simple commands
Slowly graphics was added
Enter CD-ROM
With CD-ROM new types of games became possible
More graphic
The 7th guest from 1992
Myst from 1993 became an unexpected huge success
Multiplayer and 3-D GamesEarly games were multiplayer games
Pong and Spacewar! were multiplayer
Most games after that were single player games where player plays against the computer or players take turn
In the late 80s and early 90s networks start to appearEthernet LANs, then the Internet
DOOM introduced 3-D graphics and multiplayer capabilities in 1993
3D game where the player moves around in a 3-D world
Breakthrough graphicsMultiplayer capability on a LAN
Multiplayer and 3-D Games
Impact of Computer Games
“Games offer immediate feedback, you can see your progress, you can try something and be frustrated but later learn more…
that’s why game play is so engaging to us.” —Barbara Chamberlin, project director at
the New Mexico State University Learning Games Lab
Addiction
Some games are highly addictive
Role playing games, MUD (Multiple User Dialog)Example: EverQuest
Games with progression, construction and commandsExamples: WarCraft, CounterStrike, Sims
Impact of Computer Games
Really simple game, but highly addictive
Released on May 24, 2013, discontinued Feb 8, 2014
Violence
Some games are violent, made for mature adult audience
Most games are not violent
Impact of Computer Games
The Gaming Market
“In twenty years, games will have taken over the world and everything will be virtual reality.”
-- Ray Kurzwiel
Average Game Player Age
35
Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
Source: ESA Essential facts, US data
1990
$10 bn
2000 2010
$20 bn
$50 bn
Games$100 bn
2017
Game Consoles
Sony
Products: PlayStation, PlayStation2, 3 and 4PlayStation Portable
Have the broadest marketHas most of the games
PlayStation3 came with IBM’s CellMovie and TV show downloads
PlayStation4 released late 2013
XBox
Products: XBox, XBox 360, XBox One
Appeal to hard-core gamesMost powerful console
Xbox Live – online game service
Kinect
Microsoft is promotingxbox as entertainment device
NintendoProducts: GameCube, GameBoyWii, Wii U, DS
Appeal to familiesApply strict standards
Wii got a very good start withWii Remote
Nintendo Switch
The Market
PlayStation 2 is still on top
What is the most popular game console of all time?
Games for Everyone
The Market
Tetris
What is the most popular game of all time?
Games are universal
Games areplayed by anyone
Games are part ofgrowing up
Millennials wants entertainment and play in their work, education and social life
Starts early
Why should we stop playing when wegrow up?
Casual Games
Simple and easy games, last for short time (50+ hours)
Addictive with low barriers
Pictures from PopCap
Source: IGDA 2008-2009 Casual Games White Paper
Social Games
Multiplayer games that are played with others
Synchronous or Asynchronous
Source: The online computer and video game industry (OECD Report) The MMORPG Top List
Thousands of players
Roles and responsibility
Continuity and progress
MMORPG
Monetizing games
Monetizing games
Monetization strategy depends heavily on the type of game
To make successful games, you have to be a really good game designer
Art style, tone, uniqueness, game design and balancing have to work
Monetizing gamesAd supported - free, low barrier, large audience
Free 2 Play - optional in-play purchase, time, skills, virtual stuff
Download - Pay for downloads for PC, console and mobile games
Subscription - Pay for access, monthly
Money gaming - Play for money and take rake or percentage
Give player access to play significant portion of the game without paying
Then charge for extras, VIP access, more choices, virtual stuff, advancement
Based on the Freemium concept
Free to Play - F2P
VIRTUAL STUFF
Tom Chatfield 7 ways video games engage the brain
(2010)
TED Talk
The 90-9-1 Rule
In social communities, 90% of theusers don’t contribute
In gaming 90% play for free butare needed so the community works
90% Play for free
9% Pay for added value
1% Pay for anything
Can games improve the world?
Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world (2010)
Can we use games to solve (boring, untasteful…) problems?
Gamif icat ion
Gamification is the process of using game thinking and game mechanics to engage audiences and solve problems
game me•chan•ics
Techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive
The Gamification Loop
leaderboard
progression
Influence and status
Games are the most powerful motivation to influence behaviour
How can we usegame mechanics tochange the real world?
Each week we spend
3 billion hours playing computergames
At the age of 21 people have spent
10.000 hoursplaying computer games
Compulsory school is
10.000
hours
The time people have spent playingWorld of Warcraft is 5,93 million years
Evolution of man took
5,93 million years
Fluid intelligence is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience
Evolution of Man gave us Intelligence
Gabe Zichermann: How games make kids smarter (2010)
Real life can be soboooooring
Why should we take games seriously?
Clearly people are wasting time
But we need scientific evidence
Daphne Bavelier: Your brain on video games (2012)
“ ... people who play action games far outperform the people who don’t”
- Green and Bavelier’s experiment
Better in problem
solving
Better in unknown
situations
Better in exploring
new options
Track more objects
Better in monitoring
cluttered world
Better at processing
visual stream of
information
And when you are hiring a person to do a job for you, what is your first interview question?
Do you play video games?
Play games with your kids