CONTENTS

PART ONE: THE WRITING PROCESS1 Purposes and Audiences 2

a Purpose 2b Topic 3c Thesis 3

2 Writing Processes and Strategiesa Planning 5b Drafting 9c . Organizing 9d Revising 10e Editing and Proofreading

3 Paragraphs 13a Unity 13b Coherence 13c Development 13d Introductions and Conclusionse Patterns of Organization 14

4 Writing with Computers 20a Planning with Computers 20b Drafting with Computers 21c Organizing with Computers 22d Revising with Computers 22e Editing and Proofreading with Computers

PARTTwo: SENTENCEACCURACY,CLARITY,ANDVARIETY 2S

To THEINSTRUCTOR xiiiTo THE STUDENT xxi

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5 Comma Splices and Fused Sentencesa Comma Splices 27b Fused or Run-on Sentences

6 Subject-Verb Agreement 29a Singular and Plural Subjectsb Buried Subjects 30c Compound Subjectsd EitherjOrSubjects

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e Clauses and Phrases as Subjectsf Indefinites as Subjects 31g Collective Nouns and Amounts as SubjectSh Plural Words as Subjects 32i Titles, Company Names, and Words as SubjectS

- j Linking Verbs 33k ThereIs/ThereAre/It 33I Who/Which/That and One of. . . Who/Which/

That as Subjects 347 Sentence Fragments 36

a Unintentional Fragments 36b Intentional Fragments 38

8 Dangling and Misplaced Modifiersa Dangling Modifiers 40

, '. b Misplaced Modifiers 429 Parallel Constructions 43

";', ';,' a pirallel Structure 43.' ',' b F~ulty Parallelism 45

;'10 Co~istency (Avoiding Shifts), . a Shifts in Person or Number

b Shifts in Verb Tense 48c. Shifts in Tone 49d Shifts in Voice 49e Shifts in Discourse 50

'11 Faulty Predication 5112 ,Coordination and Subordination

a Coordination 53b Subordination 54

13 Sentence Clarity 57a Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New)

Information 57b Using Positive Instead of Negativec Avoiding Double Negatives 58d Using Verbs Instead of Nouns 59e Making the Intended Subject the Sentence

Subject 59fUsing Active Instead of Passive

14 Transitions 61a Repetition of a Key Term or Phraseb Synonyms 61c Pronouns 61d Transitional Words and Phrases 62e Transitions in and between Paragraphs

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15 Sentence Variety 67a Combining Sentencesb Adding Words 67c Changing Words, Phrases, and Clauses

PART THREE: PARTS OF SENTENCES16 Verbs 71

a Verb Phrases 73b Verb Forms 73

(1) -ingverbs 74(2) -edverbs 74(3) to + verb 75

c Verb Tense 76(1) Present tense(2) Past tense(3) Future tense(4) Irregular verbs

d Verb Voice 84e Verb Mood 84f ModalVerbs 86

17 Nouns and Pronounsa Nouns 87

(1) Singular, plural, and collective nouns(2) Noun endings 87

b Pronouns 89(1) Personal pronouns 90(2) Demonstrative pronouns(3) Relative pronouns 90(4) Interrogative pronouns(5) Indefinite pronouns(6) Possessive pronouns(7) Reflexive pronouns(8) Reciprocal pronouns

18 Pronoun Case and Referencea Pronoun Case 94

(1) Subject case 94(2) Object case 94(3) Possessive case 95(4) Pronouns in compound constructions(5) Who/Whom 97(6) Omitted words in comparisons

b Pronoun Reference 99(1) Pronoun number 100(2) Compound subjects 100(3) Who/Which/That 100

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(4) Indefinite words 101(5) Indefinite pronouns 101

19 Adjectives and Adverbs 102a Adjectives and Adverbs 102b A/An/The 105c Comparisons 107

20 Prepositions IIIa Common Prepositionsb Idiomatic Prepositionsc Other Prepositions

21 Subjects 11322 Phrases 11523 Clauses 117

a Independent Clauses 118b Dependent Clauses 120

(1) Adjective clauses 121(2) Adverb clauses 121

24 Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrasesa Essential Clauses and Phrases 124b Nonessential Clauses and Phrases 125

25 Sentences 128a Sentence Purposes 130b Sentence Structures 130

(1) Simple sentences 130(2) Compound sentences 130(3) Complex sentences 131(4) Compound-complex sentences

PART FOUR:PUNCTUATION 13326 Commas 134

a Commas in Compound Sentences 135b Commas after Introductory Words, Phrases, and

Clauses 138c Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases,

and Clauses 140d Commas in Series and Lists 142e Commas with Adjectives 144f Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and

Numbers 145(1) Commas with dates 145(2) Commas with addresses 146(3) Commas with geographical names(4) Commas with numbers 146

g Other Uses for Commas 147h Unnecessary Commas 149

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27 Apostrophes 151a Apostrophes with Possessivesb Apostrophes with Contractionsc Apostrophes with Plurals 153d Unnecessary Apostrophes 153

28 Semicolons 157a Semicolons in Compound Sentencesb Semicolons in a Series 159c Semicolons with Quotation Marksd Unnecessary Semicolons 159

29 Colons 161a Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a

Sentence 161b Colons to Separate Independent Clauses 162c Colons to Announce Long Quotations 162d Colons in Salutations and between Elementse Colons with Quotation Marks 163f Unnecessary Colons 163

30 Quotation Marks 164a Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect

Quotations 164(1) Quotation marks with prose quotations(2) Quotation marks in poetry 166(3) Quotation marks in dialogue 166

b Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts ofWholes 167

c Quotation Marks for Words 167d Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Markse Unnecessary Quotation Marks 168

31 Hyphens 170a Hyphens to Divide Words 170b Hyphens to Form Compound Words 170c Hyphens to Join Two-Word Units 171d Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a

Word 171e Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity

32 End Punctuation 173a Periods 173

(1) Periods at the end of a sentence(2) Periods with abbreviations 173(3) Periods with quotation marks 174

b Question Marks 175(1) Question marks at the end of a sentence(2) Question marks in a series 175(3) Question marks to indicate doubt(4) Unnecessary question marks 176

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c Exclamation Points 177(1) Exclamation points at the end of a sentence(2) Exclamation points with quotation marks

33 Other Punctuation 178a Dashes 178

(1) Dashes at the beginning or end ofa sentence(2) Dashes to mark an interruption 179(3) Dashes to set off a phrase or clause with a

comma 179b Slashes 180

(1) Slashes to mark the end of a line of poetry(2) Slashes to indicate acceptable alternatives

c Parentheses 181(1) Parentheses to set off supplementary matter 181(2) Parentheses to enclose figures or letters 181

d Brackets 182(1) Brackets to add your comments within a

quotation 182(2) Brackets to replace parentheses within

parentheses 182e Omitted Words/Ellipsis 183

PART FIVE: MECHANICS AND SPELLING

34 Capitals 18635 Abbreviations 189

a Abbreviating Numbers 189b Abbreviating Titles 190c Abbreviating Places 190d Abbreviating Measurementse Abbreviating Dates 191f Abbreviating Initials Used as Namesg Abbreviating Latin Expressions 191h Abbreviating Documentation 192

36 Numbers 193

37 Underlining/lmlics 195a Underlining for Titles 196b Other Uses of Underlining

38 Spelling 198a Proofreading 198b Using Spell Checkers 200c Some Spelling Guidelines 200

(1) ie/ei 200(2) Doubling consonants(3) Prefixes and suffixes(4) y to i 204

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d Plurals 205e Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms)

PART SIX: STYLEANDWORD CHOICE39 Sexist Language 212

a Alternatives to Man 212b Alternative Job Titles 212c Alternatives to the Masculine Pronoun

40 Unnecessary Wordsa Conciseness 214b Cliches 217c Pretentious Language

41 Appropriate Words 219a Standard English 219b Colloquialisms, Slang, and Regionalismsc Levels of Formality 221d Jargon and Technical Termse General and Specific Wordsf Concrete and Abstract Wordsg Denotation and Connotation

PART SEVEN: RESEARCH AND

DOCUMENTATION 229

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42 Finding a Topic 230a Finding a General Subject 230b Narrowing the Subject 230c Formulating a Research Questiond Formulating a Thesis 231

43 Searching for Information 232a Locating Sources of Information

(1) Libraries 233(2) Online sources 235(3) Community sources 236(4) Interviews and surveys 237

b Using Search Strategies 237(1) Starting a working bibliography(2) Finding useful terms 239(3) Using search engines 239

c Evaluatinglnformation 239

44 Taking Notes 240a Writing Notecardsb Summarizing 241c Paraphrasing 242d Quoting 245

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(1) Types of quotations 246(2) Capitalization of quotations(3) Punctuation of quotations

e Avoiding Plagiarism 249(1) Information that requires documentation 249(2) Information that does not require documenta-

tion 250f Integrating Quotations

45 Documenting in MIA Stylea In-Text Citations 258b Endnotes 262c Works Cited List 263d Sample Pages from an MLA-StyleResearch Paper

(I) Title page following MLA style 279(2) First page following MLA style 280(3) Works cited page following MLA style

46 Documenting in APA Style 282a In-Text Citations 282b Footnotes 285c Reference List 286d Sample Pages from an APA-StyleResearch Paper

(1) Title page following APAstyle 294(2) First page following APA style 295(3) References page following APAstyle

PART EIGHT: ESL CONCERNS 29747 Verbs 298

a Helping Verbs with Main Verbs(1) Modals 299(2) Conditionals 299

b Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbs 300c Verbs with -ingand to + Verb Forms

48 Omitted Words 303a Verbs 303b Subjects and There/It

49 Repeated Words 304a Subjects 304b Pronouns and Adverbs

50 Count and Noncount Nouns

51 Adjectives and Adverbs 307a Placement 307bOrder 308c A/An/The 308d Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few,Less/Fewer,Enough,

No 312

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52 Prepositions53 Idioms 314

~pendices 315A Argument 316

Al Writing and Reading ArgumentsA2 Considering the Audience 317

(a) Types of appeals 317(b) Common ground 318

A3 Finding a Topic 320(a) Arguable topics 320(b) Interesting topics 320(c) Local and general topics 320

A4 Developing Your Arguments 321(a) Claims, support, and warrants(b) Logical arguments 323(c) Logical fallacies 324

A5 Organizing Your ArgumentsB Document Design 327

Bl Titles 327B2 Headings and subheadingsB3 Page preparation 329B4 Spacing for punctuationB5 Document design 331

C Resumes 332Cl Sections of the Resume

(a) Name 332(b) Address 333(c) Career objective(d) Education 333(e) Work experience(f) Skills 334(g) College activities(h) References 336

C2 Resume Styles 336(a) Functional resume(b) Skills resume 336(c) Chronological resume

Glossary of Usage 343Glossary of Grammatical TermsAnswer Key for Exercises 373Using Compare and Correct and Question and CorrectCompare and Correct 410Index 423Key Topics in Question and Correct outside fold-out back coverQuestion and Correct inside fold-out back cover

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