Interlinking rivers 3 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 2 - Manual on Reticular Canal System 1 - How (Refer Chapter 10.1)

Section 5: Reticular canal system for interlinking Indian rivers. Chapter 10: Reticular canal system (RCS).

2. How to interlink Indian rivers?Delegates, Please note:

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1. RCS is a new concept for interlinking Indian rivers.2. So, it is necessary to understand the concept with

clarity.3. Since it is a new concept all of you will get lot of

doubts.4. It is very essential to clarify the doubts, thus the RCS

can be established without errors, and it is also important as the nation needs to invest lot of money on it expecting better returns within a year or two.

5. The clarification for the doubts for the present slide may be present in subsequent slide.

6. So, please write down the doubts in the work sheet with the slide number in the margin, which is mentioned in the right lower corner of each slide.

7. These doubts will be discussed in the ‘interaction’ session.

It is for the delegates who missed this slide in the first session,

Topic series:318Topic 1: This was my initial plans for RCS.

Map: This was my one of the initial plan for interlinking Indian rivers, with little science in it.

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Topic series: 320 Topic 3: Introduction to RCS and Definitions in RCS.

Every drop of water is accessible by all the states which comes below the particular PC.Water will automatically distributes equally as the water level changes in the primary canal, thus all the states coming below that primary canal will get the water and no state need not ask another state to release the water.

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RCS is like a post office; it receives letters from various post boxes and distributes it to various houses. RCS is like a college, new batch of students enters the college and the students who completes the course goes out of the college, RCS is like a bank, credit comes from one side and debit goes on other side, RCS is like a bus, new passages gets in and few passengers gets down from the bus.

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We know earth has got plenty of water over it, but it is very much unequally distributed.‘If all of us make up our mind, it is definatly possible to irrigate the entire land and the nation’- to grow the crops and to drink good water. God is kind enough to give plenty of water on the earth; we have to put our effort to get the water to the places where we live.

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Definitions in Reticular canal system:It is the system of collecting the water from various rivers starting from Ganga and ending at Chittar, and distributing the water according to the need for the entire India (J&K is not focused at this stage). All the naturally flowing water pathways, the canals that we create to interlink the rivers, the various canals that we create to distribute the water from these water pathways will look like the web of canals in the form of reticulum with all the major - minor and natural - artificial water pathways, thus the name Reticular Canal system for system of interlinking Indian rivers. 85


Picture: RCS of India.

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The entire nation will be irrigated by these canals, excluding the areas like top areas of the mountains and majority of the forest areas which acts as the feeding areas for these canals. Theoretically speaking, it is possible to interlink any river in one continent, if the catchment areas of the different river basin are having continuity with land. But the cost involved in interlinking the rivers, the length, the structures we need to construct to bypass the geographical variation and so on, need to be considered and it should be environmental friendly, economically feasible and should be practical.

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Picture: RCS of India in the world.

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The canals created in RCS will be classified as1. Primary canal.2. Secondary canal.3. Tertiary canal.4. Quaternary canal.

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Types of canal that we are going to create in this system;1. Primary canal : The canal which connects two adjacent rivers. A. Natural primary canal, e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal) .B. Artificial primary canal , e.g. Created canals. 2. Secondary canal : The canal which drains water from the primary canal. A. Natural secondary canal e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal) .B. Artificial secondary canal , e.g. Created canals. 3. Tertiary canal : The canal which drains water from the secondary canal. A. Natural tertiary canal, e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal).B. Artificial tertiary canal, e.g. Created canals. 4. Quaternary canal: The canal which drains water from the tertiary canal. A. Natural quaternary canal e.g. Rivers and present day dry water paths (Seasonal).B. Artificial quaternary canals, e.g. Created canals.

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Some terminologies we use in this system:River elevator: It is the artificial structure created across the flow of the river to elevate the top flowing level of the river, to make the river to flow down / at the same level, higher than the original level in the course we require.

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River elevator: This is constructed across the river.

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Canal elevator: To maintain the needed top water level in the canal at places where we do not get the required earths height.

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Canal elevator: This is constructed along the course of canal on one side.

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Direct canal connectors: These are the canal created by digging little deep to avoid circumscribing an elevated area and thus saving large length of the unnecessary canal.

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U tube: This is a closed canal system in the shape of U with water receiving end at a higher level than the water discharging end thus the water is going to flow from one end of the U tube to another end by Gravity. It is also possible to create the U tube with both the ends at the same level expecting bi directional flow.

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Bi dam: (two dam) the wall like structure constructed along the course the canal at places where we do not get the required earths height. Mostly they are the parallel walls constructed on either the sides of the future water flowing path.

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Picture: Bi dam - FPC1 start to Gambhir500-D1-431.

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Y Bi dam: Bi dam with the diversion path in the shape of Y.

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Aqua duct: Water path way sitting on the pillars, so that the water from another side will flow through the structure.

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Flow based canals (Unidirectional flow of water): Where the starting point of the canal will be at a higher level than, the ending point, thus the water will be flowing from the higher level to the lower level in one direction.

Flat canal system (Bidirectional flow of water): This is the canal with the same level on either the ends. Here the active flow from one end of the canal to another end is not targeted, but filling of water from any point (by any river /source) will raise the level of the water all along the course of the canal, so that we can discharge the water from any part of the canal all along the course according to our requirement based on the principle of bidirectional flow. 101

Topic series: 321Topic 4: Principles of RCS.

Today almost all our irrigation projects are based on Dams / bounding. We create a dam across a river or a bounding across a valley and we store water there, we create main channels from the Reservoir, from the main channel we create sub channels, like that many more channels are created. At all the levels a controlling gate will be there.

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Reticular Canal System (R.C.S.):The primary channel arises at multiple sites from the river and they interconnect the entire nation in a reticular fashion. The channels may interconnect one river with the other, one primary channel with the other, one river with another primary channel, or one primary channel with another river. In the following picture the channels interconnecting river to river (R-R), primary channel to primary channel (PC-PC), river to primary channel (R-PC) and primary channel to the river (PC-R) is shown.

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Picture: RCS with PC.

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All the Primary channels that arises from one river, should end either at the same river or at another river or at another primary channel or at any water pathway which may be artificial or natural or at the sea.Like that the secondary channel arises at the primary channel and ends at the same primary channel or at another primary channel or at the river or at any water pathway which may be artificial or natural or at the sea. In the similar manner the starting and ending pattern is maintained for all other channel systems like tertiary or quaternary channel systems. 10

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Picture: RCS with PC, SC, TC & QC.

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This is very much essential for maintaining safety. When ever there is breakdown of the gate system, either naturally (old gates) or manually (evil force, etc) the water should reach its ultimate destiny without giving any trouble to the people.Utilization of nature for reticular canal system: We need not dig the entire canal system. We may have to create channels for few kilometers at some points, where there are obstruction for the proposed flow, may be a hill or height between two points. This applies well for secondary channel onwards.

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So that the nature is not disturbed to the maximum extent, the work in creating the channel is reduced to very minimum, creation cost is decreased, can irrigate more area and the people can actively involved in channel creation.Most of the canals will be created between 150 to 700 meters above the mean sea level (MSL).We may have to create different sets of primary canal system at different sea levels, for example one set of channel between the sea level 150 to 200 meters, another set between 200 to 250 meters and so on. 10

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Water always flow from a higher level to the lower level in its natural path, so if we need to utilize the water completely it is better to divert the direction of flow at a higher level, where there is sufficient water available for irrigation and the excess volume of water simply entering the sea without any useful contribution decreases, and thus we can utilize the water to the maximum extent at the upper sea levels.

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Filling and the draining system of the Primary channel:For a primary channel water is filled from the natural and artificial water paths at different points from the higher level, and on the other side, water is utilized/drained at different points in to various artificial and natural flow system. The quantity of water at any point/place in the primary channel depends on the quantity of flow of water in the primary channel itself from the proximal canal at the higher level, the quantity of flow from the filling system from the upper level, the quantity of outflow from the canal itself at the distal canal and the quantity of outflow from the draining system to the lower levels. 110


The water level rises in the primary canal, if the input is more and the output (utilization) is less and vice versa. The water level/flow will be maintained steady if the input equals the output. Any excess flow in the Primary channel will be flown in to the natural system or it may reach the other primary channel at a lower level. 1

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Picture4: Filling and the draining system of the PC.

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Source of water:The Sources of water are Rain water, underground water, and surface water. The rain water is very much unpredictable, both floods and droughts are seen in the past.The underground water levels are variable at different places. It needs the surface water to sink in to the deeper layers of the soil. And we all know that the ground water level is decreasing day by day, and most of the open/bore wells are empty today. Surface water is water of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, sea.

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So, when we are creating RCS it is better to depend on the water source that is continuous over all the 12 months, potable for drinking, sufficient for irrigation and industry.INDIA is blessed with plenty of rivers that are flowing all the 12 months, and most of the water is reaching the sea without any useful utility, for example 70% of the water of GANGA RIVER reaches the sea. Now it is better to create the channel systems in such a way that it utilizes the surface water to the maximum extent, so that least water reaches the sea directly.11

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Need for continuous and adequate water supply:The water source should be continuous and adequate then only we can expect good production in agriculture and industrial segments. A farmer puts investment over the land expecting a good crop. If the water is insufficient, the plant may dry and die, and no farmer can see the drying plant, and if he is near the water source he will utilize it either legally or illegally, either by hook or crook, either by strike or by fasting, either by breaking or retaining the gate. A factory that needs water for its work may not function properly and may run under loss and the employees, owner and the costumers are the sufferers. 115


If we depend on a source which is not continuous, and we invest lot of money over it in creating the channel system, the channel may remain empty most of the times, and later we may need to create a new set of channel system with a different flow dynamics based on continuous and adequate water supply, the previous set of channels becomes a waste and it is a national burden. 11

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Picture 1: Need for continuous and adequate water supply.

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In the above picture, an example of Village- A is given in which a stream is flowing and only the lands on either the sides of the stream are irrigated, and the lands away from the stream are dry lands. Sometimes the stream dries up during summer and the so called irrigated land also suffers loss. Relatively the production from the unit area of irrigated land is more than the unit area of dry land. 11

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Topic series: 322Topic 5: Modular explanation for the principle of RCS.

The land has different/uneven contours/ levels. This is shown in a prismatic modular form in the following picture. In this picture the land with different levels above the mean sea level is shown, the lower area (sea side) is shown in green color, and the upper area (hill side) is shown in brown color. For the convenience of our work, we can divide this land in to different contours/levels, like 0-150 meters above mean sea level (meters AMSL) shown in green color, 150-300mts AMSL shown in parrot green color, 300-450mts AMSL shown in light yellow color, 450-600mts AMSL shown in dark yellow color, 600-750mts AMSL shown in brown color.

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Picture: The land has different/uneven contours/ levels.

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The river flows for a short distance with a rapid fall in their natural course:Rivers always flow in the same natural path. Minimal change in the direction of flow can occur in certain situations. Rivers may change their flow towards one border if there is erosion of the land, or can shift away from one border if there is deposition of silt at the border. Gross changes can occur only if there is complete erosion of one border during floods, or when there are changes in the deeper layers of the earth like earth quake. The river is shown in blue line, originating at the upper level at about 600-750mts AMSL and flowing towards the sea (0mts MSL).

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Picture: The River flows for a short distance with a rapid fall in their natural course.In the same way all the river flows, both east and west flowing rivers. 122


Picture: All the river flows for a short distance with a rapid fall.

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It is possible to create the canal system (example; primary canal – shown in red line) directly from the river. The canal created directly from the river runs for a longer distance and there is a gradual fall in the same contour/level range by interlinking/interconnecting the rivers (example; from Ganga to Vaigai), and that primary canal will be irrigating all the land that lies below the level of the canal, thus, we can irrigate almost all the land suitable for agriculture, by creating suitable and required number of primary channels at different contour/level ranges.

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And there is no need to dig very deep canals since it is flowing in the same contour/level range over the surface of the land. In the following picture we can see the PC1 meets the first river at 300mts AMSL, and the second river at 150mts AMSL. In the natural pathway there is a fall of 150 meters with in 100kms, where as in the primary channel the same 150 meters fall will make the water to flow for 400kms and all the land coming below the level of that canal can be irrigated with this canal. Similarly the PC2, PC3 also works at different levels.

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Picture: The Primary canal created directly from the river runs for a longer distance and there is a gradual fall in the same contour/level range.

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The secondary channels (shown in thin red lines) arises from the primary channels and ends in another primary channel/river,

Picture: The secondary channels arises from the primary channels.127


Thus, the tertiary (shown in green line), quaternary (shown in thin green line) channels are created by utilizing natural water path ways like streams/ valley and other natural water paths in a reticular fashion.

Picture: The tertiary, quaternary channels are created by utilizing natural water path ways.

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Picture: The same principle which are explained in the previous modules will hold good even for the canals which are created in the same counter, where the water will be distributed all along the canal by rise in the level of water as the water fills in to the Primary channel, instead of flow towards one side.

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Instead of creating the canals which are declining in their course from the starting point to ending point as they interlink the rivers one by one, it is also possible to interlink the rivers by creating the canals at the same level, thus the level of the water will raise as the water fills in to the canal instead of the flow in one direction.

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If we want to store the water, when there is a need, we can utilize the water of the RCS for filling the natural/ artificial reservoirs (blue and red dotted area respectively), dams, bounding and others.

Picture: We can store the water by utilizing the water of the RCS for filling the natural/ artificial reservoirs.

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The evenly looking prismatic module represents the different land levels as seen in this map, and the actual level ranges are shown in inside picture. And the probable primary channels are shown in the red line, and each channel is flowing at a level range. Ex. PC1 at 300-450mts AMSL, PC2 at 450-600mts AMSL, PC3 at 600-750mts AMSL, PC4 at 150-200mts AMSL.

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Map: The evenly looking prismatic module represents the different land levels of the earth. 13

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Topic series: 323Topic 6: Comparison between declining (Unidirectional flow) and flat (Bidirectional flow) canals.

Comparison between the primary canals which are declining (Flow based / Unidirectional flow) and flat (Bidirectional flow):

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Comparison between the primary canals which are declining (Unidirectional flow) and flat (Bidirectional flow):

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Declining Primary canals (Unidirectional flow)

Flat primary canals (Bidirectional flow)

The starting point of the canal will be higher than the ending point in terms of AMSL.

The starting and the ending points of the canal are the same level AMSL.

Comparison between the primary canals which are declining (Unidirectional flow) and flat (Bidirectional flow):

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There is a flow gradient in the course of the canal.

There is no flow gradient, only the level of water in the canal will rise as more water enters the canal at any point.

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The water flows from the higher end to the lower end by gravity.

Water will not be flowing in the canal, instead every drop of water which enter the canal will make the water level in the canal to rise all along its course and every drop of water which leaves the canal will make the level of water to decrease all along its course.

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Water pool at the lower end if there is less flow of water in the canal, thus only the people at the lower end will be benefited in the absence of the gates in between, in the course of the canal.

There is no pooling of water at the ends or at any place in the canal, all the drops of water will be equally distributed and equally accessible to all the places below the level of the canal.

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Law need to be enforced to decide how much water to be flown in each gate.

Only one law is sufficient to maintain the water in the canal that ‘at no place water should enter the sea, if there is some place called ‘drought prone’.

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Lower canal areas are prone for damage as the pressure in lower end of the canal is always more.

The entire length of the canal will have the same possibility of getting the damage.

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If there is damage to the gates in the course of the canal, then the lower level canal will be over flown with the water and the lower canal gates will have more pressure.

If there is some damage to the gates in the course of the canal, then also, the water on either the sides of the canals will be at the same level, nothing like entering more water from higher side to lower side will happen, but the level of water in the FPC will decrease in the absence of control gates across the canal 14

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This canal will not act as the reservoir for the water even thought there is lot of space in the canal available to accommodate the water, as the all the water tends to pool in the lower end. The actual capacity of the canal will be less than the structural capacity.

This canal will act like a better reservoir of water in its entire course, with rain any where above its level, thus the actual and the structural capacity will correspond. There will not be things like more height of water at one end and less height of water or no water at another end. 14

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Maintenance cost will be more as these canals are always flowing with water, and all the complications related to flow of water like erosion, removing the top soil which forms the bed and the walls of the canal and dumping them in the lower canal, the lower canal gradually filling with silt and thus the capacity of the canal decreases, thus it may over flow. The canal is more prone for damage, by the flowing water especially in the curves, that to the canal wall which is on the low land side.

There is no active flow of water in the canal, except for the rise and drop in the level of water, thus the damage related to flow will not occur. Erosion will be less with the FPC. The deposition of silt may be more on either the sides of the point where the river enters the FPC. Since the water distributes simultaneously all along the length of the canal, the silt particles mixed with the water will also distributes all along the course of the canal. Thus one segment of canal completely filled with the silt and thus obstructing the flow of water will not occur. 14

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If there is rain in the lower canal area, the upper canal area will not get the benefit.

Rain any where above the level of the canal will fill the canal equally, which is accessible to all the lands which is below its level. Thus both south , east, west and north part of the India will get the water if there is rain in the south , east, west and north in the limits of the catchment areas of the canal above the level of the FPC.

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The canal comes closer to the coastal areas as the course comes to the south and thus there is a possibility that many areas of agricultural land may not get the water of the primary canal in lower canal areas (in south India).

The geographical variations may be present in terms of distance, but the canal will not go closer to the coastal area unlike the declining canal. Thus more land suitable for agriculture will get the water from the FPC. Since the FPC are at the higher level than the PC, even at its ends, thus, more hydro electrical projects can be established with FPC system. 14

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The cost of creation remains the same for both the types of the canal as the size of the canal remains the same in both.

The cost of creation remains the same for both the types of the canal as the size of the canal remains the same in both.

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There is only north to south flow; south to north flow or south to west flow is not possible.

There is bi directional flow, thus even the rain in the south can supply water to the north, and vice versa.

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All are not equally accessible for the every drop of water present in the canal.

All the states, which comes below the level of the canals are equally accessible for every drop of water without much intervention of law in it.

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Effective monitoring and administration to distribute the water is required.

Monitoring and administration of the distribution system is easy as compared to PC, which is declining (Unidirectional).

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This is a good method to utilize the water effectively which is simply reaching the sea leaving many areas of land as drought prone, but not better than FPC system.

This method is better than the declining PC, and all the water which is generated above the level of the canal can be effectively utilized.

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The nation can go for it to prevent drought and flood. Why not if better than this system is available.

The nation can go for it to prevent drought and flood. And this is one of the best methods of interlinking the rivers as per my present knowledge and thinking.

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Section 5: Reticular canal system for Interlinking Indian rivers:

Chapter 1: Color pictures of RCS.Topic series: 194.

Topic: 1. Few color pictures of RCS.153

•RETICULAR CANAL SYSTEM: RCS OF INDIA IN THE WORLD.

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•‘HIMALAYA’ TO ‘ARAVALLI – VINDYA’ SHIFT OF WATER 950 - 500:

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•BIDIRECTIONAL FLOW BETWEEN ‘ARAVALLI – VINDYA’ IN NORTH TO ‘CARDOMOM HILLS’ IN THE SOUTH 500:

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•GANGA RIVER ELEVATOR 950:

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5. GANGA UPPER CANAL 950 - 930:

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6. GANGA U TUBE 930 – 870:

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7. YAMUNA UPPER CANALL 870 – 830 – 800:

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•YAMUNA U TUBE 800 – 700:

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9. FLAT PRIMARY CANAL 1 – 500:

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10. FLAT PRIMARY CANAL 2 – 900.

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11. FLAT PRIMARY CHANNEL 4 RIVER POINTS WITH FPC 1 & 2:

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Environment

Interlinking rivers 3 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 2 - Manual on Reticular Canal System 1 - How (Refer Chapter 10.1)