Sentence Types:Structural classification

Compiled by: Belachew WeldegebrielJimma University

CSSH Department of English Language and Literature

Part 1

Types of Sentences: StructuralSentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.

1. Simple Sentence

2. Compound Sentence

3. Complex Sentence

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

1.Simple Sentence

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.

The dog barked.

The baby cried.

Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.

St. George played well and won the game.

Simple Sentence

• A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.

• It expresses a single complete thought.

• A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

• A simple sentence might have a compound subject

and/or compound verb.

Simple Sentence withCompound Subject and/or Compound Verb

• The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.

• It may have a compound verb: The dog howled and barked.

• It may have a compound subject and a compound verb: The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.

2. Compound Sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences

joined by (1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):

The dog barked, and the cat yowled. (2) a semicolon:

The dog barked; the cat yowled. (3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series: The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed.

Compound Sentence

• A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).

• A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon

3. Complex Sentence • A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least

one dependent clause. • A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.

B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.

C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.

E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics.

B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted

to Harvard University. D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris, is visited by millions of tourists annually.

The underlined part is the independent clause.

Complex Sentence • A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at

least one dependent clause. • An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and

makes a complete thought and a dependent clause cannot stand alone, even though it has a subject and a verb.

• The common subordinators are: although, because, since, when, while, before, after, if, etc.

• When the sentence begins with one of these subordinators, a comma is necessary after the dependent clause.

• However, if the independent clause comes first, no comma is necessary.