Section 5: Reticular canal system for interlinking Indian rivers.Chapter 10: Reticular canal system (RCS).

3. So, what are the uses of RCS?

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

1) Reticular pattern of canal system is more advantageous, with this, the entire India can be irrigated. All the nooks and corners of the India will get some water supply either through primary or secondary or tertiary channel system. As compared to single channel system that connects north Indian rivers with south Indian rivers the reticular pattern of canal system is more useful, cost effective and harmless.

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It is because, the single channel system,

a) Can irrigate only few areas in the nation, may be 25 - 50 kilometers on either the sides of the channel, if sub channels are created. b) At places we may have to dig very deep to make the free flow of water/it may need underground channels also.c) If natural calamities like flood occurs most of the south Indian places and cities may be affected by the flood, and can cause more damage.

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It is because, the single channel system,

d) There is an absolute necessity to protect the control system of this main channel, because evil forces may put the threat that they are going to damage the control gate. e) The expense may be very high as compared to the benefit, and it needs lot of machine and man power and local people’s participation may be very less as it is mainly a central channel. 16

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

It is because, the single channel system,

f) The necessity of shifting many cities/villages may be required to create one main channel. Since this channel is very wide and big, we may need to construct big bridges to connect the people on either the sides of the main canal, the need to protect this bridges from the evil forces may also arise.

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2) Since reticular pattern of canal system are consisting of many small to moderate sized channels that are scattered throughout the India and no Dams/ Reservoirs of high cost is constructed, there is no chance that the water occupying the living area arises. So there is no need to shift the people from one place to another place in a big way.

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3) Natural calamities may decrease in the future with the existence of RCS, like floods and its damage, as these reticular channel system may act like a better drainage system and the rain water may reach its final destiny with ease. We can utilize the required amount water and rest of the water we can leave in the channel and the natural paths to flow freely.

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4) Some of the wonders like natural reservoir system may be formed in the future. A depressed area surrounded by hill may act like a reservoir and this needs very little construction and maintenance cost and this can irrigate lot of areas around it for agriculture.

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5) At places waterfalls may be created naturally in the flow path of the water to such an extent that we can utilize these fall to create hydro electrical projects.

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6) We can supply water on required basis, like less irrigated and more needy areas can be given more water and we can drain water from the areas where water already exists more.

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7) The total storing capacity of the fresh water over the nation increases. If we consider that the length of the pc1is 10000kms, pc2 is 10000kms, pc3 is 5000kms and pc4 is 5000kms.Then the total length of the primary channel becomes 30,000kms. If the water flowing size of the primary canal is 40 meters in height × 50 meters in width, then the total storing capacity becomes, 30,000kms × 40mts × 50mts =30,000 × 1000 × 40 × 50 cubic meters =60,00,00,00,000 cubic meters = 600 cubic kilometers. This volume is excluding the volume of water present in the river, tributaries, short pc’s, secondary channels, tertiary channels, quaternary channels and reservoirs. (They are the approximate values, it will change after the micro survey). 17

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

8) Ground water level will rise with reticular pattern of channel system, as the total area of absorption of surface water increases and more water sinks in to the ground. If the total length of the primary channel is 30,000kms (apart from the surface area present as the floor of the water path ways like river, tributaries, short pc’s, secondary channels, tertiary channels, quaternary channels and reservoirs for surface absorption of water) then the total area of surface for absorption becomes, 30,000kms × [40mts × 2 side walls + 30mts floor] = 30,000 × 1000mts × 110mts =3,30,00,00,000square meters = 3300 square kilometers (an area with 57.44kilometers length and 57.44kms breadth).

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9) Rain fall also increases, as more water and surface area of water exposed to sunlight increases, more water vapors are generated and more clouds will be formed, more raining we can expect over the land. If the total length of the primary channel is 30,000kms (apart from the water surface exposed for sunlight over the surface of the water path ways like river, tributaries, short pc’s, secondary channels, tertiary channels, quaternary channels and reservoirs for evaporation) then the total area of water surface exposed for sunlight becomes, 30,000kms × 50mts = 30,000 × 1000mts × 50mts =1,50,00,00,000 square meters = 1500 square kilometers (an area with 38.72kilometers length and 38.72kms breadth). 17

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Note: Rain → Raise in the water level in the rivers/tributary → Rapid flow of water to the sea → Rapid empting of water in the river/tributary within few hours/days → Less time for absorption and evaporation → Less absorption with more utilization of underground will lead to lowering of underground water & less evaporation of the water over the land leads to decreased formation of clouds over the land and less raining over the land. The cloud formed over the sea has to fly for a long distance and has to fly above the western hills to reach the land of India to shed the rain.With RCS the area of absorption and evaporation increases and the duration of absorption and the evaporation are also increases. 17

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

10) As we have already explained in single big channel system, shifting of villages and cities in a big way in reticular channel system will not be there.

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11) Only the primary channels will be constructed by the central government, secondary channels by the state government, tertiary channels by the district boards, quaternary channels by the people of VP/AA itself. So direct peoples participation will be there and the national economic burden decreases. The technical assistance may be provided by the present engineering system.18

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

12) The silt formed can be periodically removed from the primary channel and it can be used as manure to put over the land present above the level of the primary channel from where the silt has taken. And it may act like a good manure as it contain good amount of organic and inorganic nutrient necessary for the growth of the plants.

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13) With better water supply and with the participation of the people it is possible to convert all the thin forests in to thick forest by implanting use full trees in it.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system. Thin forest:

183

Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system. Thick forest:

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

14) Most of the natural water paths which remains dry during most of the seasons, especially the rainy seasons can be converted in to ever flowing water paths as per our requirement.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Dry natural water path ways which flows only for few days in rainy season (Dry natural water path):

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Ever flowing water pathways, which flows in all the seasons and with RCS, the flow in the natural water paths can be made continuous as per our requirement (Ever flowing water pathway).

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

15) Construction of simple structures will do greater job in diverting the river water to the primary canals.

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Simple barrier wall like this will work : Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere. Kollegal taluk, chamarajanagar district.

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The same :Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere. Kollegal taluk, chamarajanagar district.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

The same: Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere, Kollegal taluk, chamarajanagar district.

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A simple gate like this will maintain the level that we want in the Primary canals. kaveri river Near Danagere, Kollegal taluk, chamarajanagar district.

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Simple gates lake this will effectivel control the flow of water in the primary canals.

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Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere west end ea923.

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Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere full view.

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Barrier wall Across kaveri river Near Danagere east end.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Barrier wall Across Kaveri river Near Danagere east end canal origin with gate.

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Barrier wall Across Kaveri river Near Danagere east end canal origin with gate ea695mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Barrier wall Across kaveri river - The canal behind danagere.

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Barrier wall Across kaveri river - The canal behind danagere.

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We can release the required volume of water to the needy canals.

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16) Complications in agriculture due to less rain fall can be prevented:

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A dying tree due to dehydration.

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Many trees are dying due to no irrigation:

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People have worked and waiting for the rain to come.

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Seeds are implanted but many have dried in the soil.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system. A dry well.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

This was the place from where the excess water was flowing out of the well a few years ago.

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After some time the entire tree will fall due to drying. Government will try to fill the loss, instead of thinking the methods prevent such types of hazards.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system. A dry water path.

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The check dams constructed across the water paths will remain as the waste and will not serve its purpose.

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A plant which is suffering from dehydration from its early life will not give good yield.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.The entire plant physiology will alter with the leaves becoming almost completely dry and then getting some water at some time.

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17) RCS will fill water to all the places where it is possible to fill the water like this.

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18) RCS & Hydro electrical projects: RCS will be able to generate ‘n’ number of electricity by providing the opportunities at multiple sites for hydro electrical projects.

215

Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydro elecrical projects-Ganga elevator-Available height 500 mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydro elecrical projects-GUT end 870 to YUC start 800-Available height 70 mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.

Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-YUT end 800 to FPC1 beginning 500-Available height 200 mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-FPC1 WE Bandi,Sucri, Jawai, Sabarmathi, Som 500 areas-Available height 50-100 mts at multiple places.

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Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-FPC1 Khairi, Banas, Berach 500 areas-Available height 50-100 mts at multiple places.

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Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-FPC1 EE Mand Sankh Southkoel Subarnarekha Damodhar Rihand 500 areas-Available height 50-100 mts at multiple places.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-FPC1 EE Mand Sankh Southkoel Subarnarekha Damodhar Rihand 500 areas-Available height 50-100 mts at multiple places.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-Kaveri river elevator-Available height 230 mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-Kaveri Moyar interlinking path-Available height 100-200 mts.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Possible areas for Hydroelecrical projects-FPC1 Amaravathi Nangangi Vaigai Arjun Vaippar Chittar(End) 500 areas-Available height 100-200 mts at multiple places.

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19) Among the many reasons for land inequality irrigation plays a major role, which can be eradicated. Depending on irrigation the lands are divided in to dry, semi irrigated and irrigated land. With RCS we can make all the lands as irrigated lands, and there will not be any terms like dry land, drought prone lands, and semi irrigated land.

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20) The farmers looking in to the sky for rain will be completely stopped.

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21) Many numbers of falls at many places will make the nature more beautiful.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Summary of advantages.

1. Sufficient water for irrigation, industry and for domestic purpose.2. Effective drainage system for natural calamities like floods.3. Rise in ground water level, formation of streams, springs, natural reservoirs.4. Utilization of nature in the natural way – nature friendly- less destruction of nature.5. Safe even if the system breaks – electronic control of the system is possible.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Summary of advantages.

6. Economical in creation – cost benefit view.7. Decentralization of effort in creation – easy people and government participation at all the levels possible.8. No necessity to shift villages and cities in a big way and thus we can avoid the problems arising with same.9. Total consumable land area for creation of the system is less.10. No need to construct, protect and maintain long bridges and big dams.

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Topic series: 347Topic 30: Advantages of the reticular canal system.Summary of advantages.

11. Hydro electrical projects can be done with the water falls that will generate from the RCS.12. We can supply water on need basis.13. We can expect increase in the rain fall and if there is a rain fall any where over the system, it is possible to distribute the rain water to all the area below.14. The silt formed can be used for re soiling/ as manure.15. One or the other river, at one or the other point will be filling the RCS and thus a constant flow can be maintained in all the natural and artificial water path way throughout the year.

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Topic series: 348Topic 31: Disadvantages of the RCS:

1) Road sinking: The water content in the soil may increase and the soil below the road may sink by the kinetic pressure over it and over lapping road may get damaged. The modern roads should be wide, well constructed, resistant to kinetic pressure, straight. The loose soil below the road should not displace on either the sides or the water should not diffuse below the road in the loose soil layer and the road should not sink.

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A cement /mud wall with plastic sheet covering/ layer of tar (Paint of plastic/tar) is coated over the outer aspect of the wall, should be constructed till the firm soil layer. This prevents the water seepage below the road and soil sink age and also soil displacement outside the road area. The electrical poles, telecom cables should be outside the road (outside the wall).

See Color atlas 36 – Picture 2: Model roads. 233

Topic series: 348Topic 31: Disadvantages of the RCS:

2) Railway tract displacement: As the soil below the tract sinks the track may displace. Creation of cement wall and tar layer as mentioned earlier can prevent the displacement.

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3) At places because of poor water flow, water stagnation can occur and the soil can become paste like and people or animal walking over it may sink inside the water soil paste, to prevent this, proper water flow pathways should be constructed, stagnation of water should be prevented.

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4) To the poor houses water may seep/ooze from the floor and the inside humidity may increase, so that necessity of cement flooring arises for all the houses.

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5) The waste water that is generated from the village/ factory may enter the reticular canal system, leading to contamination causes problems to the next village toward where the water flows. Every village should have a green belt all around to where these waste water should be flowing and trees like teak wood, rose wood, neem should grow in that area.

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6) Some of the water born diseases like Malaria, cholera, enteric fever, worm infestation due to moist soil, diarrheas may increase if the water flow managements are improper.

238

Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Is silting is a constant process? Is erosion is more with more rapid flow? Deposition of Solid products /Materials like mud/soil/other products at the undersurface / bank of the river/ water pathways and also in to the sea is called silting. Generation of this silt occurs throughout the length of flow of water, starting from the point of raining till it reaches the sea. When the rain drop falls on the earth, the water droplet strikes (thuds) on the earth, takes few particles of soil and other material, it mixes with it, these water droplets joins together carrying the material that they contain and start traveling. 23

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

As the water travels, the force and friction created at the floor on which it travels and at the edges between which it travels takes away some more particles and the water becomes brown. The extent of this discoloration is directly proportional to the looseness of the soil and the amount of water friction development. If the soil is looser then there is more discoloration (The roots of the plants prevents easy erosion of soil by acting like miniature barriers). If there is more rain leading to more flow creates more force with more friction leads to more erosion and more discoloration.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

As this water travel along its course, as the speed of the water flow decreases or if the flow stops / if it becomes stagnant, then particles with higher density settles at the bottom. If the settling increases on one side of the flow, the entire water path way, may move away from the area of deposition /silting and thus we may see the gradual change in the course of the water pathway over many years. Like this the silt is formed at some places.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Erosion of the earth in the water flow path occurs when the water current takes away the particles present at the floor and the side wall of the water path. Ultimately when the river reaches the sea, all the particles will settle forming million tons of silt at the place, where the river joins the sea. If we look in to the composition of silt, it basically contains the materials present on the top layers of the soil especially rich in organic materials due to the fallen leaves and animal products (dead and degraded plant and animal products) along with inorganic materials like sodium, potassium, iodine, iron and others. 242

Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Now the question is if the raining is constant over a period of time (example over 10Years), the amount of water flow becomes the constant in the same given period. If the type of soil present over the given area is constant, then the amount of silt formation also becomes the constant over the constant period. If the amount of silt formed is constant with the constant flow of water over a constant period.

This constant volume of silt formed will have different area of distribution with different flow dynamics with the establishment of RCS and this silt is accessible for reutilization as it is not going to reach the far place/ sea as in the natural system of water flow.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

The changes, that, we may see in the future with the establishment of the RCS are;1. Change in the volume of silt formation.The silt forming water (brown water) remains the same at the place where raining occurs, at the place where the rain water flows till it reaches the river. But the silt generation decreases in the river distal to the Primary canal as more water is diverted towards the primary channel and less water is flowing in to the original river with decreased flow velocity. The excess water reaching the sea with force decreases with decreased flow of water in the river, so there is decrease in amount of silt reaching the sea. Ultimately the total silt production in the natural river pathway decreases.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

The amount of brown water generated at the site of raining and in the water paths till it reaches the primary channel remains the same, but the flow velocity of water in the primary channel are less due to less flow gradient leading to increase in the rate of settlement of the particles with increase in the silt deposition in the primary channel. But the silt generation from the primary channel as such due to erosion of the primary channel wall and floor is going to be lessened.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Natural paths-rivers, tributaries. Primary channel.

Comparison between the silt generation in the natural path and the primary channel are given here.

1.Wider flow with less depth

Narrow flow with more depth as compared to the natural water path.

2.Wider contact with loose soil. (Usually the floor and the side walls are made of loose soil).

Less contact with loose soil, usually the side walls and the floor are made up of hard structure/rocks (e.g. size of the primary channel may be 20 to 30 meter depth with 100 to 200 meter width.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Natural paths-rivers, tributaries. Primary channel.

Comparison between the silt generation in the natural path and the primary channel are given here.

3. Flow velocity is variable, more at some places and slow at some places. Erosion is common at the place where the flow velocity is more (Rapid flow of water). Deposition / settlement of suspended particles with silt formation are more at the place where the flow velocity is less.

Flow velocity is not very much variable in the primary channel. Very minimal difference may be seen between the site where the river feeds the primary channel and the site where it reaches the next feeding site and the flow velocity gradually decreases as it reaches next feeding river.

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Natural paths-rivers, tributaries.

Primary channel.

Comparison between the silt generation in the natural path and the primary channel are given here.

4. Silting and erosion is irregular along the course of the river.

More silt depth at the place where the river feeds the primary channel and the silt depth goes on decreases till the primary channel reaches the next feeding river. The water at the site of entry to the primary channel contains the brown water and the water becomes clear by the time it reaches the next feeding river. 24

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

2. Change in the place of silt deposition/ distribution.The place of silt deposition changes with the establishment of RCS. The total deposition of silt decreases at all the water pathway. There is more deposition of silt at the primary channel where the river feeds the primary channel. The total amount of silt entering the sea decreases.

Utilization of silt for re soiling. Please see the section of advantages of RCS. 24

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Topic series: 349Topic 32: Silting and erosion in natural and artificial water pathways:

Summary of disadvantages:1.Road sinking / train track sinking.2. Water stagnation and its harmful effect.3. Water born diseases.4. Increase in humidity in poor houses.5. Silting, rock fall, block for flow in the canal system and others.

All these disadvantage has the solution, that we need to do. 25

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