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Structure of the presentation• WHAT is collaborative e-government?• WHY is it important?• HOW is it done?• SO WHAT should government do?
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About the methodology• Large scale mapping of projects• Complete survey of countries• Survey of civic developers• Interviews with stakeholders• In depth case studies of 6 projects and 2
policies
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Project team• Tech4i2• Deloitte• Ton Zijlstra• External experts (Prof Ines Mergel – US , Craig
Thomler - AUS)
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Underlying questions
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• What is it? • Is it just a hype?• Is it just for a few geeks in UK and US?• Can I save money by crowdsourcing?• Can I trust co-produced services?• Does it create jobs or destroys them?• Is it a must-have or a nice-to-have?• Should government act or just wait and see?
Look back at 2007
Initiative Current status
PatientOpinion Copied by NHS, stable growth, expanded in new areas such as mental health, linked with additional services
Intellipedia 3rd anniversary, average 5000 edits per day
Mybikelane Expanded worldwide
Peertopatent Expanded to Japan, Korea and Australia, more recently in UK
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Definition
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WHATWHAT
The cases
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WHATWHAT
Crowdsourcing of ideas
Open data mining/visualisation
Showusabetterway.com
Showusabetterway.com
Google TransitGoogle Transit
Openlylocal,ISTAT widget Openlylocal,
ISTAT widget
Service provisionService
provision
Type of collaboration
Type of collaboration
ExamplesExamples
DigitalkootDigitalkoot
ActivmobsActivmobs
Crowdsourced public tasks
Collaborative complaint systems
SeeClickFix SeeClickFixSelf-help groups
Public data applications
Co-design
Apps contests
Apps contests
Ideascale.com
Ideascale.com
Beta services
WHATWHAT
Definition
Politics Policies Administration and service delivery
Theyworkforyou.com No 10 E-petitions Fixmystreet.com
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Open GovernmentOpen Government
WHATWHAT
What is new? The deep roots of collaborative e-government
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Self-help and mutuality
PhilantropyPrivatisation
Social contract
What is new? ICT as key enabler:- Reduction of costs to collaborate- Easier to upscale and reach thousands
WHATWHAT
Where?
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Collaborative services are not mentioned in e-gov policy documentsIn UK it fits within the “Big Society” agendaBut OPEN DATA a growing priority for transparency and innovationAll countries have collaborative e-gov projects
WHATWHAT
On what services?
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WHATWHAT
A barcamp for all seasons• Healthcamp• Transportcamp• Crisiscamp• Transparencycamp• Social Innovation camp• Privacycamp• Educamp• Regio camp
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WHATWHAT
WHO? Cultivated young men• Civic developers: 90% are Men, with Univ
degree, 25-44 yrs old• Driven by: 90% identifying a need not yet
covered, 80% the desire to make a difference. Money plays a minor role.
• Opposed by: 60% non-availability of public data. 35% mentions lack of interest by the public as a problem. Costs and business models instead are mentioned by a minority (18% and 29%).
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WHATWHAT
WHO are the users?• Very unequal distribution
of work in the cases: 1% do 30% of work (DigiKoot)
• Segments of people who already use services, but individual people new to the service (MySociety)
• Civil servant employees! (LineaAmica)
• More equal distribution between men and women in the final users
• Niche specialisation of different services
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WHATWHAT
WHY: a power law of usage
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There is no “average impact” of collaborative e-governmentThere are individual success stories and many failures
WHYWHY
WHY: the impact
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WHYWHY
WHY: better services?• There is plenty of evidence on the importance
of peer-to-peer collaboration – Mutual support: demonstrated better capacity to
deal with diseases; demonstrated impact of peer tutoring on kids learning
– New services: basic services such as school and education were started as charities
– Behavioural change:
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WHYWHY
WHY: does it save govt’ money?• NO: collaboration does not substitute for paid work.
It’s additive not substitutive• Collaboration is not outsourcing: it requires in-house
advanced communication and content-related skills, continous tinkering and re-design (DigiKoot)
• Collaborative e-gov enables radical innovation that can lead to new, better services and lower costs (OpenlyLocal, DigitKoot). Unaddressed needs is the key driver for 90% of respondents
• It reduces the cost of failure (quite important in e-gov; e.g. Italian Tourism portal 43M Euros)
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85% of innovation fail for lack of understanding of users’ needs (Von Hippel)
WHYWHY
WHY: can business make money out of collaborative e-
government?• Little money in the software, more in the service (e.g. PatientOpinion)
• Great for visibility and reputation (DigiKoot)• Service companies are emerging dedicated to
collaborative gov: OmniCompete, simpl.co, Ideascale, Palandir
• New value added services being launched on top of open data (MetroParis, ISTAT)
• When existing, revenue based on monthly service fees not one-off installation fees
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WHYWHY
WHY (not): the risk of exclusion• Most civic developers are young cultivated
men: the risk of elite-driven services• Need for proactive outreach to empower
different segments of the population with “co-creation skills”
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WHYWHY
WHY (not): the risk of conflict• One potential risk is the increased conflict in
the public space, and unacceptable behaviour by the co-producers who manipulate and spam
• However, there is no evidence of a significant problem in any of the cases analyzed
• Risks are overestimated
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WHYWHY
HOW? Government as a platform• Key requirements:
– Open data (e.g. OpenlyLocal)– Listening to external suggestion/input (e.g. DigiKoot,
Google Transit, SeeClickFix)– High capacity to design process (DigitKoot)– Direct internal engagement (Kent Council, DigitKoot:
crowdsourcing is not outsourcing)• Based on the survey: 50% say govt. has been “indifferent”,
none “hostile”• No longer need for ex-ante authorization: collaboration
without permission!
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HOWHOW
HOW: drivers and barriers
• Voluntary work has always been fundamental : think of AA and NGOs
• Its limit is that it often remains micro and marginal, with limited capacity to upscale
• The democratisation of ICT– Reduces the costs of collaboration, thereby allowing
for easier self-organisation– Allows for large scale outreach (think Ushahidi,
DigiKoot)– This large outreach provides a positive feedback loop
on the motivation to collaborate26
HOWHOW
HOW: the role of civil servants• Civil servants 2.0, wikicrats,
intrapreneurs?• Most cases show positive evolution• Links to long-term trend towards
increased autonomy and outcome-related management
• Unpaid volunteers substituting civil servants? (DigiKoot)
• Unique opportunity for internal innovators (e.g. ISTAT) > Self-organisation of intrapreneurs? (Big Society in UK)
• New skills needed: communication, passion, networking capacity
“Some of the problems that they experienced were mainly about the ability to let people do things for themselves rather than manage people, control everything and make sure health and safety is working.”
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HOWHOW
HOW: unique assets of citizens• In depth knowledge of specific topic (e.g.
OpenlyLocal, DigitKoot)• Unique experience from using services and
dealing with issues (mumsnet, LineaAmica)• High trust from their networks (ActiveMobs)• They are many more than internal staff!
(DigiKoot, SeeClickFix, LineaAmica)
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"given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow"
HOWHOW
HOW: the costs• 82% of civic developersdo it voluntarily,
without financial rewards or funding. Only one receives government funding.
• However this is possible because their costs are in 80% of the cases below 1K Euros per year and in 99% below 100K.
• Technology set up costs are minor. What costs is maintenance and human curation over time
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HOWHOW
HOW: a cultural clash
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HOWHOW
Back to the original questions• What is it? • Is it just a hype?• Is it just for a few geeks in UK and US?• Can I save money by crowdsourcing?• Can I trust co-produced services?• Does it create jobs or destroys them?• Is it a must have or a nice to have?• Should government act or just wait and see?
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That’s for later!
SO WHATSO WHAT
Collaborative e-government: another case of MacroMyopia
“in the short term we overestimate, in the long term we underestimate.”
Paul Saffo
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SO WHATSO WHAT
Initial recommendations
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SO WHATSO WHAT
SO WHAT: how to stimulate collaborative e-gov
• Remove the barriers• Create enabling conditions• Change funding mechanisms (smaller funding,
multistage approach…)• Ensure knowledgeable people are in charge
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SO WHATSO WHAT
SO WHAT: different funding mechanisms
Features• Simple application• multi - stage• Always open• Transparent• Time- predictable• Flexible• Reputation- based• Small funding• Short project time• Peer evaluation• Open, • Non- prescriptive• Outcome-oriented• User- driven• Accepts Failure
Examples• European Research Council• Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI)• FET-Open• IBTT - iStart / iVenture• UK Grants For the Arts• Principi Attivi• MIT GlobalChallenge• Maryland TEDCO Joint Technology Transfer
Initiative• Ontario Emerging Technologies Fund• Spring Singapore Innovation Voucher Scheme• 4IP• Inducement Prizes (Challenge.gov)
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SO WHATSO WHAT
Policy recommendations• From civic hackers:
– "there should be Freedom of Information right at EU level”– "UK stance should become minimum standard for all EU
countries”– "Take just a bit of money from bureaucrats and give it to
developers”– "simple things like encouraging all organisations who
publish news to have an RSS feed would make such a difference”
– “Standards should be pushed to the member state governments in terms of how public data should be delivered and structured.”
– “Get INSPIRE guys involved in open data!”
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SO WHATSO WHAT
How do we benchmark this?• Measurement frameworks, and especially
“averages”, do not fit well with the unpredictable and power law nature of collaborative e-gov
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SO WHATSO WHAT
Measuring co-production• 4 stages (again)• Choose most successful service
Avoid technical hiccups: number of complaints; degree of innovation (from mature to world first implementation)
Ensure takeup: number of users, number of contributions, number of contributors
No spam: number of spam comments
Ensure high quality content: % of contributions judged as useful; % of new contributors (previously not engaged)
Source: egov20.wordpress.com
SO WHATSO WHAT
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