© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

© Yosa A. Alzuhdy ,

M.H

um.

COMPOUND and

COMPLEX sentences

School of Graduate StudiesYogyakarta State University

© Yosa A. Alzuhdy

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

SIMPLE SentencesRemember that all sentences consist of one or more

clauses.A SIMPLE SENTENCE consists of one clause (

Subj+Verb).China is changing. S VbDevelopers are welcomed.

S VbPeople need vitamins. S Vb ObjHer mother is a senior surgeon in this hospital. S Vb C: Noun AdvMy friends and I always play football and go swimming every weekend. S Vb-phrase Adv

1. The man took a magazine from the highest shelf.2. Students normally spend four years in college.3. I enjoy playing football with my friends every weekend.4. I enjoy playing football and look forward to it every

weekend.

The man took a magazine from the highest shelf.Students normally spend four years in college.I enjoy playing football with my friends every weekend.I enjoy playing football and look forward to it every weekend.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

SIMPLE SentenceIndependent Clause Simple Sentence :

Subject + Verb The VERB must be in accordance with SUBJECT,

TIME, TENSE, and ASPECT

For example:1. Her father and sister are waiting for her coming at the

airport.2. We will have the mid semester exam in a few days.3. A collection of books has been stolen from the library.4. She didn’t follow the interview yesterday.5. My girlfriend is in Jakarta right now. 6. Both of her brother and sister are students of this faculty.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Kinds of SentencesThe combination of clauses forming various types of

sentences.1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE consists of one independent clause

ONLY.The man bought a magazine in Gramedia bookstore last week.

2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE is two or more independent clauses joined together.I enjoy tennis a lot, and I usually play it once a week.

3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause(s). Here, one idea is more important (the MAIN Clause) than the other

(the SUBORDINATE clause).Although the professor has retired since two years ago, he still teaches in several private universities.

4. A COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses.I want to get married soon after I graduate from this university; however, my parents want me to get a job first.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Practically, two simple sentences (clauses) can be joined using a: > Coordinate Connector Compound Sentence

> Subordinate Connector Complex Sentence> Sentence Connector Compound Sentence> semicolon (;) Compound Sentence

He is sick. He stays at home.He is sick, so he stays at home.Because he is sick, he stays at home.He stays at home because he is sick.He is sick; therefore, he stays at home.He is sick; he stays at home.

The girl is very clever. Nobody likes her.The girl is very clever, but nobody likes her.The girl is very clever, and nobody likes her.The girl is very clever because nobody likes her.Because the girl is very clever, nobody likes her.

Combining 2 or more Sentences

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Coordinate Connectors (Coordinators)SEVEN Coordinate Connectors: FAN BOYS: S+Vb, Coordinator

S+Vb

for (karena); and (dan); nor (juga tidak); but (tetapi); or (atau); yet (namun); so (sehingga)

I bought this book, for there is new information in it. (karena) I bought this book for my sister-in-law. (untuk) I bought this book for completing my collection. (untuk) I have read this book for three days. (selama)

I bought this book, and I also sent the package. (dan) I didn’t buy that book, nor did I meet her in the bookstore. (juga

tidak) I bought this book, but I didn’t buy that book. (tetapi) I had to buy this book, or I had to wait for 2 years for its reprint.

(atau) I bought this book last week, yet I haven’t got time to read it .

(namun) I bought this book, so I could show it to my advisor as a proof.

(sehingga)

COMPOUND SENTENCES

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

SENTENCE CONNECTORShowever nevertheless besides on the other hand

thereforeconsequently furthermore meanwhile otherwise

etc…

Format: S + V. Connector, S + VS + V; connector, S + V

1. I bought this book, and I also sent the package.2. He always comes to class on time, but he often feels sleepy in class.3. You can type the letter using a computer, or you can handwrite it.4. The man has already got three dishes of “bakso”, yet he is still

hungry.5. I like swimming, so I will join the swimming club in this campus.Compare:6. I bought this book; furthermore, I also sent the package.7. He always comes to class on time; however, he often feels sleepy in

class.8. You can type the letter using a computer; otherwise, you can

handwrite it.9. He has already got three dishes of “bakso”; nevertheless, he is still

hungry.10.I like swimming; therefore, I will join the swimming club in this

campus.

Akan tetapiMeskipun begituDi samping ituDi sisi lain Karena itu

Akibatnya Lebih-lebih lagiSementara ituKalau tidak dlsb

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Ada dua format penggunaan Subordinators:main clause + sub-clause S+Vb Subordinator S+Vbsub-clause, + main clause Subordinator S+Vb, S+Vb

Perhatikan hubungan logis kedua clause, dan fahami makna/fungsi berbagai subordinators. He feels very tired since he has been working hard. (karena)= Since he has been working hard, he feels very tired. (karena)

He has been working hard since he arrived here this morning. (sejak)

He came to the course although he felt very tired, (meskipun)= Although he felt very tired, he came to the course. (meskipun)Compare: (coordinate conj. posisi di tengah kal, didahului tanda koma) He felt very tired, but/yet he came to the course. (tetapi /namun)

Compare: Sentence connector awal klmt berikutnya, atau stlh titik koma. He felt very tired. However, he came to the course. ( Akan

tetapi) He felt very tired; nevertheless, he came to the course.

(meskipun dmk) He felt very tired, so he would take a rest for two hours. He felt very tired because he had ploughed the rice field by

himself.

Adverb Clause Connectors (Subordinators)

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Example:

There are two clauses: A power failure occurred.The lamps went out.

Hubungan antar klausa: Sebab-akibat.Coordinate conjunction dibutuhkan untuk menghubungkan

klausa tsb. then, later, next sentence connectors. Fungsi urutan kejadian atau proses (sequence)

They had dinner at 7 pm. Then, they watched TV for about two hours.They had dinner at 7 pm; next, they watched TV for about two hours.

So coordinate conjunction, menunjukkan akibat dari klausa pertama.

Using COORDINATE CONNECTORS

A power failure occurred, _______ the lamps went out.

(A) then (B) so (C) later (D) next

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Example:

Kalimat di atas diawali dengan VERB was, berarti perlu dilengkapi dengan

Subject (Noun). Setelah tanda koma juga ada Clause: Subject + Verb

I missed the appointment.Bearti ada dua klausa Carilah logika hubungan antara

keduanya.: Sebab akibat. Perhatikan juga format kalimatnya: perlu subordinate connector di

awal kal.I dan The train bisa sebagai subject (noun), tetapi tidak ada

connector.Because adalah connector yang sesuai (penyebab) tetapi tidak

ada subject.Pilihan yang tepat: D. Since he connectornya tepat, ada subject.

Using SUBORDINATE CONNECTORS

_______ was late, I missed the appointment. (A) I (B) Because (C) The train (D) Since he

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Clause: You will get a good grade on the exam.Klausa ini diikuti oleh connector provided, berarti setelah

connector tsb harus diikuti oleh clause yang lain: Subject + Verb

Subject+Verb… provided + Subject + Verb provided that providing that

= dengan syarat, asalkanI will come provided/provided that/providing that you pick

me up.More details on Adverbs: See Betty Schrampfer Azar:

Understanding and Using English Gramar, Chapters 8-9 (pp. 287-345).

Other ADVERB CONNECTORSYou will get a good grade on the exam provided _____.

(A) studying (B) study (C) to study (D) you study

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

COMPLEX SENTENCESA COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one independent clause

(MAIN CLAUSE) and one dependent clause (SUBORDINATE CLAUSE).

The subordinate clause starts with a CONJUNCTION (SUBORDINATOR).

SUBORDINATORS forming COMPLEX SENTENCEafter as soon as that when which whywhether in order that if who unless althoughwhatever so thatuntil since because as ifwhenever even though as while anytime… etc.

The Subordinate Clause can function as:1. ADJECTIVE Adjective Clause that modifies NOUN.

Gayus Tambunan, who is accused on tax corruption, is put in jail.

2. ADVERB Adverb Clause for Time, Place, Reason, etc. She feels very happy because she wins the marathon race again.

3. NOUN Noun Clause as Subject, Object, or Complement. The woman always believed whatever the man said to her.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Adjective Clause Connectors :Dependent clause yg berfungsi sbg ADJECTIVE modifies noun/pronounAdjective clause menggunakan RELATIVE PRONOUN (kata ganti yang menghubungkan Adj.Clause dengan kata yang diterangkannya).

Catatan Tambahan: Bila Relative Pronoun menggantikan OBJECT, maka Relative Pronoun-nya bisa dihilangkan langsung.

Relative Pronoun Menggantikan…

Posisi yg diganti:

Diterjemahkan

WHO Orang Subject YangWHOM Orang Object YangWHICH Benda Subject/object YangTHAT Orang/benda Subject/object YangWHOSE Possessive Adj. Kepunyaan Yang …nyaWHEN Ket. Waktu Adverb Ketika, WaktuWHERE Ket. Tempat Adverb TempatWHY Ket. Alasan Adverb Kenapa,

Mengapa

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Adjective Clauses(1) The man is a lecturer.(2) He is standing in the corner.(1-2) The man who is standing in the corner

is a lecturer.(3) He was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday.(1-3) The man that was awarded a Nobel Prize

yesterday is a lecturer.(4) I met him in the party yesterday.(1-4) The man whom I met in the party yesterday

is a lecturer.(5) His car was stolen last week.(1-5) The man whose car was stolen last week is a

lecturer.(6) My friend is married to the man.(1-6) The man whom my friend is married to is a

lecturer. The man to whom my friend is married is a lecturer.

Sentences 6 and 5; sentences 6 and 3:(5-4) My friend is married to the man whose car was

stolen last week.(5-3) My friend is married to the man who was awarded a

Nobel Prize…

who orang subjwhom orang objwhich benda subj/objthat org/bnd:

sub/objwhose

kepemilikan

when ket. waktuwhere ket. tempatwhy ket. alasan

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Reduced Adj.ClauseConnector as Direct Object; connector+to be can be

omitted:(1-2) The man who is standing in the corner is a lecturer.

= The man that is standing in the corner is a lecturer.= The man standing in the corner is a lecturer. (standingAdjective)

(1-3) The man that was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.= The man who was awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.= The man awarded a Nobel Prize yesterday is a lecturer.(awardedAdj)

(1-4) The man whom I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.= The man that I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.= The man I met in the party yesterday is a lecturer.

(1-5) The man whose car was stolen last week is a lecturer.(1-6) The man whom my friend is married to is a lecturer.

= The man that my friend is married to is a lecturer.= The man my friend is married to is a lecturer. The man to whom my friend is married is a lecturer.

~ to whom cannot be replaced by to that, and cannot be omitted.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Other Examples: Adj.Clause

(1) The book was ruined in the rain. (2) I borrowed the book from central library.(1-2) The book that I borrowed from central library was ruined

in the rain. = The book I borrowed from central library was ruined in the

rain.(3) The book tells about Indonesian history.(1-3) The book which tells about Indonesian history was ruined

in the rain.= The book telling about Indonesian history was ruined in the rain.

(4) Its author is Professor Ahmad.(1-4) The book whose author is Professor Ahmad was ruined in

the rain.(5) I never visited the city.(6) My brother lived there for 5 years.(7) My wife was born in that city.(5-6) I never visited the city where my brother lived for

5 years.(5-7) I never visited the city in which my wife was born.(8) May 1998 was the time. Soeharto put down his office in that

month.(=) May 1998 was the time when Soeharto put down his office.(9) Her baby has always been the reason. She came late with

that reason.(=) Her baby has always been the reason why she came late.

who orang subjwhom orang objwhich benda subj/objthat org/bnd:

sub/objwhose

kepemilikan

when ket. waktuwhere ket. tempatwhy ket. alasan

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

See the examples(1) This is the house. (2) I want to buy the house.(1-2) This is the house that I want to buy.(1-2) This is the house which I want to buy.(1-2) This is the house I want to buy.(3) The house is quite expensive. (2) I want to buy the

house.(3-2) The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.(3-2) The house which I want to buy is quite expensive.(3-2) The house I want to buy is quite expensive.(4) We are looking at a house. (5) The house is quite

expensive.(1-4) We are looking at a house that is quite expensive.(1-4) We are looking at a house which is quite

expensive.(6) The house seems like a great house.(5-6) The house that is quite expensive seems like a

great house.(5-6) The house which is quite expensive seems like a

great house.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

1. Practice: Combine using Adj.Clause

1. The student is from Bali. She always sits in the front row.

2. The taxi driver was very friendly. He took me from the airport.

3. The children like the cartoon. It talks about life under the sea.

4. I enjoy reading the composition. It was written by Dealova.

5. The picture is beautiful. My daughter painted it yesterday.

6. The student who always sits in the front row is from Bali.7. The taxi driver who took me from the airport was very

friendly.8. The children like the cartoon which talks about life under

the sea.9. I enjoy reading the composition which was written by

Dealova.10.The picture that my daughter painted yesterday is

beautiful.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

ADVERB CLAUSES dependent clause yang menjelaskan kata kerja dari main

clause, atau menjelaskan adjective atau adverb yang lain.Adverb clause diawali oleh Subordinate Conjunction

Beberapa jenis Adverbial clause:1. Time Clause: while, when, since, as soon as, after, before,

once, etcWhile the draught was going on, many people took fewer baths a day.

2. Place Clause: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere Everywhere people want to dine, they prepare a tip for the service.

3. Manner/Distance/Frequency Clauses: as, as+adverb+as, as ifPeople conserved water as often as they could.

4. Reason Clause: because, since, asSome victims still suffer because they haven’t received any assistance.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

ADVERB CLAUSES 5. Result Clause: so+adjective/adverb+that

such (a) + adjective + noun + thatRainfall was so heavy yesterday that streams, reservoirs and even streets were flooded at the end of the day.The mud-flood is such a terrible experience that many people from Sidoarjo had to move away from their houses.

6. Purpose Clause: so that, in order thatConcerned citizens pay careful attention to their environment, so that they will not have to suffer so extremely again from the flood.

7. Concession Clause: although, even though, thoughAlthough the farmers needed the rain, excessive downpour ruined their crops.

8. Strong Contrast Clause: while, whereasWhile other students study hard for the exam, he only plays around.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Perhatikan: bagaimana hubungan yang mungkin/logis antara 2 kalimat

berikut?1. Amin was sick. He didn’t come to class yesterday. Because Amin was sick, he didn’t come to class yesterday. Amin didn’t come to class yesterday because he was sick.2. Amin was sick. He played football with his friends. Although Amin was sick, he played football with his

friends. Amin played football with his friends although he was sick.3. I can’t pay my bills. I haven’t received my paycheck yet.

[until] I can’t pay my bills until I receive my paycheck.4. Anita has gone to many places.

She always makes people happy in those places. [wherever]

Wherever Anita goes, she always makes people happy.5. The movie was very good. I watched it three times. [so…

that] The movie was so good that I watched it three times.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

2. Practice: Rewrite with the given conjunction

1. I can’t join the swimming club. I haven’t paid the tuition fee. [until]

2. We can’t leave yet. We have to wait for Amir. [until]3. The meal will be ready in ten minutes. We can eat. [as soon

as]4. I arrived in class at 9. The lesson began a minute later. [just

before]5. She has 3 exams tomorrow. She has to study all night.

[because]6. The tea is delicious. I think I’ll have another cup. [so…that]

7. I can’t join the swimming club until I pay the tuition fee.8. We can’t leave until Amir comes.9. As soon as the meal is ready, we can eat.10.I arrived in class at 9, just before the lesson began.11.Because she has 3 exams tomorrow, she has to study all

night.12.The tea is so delicious that I think I’ll have another cup.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Exercise: Combine AccordinglyNo. 1-5: Use Adjective Clause; No.6-10 Use the given

conjunction

1. The girl was very pretty. I talked to her during the party.2. I apologized to the woman. I accidentally dropped her

glasses.3. We’ll never forget the day. We set our nation free on that

day.4. There are 40 students in here. Most of them are Javanese.5. Dr. Bambang is an excellent lecturer. He lives near my

house.

6. We have to study hard. English exam will be next week. [because]

7. They were paid so cheap. They continued working there. [although]

8. Tell me the truth, or I won’t leave you get out of here. [until]9. I often walk past her house. The doors are always open.

[whenever]10.I was bending over to pick up my pen. My pants split. [just

after]

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Once again, like the NOUN, Content Clauses (= Noun Clauses) can be as Subject, Object (Direct, Indirect, after Preposition), or Complement.

Subject Who finishes first will get a present.What goes up must come down.

Direct Obj. They think that the test is on the next day.You may decide what time you want to go.

Indirect Obj. She asked whoever comes into the room a lot of questions.

The man gave whoever he knew a great sum of money.

Obj. of Prep We talked about what seemed to be the right solution.

You can speak to whoever you meet first.

ComplementLove is what you can give.What you see is what you get. = wysiwyg

NOUN CLAUSES

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

NOUN CLAUSESDependent clause sebagai NOUN: Subject, Object atau Complement Menggunakan Subordinators:Asal kalimat Subordinator yg

digunakanDiterjemahkan:

Statement (That) Bahwa

Wh-Questions

Who SiapaWhich Yang manaWhat ApaWhen KapanWhere Di mana / ke manaWhy KenapaWhoever, Whatever, etc Siapapun / siapa

sajaHow much/many/often etc

Berapa banyak/sering

Yes/No Questions

If Jika / apakahWhether Jika / apakah

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Check the FORMAT:1. Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause: membentuk Kalimat Kompleks.2. Noun Clause: sebagai Noun; Adjective Clause: sebagai Adjective.3. Sebagian Noun Clause terlihat SAMA atau MIRIP dg Ajective Clause,

terutama yang menggunakan kata penghubung yang sama:WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHEN, WHERE, dan WHY.

Bagaimana membedakannya?Perhatikan FORMATnya: Noun clauses (CLAUSE as NOUN) functionsas Subject (diikuti oleh VERB), Direct/Indirect Object (setelah VERB), Object of Preposition (setelah PREPOSITION), or as Complement (setelah TO BE or LINKING VERB). Adjective clauses (as ADJECTIVE) functions as Modifier of NOUN. FORMAT: ditempatkan setelah NOUN (NOUN dulu baru Adj.Clause).Who can answer all the questions will get A+. Subj Noun Clause.Students who can answer all the questions will get A+. stlh N Adj Cl.I don’t believe that he bought hats in the market. stlh Verb: Obj: Noun Cl.I like the hats that he bought in the market. stlh Noun Adj Cl.We will discuss about when the raise in oil price will be on. Obj.Prep: N Cl. June is the time when the raise in oil price will be on. stlh Noun Adj Cl.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Perhatikan perubahan dari kalimat simpel menjadi NOUN CLAUSE.Learning English needs patience and lots of practice. [statement]That learning English needs patience and lots of practice is true. Noun Clause as Subject Vb C:AdjI know that learning English needs patience and lots of practice.S Vb Noun Clause as ObjectWhere did she go last night? [Wh-Question]Where she went last night is still a mystery. Noun Clause as Subject Vb C:AdjThey want to know where she went last night. S Vb Noun Clause as ObjectWhat have you put into this food? [Wh-Question]What you have put into this food makes me sick. Noun Clause as Subject Vb Obj AdjThey are investigating what you have put into this food. S Vb Noun Clause as Object

NOUN CLAUSES

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

How did she put the sugar into the cake? [Wh-Question]How she put the sugar into the cake made people confused. Noun Clause as Subject Vb Obj AdjThey often asked her how she put the sugar into the cake. S advb Vb O1 Noun Clause as Object2Why can’t the government eradicate corruption? [Wh-Question]Why the government can’t eradicate corruption is a big question. Noun Clause as Subject Vb C:NounOur question is why the government can’t eradicate corruption. S Vb Noun Clause as ComplementDo you understand this explanation? [Yes-No Question]Whether you understand this explanation is very important. Noun Clause as Subject Vb C:AdjI need to know whether you understand this explanation.S Vb Noun Clause as ObjectHave you done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart? [Yes-No Question]Whether you’ve done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart is my concern. Noun Clause as Subject Vb C:NounShe wonders if you have done the Quiz on Tenses in BeSmart. S Vb Noun Clause as Object

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Noun Clause of indirect Question must follow the STATEMENT word order.The fact is very confusing. [noun phrase]That she won the election was very confusing. [noun clause]His story was interesting. [noun phrase]What he said to me last night was interesting. [noun clause]Where does she live? I don’t know. [Direct question]I don’t know where she lives. [noun clause]Why didn’t you come our last meeting? Tell me. [Direct question]Tell me why you didn’t come our last meeting. [noun clause]Does she like ice cream? I wonder it. [Direct question]I wonder whether she likes ice cream or not. [noun clause]When will we have our final test? Do you know? [Direct question]Do you know when we will have our final test? [noun clause]

NOUN CLAUSES

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Noun Clauses Perhatikan contoh klausa: whoever made the rescue = disimbolkan dgn . Sebagai Noun Clause, bisa berada pada 4 jenis fungsi NOUN tadi: was very brave. must be honored. might get hurt. sbg Subject.I will invite . The President has met . sbg Direct Object.He’ll give rewards to . We always pray for . sbg Obj of PrepositionWhat he asked is . Our concern today is . sbg Complement

Whoever made the rescue was very brave. Whoever made the rescue must be honored. Whoever made the rescue might get hurt.I will invite whoever made the rescue . The President has met whoever made the rescue. He’ll give rewards to whoever made the rescue . We always pray for whoever made the rescue. What he asked is whoever made the rescue . Our concern today is whoever made the rescue.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

Additional Examplesa. _____ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common

belief.A. Malaria B. That malaria C. Why malaria D. Because malaria

Perhatikan kalimatnya: ada dua VERB, berarti ada 2 Clause (:kal.kompleks)

(A) salah, karena tidak membentuk kalimat kompleks.(D) salah, karena conj. because di awal kalimat, berarti main-

clause (S+V) ada di akhir kal dan harus dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dari anak kal.

(B) menunjukkan Noun clause yg berasal dari Statement.(C) menunjukkan Noun clause yg berasal dari WH-Question.

Kalimat soal menunjukkan bhw Noun clause-nya adalah sesuatu yg dulu dipercayai orang (a common belief), berarti itu adalah suatu pernyataan, BUKAN pertanyaan. Berarti jawabannya adalah: (B).

Terjemahannya: Bahwa penyakit malaria disebabkan oleh udara yang kotor merupakan hal yang dahulu dipercayai orang secara umum.

Atau bisa juga: Orang-orang dulu banyak yang percaya bahwa malaria disebabkan oleh udara yang tercemar.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

b. One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is _____.A. people learn C. people learn howB. how do people learn D. how people learn

Perhatikan kalimatnya: ada dua VERB, berarti ada 2 Clause (:kal.kompleks)

Di sini, main clause One basic question is… diikuti oleh Adjective Clause psychologists have tried to answer (perhatikan posisinya setelah NOUN).

Main clause: Verb-nya to be, berarti diikuti Complement. Semua jawaban terdiri dari S+V Noun Clause. Lihat Main Clause: tentang question.

(A) salah, bukan berasal dari Question. (B) salah, format: question form.

(C) juga salah, karena susunannya bukan format statement.(D) benar, Noun clause dari WH-Question, & formatnya berupa

Statement.

Terjemahannya: Salah satu pertanyaan dasar yang dicoba dijawab oleh para ahli psikologi adalah bagaimana orang belajar.

Atau bisa juga: Salah satu pertanyaan dasar yang para ahli psikologi coba menjawabnya adalah bagaimana orang mempelajari sesuatu.

© Yosa A

. Alzuhdy - YSU

c. _____ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.A. Raindrops C. What if raindropsB. If raindrops D. That raindrops

Perhatikan kalimatnya: ada dua VERB, berarti ada 2 Clause (:kal.kompleks)

(A) salah, karena tidak membentuk kalimat kompleks.(D) juga salah, karena conj. if di awal kalimat, berarti main-

clause (S+V) ada di akhir kal dan harus dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dari anak kal.

(B) salah, menunjukkan Noun clause berasal dari WH-Question, tetapi tidak cocok dengan verb+complement di akhir kalimat.

(C) benar, Noun clause dari Statement, sbg Subject, cocok dgn akhir kalimat.

Terjemahannya: Bahwa tetesan air hujan mulai terbentuk sebagai kristal es di atas sebagian besar bumi kelihatannya memungkinkan.

Atau bisa juga: Terasa masuk akal bahwa tetesan air hujan itu terbentuknya bermula dari zat berupa kristal es di atas sebagian besar bumi.