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Yokogawa Electric Corporation
YCAU II Copyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationFriday, October 24, 2006
Industrial Ethernet
andNetworking
October 24, 2006
Craig LaRoseProduct Sales EngineerNetwork Solutions
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.2YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Basic hardware and addressing
TCP/IP protocol
Routers, Bridges, & Switches
Webservers, Email & FTP
Dial-up networking
OPC connectivity software
Wireless networking
Additional Resources
What You Will Learn
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.3YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
What is Ethernet?
It is not the cable you connect to your PC
•It is group of standards which cover the transmission of data over a medium
Term Alert: ETHERNET
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.4YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
OSI 7 Layer Model
•The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is an attempt to standardize the functionality of end to end computer communications.
Standards
How can we best describe these standards
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.5YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Model
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
7 – Network Application
6 – Formatting of data and encryption
5 – Establishment and maintenance of sessions
4 – Provides reliable end-to-end delivery
3 – Packet delivery, including routing
2 – Framing of information and error checking
1 – Physical Medium requirements
Layer Function
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.6YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
The path of data through the stack
OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Sender Receiver
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.7YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
How Ethernet Fits in the OSI Model
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Ethernet Standard
Determine of Data Path in Network
Error Checking
Logical Link ControlMedia Access
Control
Media specifications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.8YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 1 Specifications
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Ethernet Standard
Determine of Data Path in Network
Error Checking
Logical Link ControlMedia Access
Control
Media specifications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.9YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Format Data Rate Max Segment Length Topology Media Notes
10BASE-T 10 Mb/s 100 m Star Cat 3,4, or 5 UTP Most common
10BASE5 10 Mb/s 500 m Bus Coax Thick
10BASE-FL 10 Mb/s 2000 m Star Fiber Optic
100BASE-TX 100 Mb/s 100 m Star 2 PairCat 5 UTP Fast Ethernet
1000BASE-T 1 Gb/s 100 m Star 4 Pair Cat 5 Replacing 100BASE-TX
Physical Layer Specifications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.10YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Cables and Connectors
10baseT
Speed= 10 Mbps Physical Media
(Twisted Pair)
Cat 5e: voice and data at 100 mbpsCat 6: voice and data at 250 mbpsPatch cable: straight thru; used with hubs & routersCross cable: crossed; used for PC to device directRJ45: standard 10baseT (twisted pair) connector*
100baseFL
Speed= 100 Mbps Physical Media
(Fiber Optic)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.12YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 2 Specifications
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Ethernet Standard
Determine of Data Path in Network
Error Checking
Logical Link ControlMedia Access
Control
Media specifications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.13YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Logical Link Control Sub layer
•Establishes and Controls Logical Links between Local Devices on a Network
•Makes it Possible for Different Technologies to Work Seamlessly with Higher Layers
Layer 2 : Data Link
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.14YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Media Access Control Layer
• Procedures used by devices to control access• Responsible for final encapsulation of data frames that are sent over the network• Responsible for Final Addressing of Messages on Network.• Responsible for Error Detection and Handling..
Layer 2 : Data Link
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.15YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
MAC AddressingEach device on a Network has a unique number called a MAC Address that is used to ensure that data for an intended machine gets to it properly.
• Made up of a 48 bit number• First 6 bytes assigned by IEEE (Vendor’s ID)• Last 6 bytes assigned by Vendor
Layer 2 : Data Link
00-80-a3-13-34-04
Vendor Device00-00-64 is the Yokogawa vendor ID
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.16YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
MAC Addresses: How do you find yours?
Layer 2 : Data Link
Windows NT/2000/2003/XP• Open the command prompt from “Run” • From the command prompt type "ipconfig /all" • Find the network adapter you want to know the MAC address of • Locate the number next to Physical Address. This is your MAC address
Note: there are 248 = 2.81474977 × 1014 availableMac addresses. Don’t worry we wont run out.
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.17YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 3 Specifications
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Ethernet Standard
Logical AddressingRouting
Logical Link ControlMedia Access Control
Error Checking
Media specifications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.18YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Network Layer Functions
• Logical Addressing – every device over a network has a logical address.
• For example the Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer protocol and every machine has an unique IP address.
• Routing – responsible for information to move data across interconnected networks.•Datagram Encapsulation•Fragment and Reassembly•Error Handling and Diagnostics
Layer 3 : Network Layer
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.19YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
The TCP/IP protocol suite is named for two of its most important protocols.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)Internet Protocol (IP)
The design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks that provided universal communication services: an Internet.
TCP/IP provides a common interface for user-applications inderpendent of the underlying physical network.
IP (Internet protocol) address–Known as the logical address–What Network is the device on?
Term Alert: TCP/IP
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.20YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
An IP address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node. The Class determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node
Class A addresses begin with 1 to 126Class B addresses begin with 128 to 191Class C addresses begin with 192 to 223Class D addresses begin with 224 to 239Class E addresses begin with 240 to 254
www.yokogawa.com 203.174.79.168www.us.yokogawa.com 65.203.177.26
The Big 3: IP, Subnet, Gateway
Class CClass A
IP Addressing
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.21YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
network.host.host.hostnetwork.network.host.hostnetwork.network.network.host
20.10.2.5134.140.2.5
192.230.10.5
Class Range Example Max. Host PurposeA 1-127 020.010.002.005 16, 777,214 Large Org.B 128-191 134.140.002.005 65,534 Medium Org.C 192-223 192.230.010.005 254 Small Org.D 224-239 224.154.128.001 N/A Multicast GroupsE 240-254 240.132.120.101 N/A Experimental
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 330 Marina del Rey, CA 90292 USA+1-310-823-9358 (phone) +1-310-823-8649 (facsimile)www.iana.org
More About IP Addresses
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.22YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Can be done for use of different physical media, preservation of address space, security, or more commonly to control network traffic
Example 1:
The Big 3: IP, Subnet, Gateway
Example 2:
Subnetting
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Default Class B Subnet Mask --------------------------------------------------10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address Default subnet masks
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000 140.179.220.200 IP Address 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.000 Subnet Mask --------------------------------------------------- 10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000 140.179.192.000 Subnet Address 10001100.10110011.11011111.11111111 140.179.223.255 Broadcast Address
Total of 49,140 node versus 65,534 using a unsubnetted Class B address
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.23YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Default Gateway is a node (Router) on a computer network that serves as an access point to another network.
Example:
The Big 3: IP, Subnet, Gateway
Gateway
IP Address:192.168.4.5Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.4.1
IP Address:192.168.4.3Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.4.1
IP Address:192.168.4.4Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.4.1
IP Address:192.168.4.2Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.4.1
IP Address:192.168.4.1
•NETWORK ADDRESSES RANGE FROM 192.168.4.0 TO 192.168.4.255
• Packets addressed outside of this range, for example 192.168.12.3 are instead sent to the default gateway address, in this case to 192.168.4.1, which is resolved into a MAC address as usual. The destination IP address will stay 192.168.12.3, it is just the next-hop physical address that is used, in this case it will be the router's interface physical address.
IP Address:192.168.12.1
IP Address:192.168.12.3Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway: 192.168.12.1
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.24YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Recap : IP and MAC Addresses
IP Address 192.168.10.3Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0Gateway 192.168.10.1
IP address tells you which network and what device in that network IP addresses must be unique within a network Subnet mask identifies network vs. device Gateway defines a router that moves data to higher level networks
255 means network
0 means device
This is the 192.168.10 networkThis is the .3 device
IP
MACMediaAccessControl
InternetProtocol
00-00-64-13-34-04
Vendor Device MAC address identifies the device at hardware level (physical address) MAC addresses contain unique vendor and device ID’s
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.25YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Network Info on DX2000
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.26YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
IPv4 to IPv6
IPv4 supports 4.3 Billion addresses– Will not be enough to support the future
IPv6 will support 3.4 x 1038 addresses
There are fewer grains of sands in the Sahara Desert than will be available IP addresses
Will this be enough address to support our needs?
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.27YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Domain Name Server
Software running on a host machine that linksan IP address with a name. Allows users toconnect to a device by IP address or by name.
dx200.yca.com
Domain names ending with .biz, .com, .info, .name, .net or .org can be registered through many different companies (known as "registrars").
Term Alert: DNS
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.28YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Process of automatically assigning an IPaddress when a device is connected to alocal area network. Typically used in anoffice to conserve IP addresses.
DX2000 and MW100 can run staticor dynamic (DHCP)
Term Alert: DHCP
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.29YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Static IP Dynamic IP(DHCP)
Static vs. Dynamic Addressing
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.30YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
winipcfg (W95, W98, ME)ipconfig (NT 4.0, 2000)
Looking at Your Network
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.31YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
“Pinging” to test an IP addressReply from 65.203.177.86: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
IP Address
Number of bytes transmitted Time To LiveMaximum Hops
Round TripTime
Looking at Your Network
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.32YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 4 Specifications
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Ethernet Standard
Logical AddressingRouting
Error Checking
Media specifications
Logical Link ControlMedia Access Control
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.33YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
• Provides transparent transfer of data between hosts.• It is usually responsible error recovery and flow control, and ensuring complete data transfer.
Reliable Data The Transport layer can detect and repair data errors.
Flow Control The Transport layer controls the amount of data flow on the network. The amount of memory on a computer is limited, and without flow control a larger computer might flood a computer with so much information that it can't hold it all before dealing with it.
Byte Orientation Rather than dealing with things on a packet-by-packet basis, the Transport layer may add the ability to view communication just as a stream of bytes. This is nicer to deal with than random packet sizes, however, it rarely matches the communication model which will normally be a sequence of messages of user defined sizes.
Ports Ports are essentially ways to address multiple entities in the same location. Computer applications will each listen for information on their own ports, which is why you can use more than one network-based application at the same time.
On the Internet there are a variety of Transport services, but the two most common are TCP and UDP. TCP is the more complicated, providing a connection and byte oriented stream which is almost error free, with flow control, multiple ports, and same order delivery. UDP is a very simple 'datagram' service, which provides limited error reduction and multiple ports. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, while UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. Other options are the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
Layer Four: Transport
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.34YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Collision
Devices wait until “the wire” is empty
Allows two devices to try and talk at the same time
Collisions occur (contention based)
Has methods to handle collisions
802.3 is a broadcast network
SuccessSuccess
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.35YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Port numbers are divided into three ranges:
Well Known Ports 0 - 1023Registered Ports 1024 - 49151Dynamic and/or Private Ports 49152 - 65535
Type Port NumberFTP 21Telnet 23SMTP 25www-http 80POP3 110Daqstation data 34260Daqstation maintenance 34261
Term Alert: Ethernet Ports
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.36YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Wide Area Network
Wide-area networks (WANs) interconnect LANs with geographically dispersed users to create connectivity. Some of the technologies used for connecting LANs include T1, T3, ATM, ISDN, ADSL, Frame Relay, radio links, and others. New methods of connecting dispersed LANs are appearingeveryday.
Term Alert: WAN
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.37YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
WAN
PC
DARWINDC100
DX200
DX200
PLC
Router: 65.203.177.76Plant BPlant A
PCPC
Router:66.222.124.56Corporate
Router:67.222.124.56
InternetServiceProvider
Network: 10.196.1.0Non-Routeable
Using NAT
Network: 65.203.177.0Routeable
Network: 66.222.124.0Routeable
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.38YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 5,6,7 Specifications
7 Layer OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application LayerHTTP, FTP & SMTP
Logical AddressingRouting
Error Checking
Media specifications
Logical Link ControlMedia Access Control
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.39YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
What Can We Do on the Application Layer?
Configure DevicesView operations remotelyControl operations remotelyTransfer data filesTransfer graphics
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.40YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Web Server
Application software embedded in a network device that automatically delivers a pre-formatted screen and data views to a PC when a browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape) connects to the device over a network.
Uses software technology like html, JAVA, and CGI.
Provides access with custom software!
Term Alert: Web Server
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.41YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
PC(10.2.2.1)
DX20010.2.1.11/C2 optionMB master
What is a Web Server ?
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.42YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Configuration via Network
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.43YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
PNG Graphic Files via Network
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.44YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.45YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Network Interface Card
A computer card containing and Ethernet controller chip and communications transceivers able to connect to the “wire” and talk using Ethernet rules and format.
Desktop “NIC” CardIEEE802.3
Laptop PCMCIA CardIEEE802.3
Laptop PCMCIA CardWireless IEEE802.11
Desktop “NIC” CardIEEE802.3u
Term Alert: NIC
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.46YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 1 Devices
Hardware
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Device Types•Repeaters•Media converters•Hubs
Function•Signal regeneration•Media conversion•Isolate network faults by segmenting
•How they work•Operate at the Ethernet physical layer•Receive Messages, regenerate and repeat on all ports
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.47YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
• All devices in the same collision domain
• All devices in the same Broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwith
Hub: Good Performance
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.48YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
LAN
192.168.225.102 192.168.225.103 192.168.225.104
192.168.225.101
LAN
Hub
Data Flow in TCP/IP Networks
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.49YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 2 Devices
Hardware
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Device Types•Bridges•Switches
Function•Segmentation of Networks•Speed Transition
•How they work•Processes Ethernet header information•Learns a node’s location by examining source address, forwards messages based on the destination address
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.50YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
• Each device has a unique collision domain
• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices do not share bandwith
Switch: Better Performance
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.51YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Layer 3 Devices
Hardware
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Device Types•Routers•Layer 3 Switch
Function•Coupling of subnets•Network transition (ISDN – Ethernet)•Internet Connectivity
•How they work•Processe IP header information•Forwards packets between networks based on Network layer information
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.52YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
•Unique collision domain for each device
•Unique broadcast domain for each device
• Devices do not share bandwith
Router: Best Performance
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.53YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Data Flow with a Switch
Switch
192.168.225.101
192.168.225.105192.168.225.104192.168.225.103
Hub
192.168.225.102
Send Packet
Send Reply
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.54YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.55YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
File Transfer Protocol
A format and procedure making it easyto send/receive/view files between devices on anetwork.
DX uses FTP to automatically send files toa network server, eliminating need for manual collection of data files.
Term Alert: FTP
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.56YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Using an FTP client onthe PC, files on DX canbe copied &deleted.Internet Explorer hasan embedded FTP client.
PC(10.2.2.1)
Server
Client
PC “pulls” files
DX=FTP Server, PC=FTP Client
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.57YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
PC(10.2.2.1)
Using an FTP server onthe PC, DX willautomatically send filesto the PC.
Server
Client
DX “pushes” files
DX=FTP Client, PC=FTP Server
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.58YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Internet Information Services (IIS) is the Windowscomponent that makes it easy to publish information andbring business applications to the Web. IIS makes it easyfor you to create a strong platform for network applicationsand communications.
Setup your PC as an ftp Server
Internet Information Services
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.59YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.60YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolPost Office Protocol Version 3
SMTP is a protocol in OSI 7 layer model that defines format and procedure for a network device to send “email” to another device on the network.
POP3 is a protocol that defines how to retrieveemail on the Internet
Term Alert: SMTP & POP3
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.61YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
ArgosoftMail server
POP
SMTP
PC(10.2.2.1)
DX with SMTP
Email Server/Client
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.62YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.63YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Device Servers enable non-Ethernet readyproducts to communicate via Ethernet(TCP/IP).
YokogawaChart RecorderSerial RS422
Interface
DeviceServer
IP Address192.168.1.3
Virtual Com PortRedirector
COM5 = 192.168.1.3:3001
192.168.1.2
Terminal/Device Servers
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.64YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
OLE for Process Control
A software standard developed by hardwarevendors, software vendors and end users thatspecifies a common client/server interface format between hardware and software.
SCADA/HMI vendors create OPC clients.
Hardware vendors create OPC servers.
Term Alert: OPC
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.65YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
The OPC Concept
OtherVendorDevices
PC Running OPC Server
SCADA/HMI Software• Wonderware• Intellution• Iconics• RSView• Lookout
Plant Information Management Software
• Yokogawa Exaquantum
• OSI PI
• Aspentech
Ethernet or Serial Interfaces
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.66YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.67YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
MODBUS, a defacto standard from Modicon
Three basic types, RTU, ASCII, TCP
MODBUS TCP is over Ethernet
MODBUS Plus is an enhanced peer to peer
Layer Description Examples
Application Internet Explorer, Outlook
Presentation Data Coding and Conversion
SessionManages Communications Sessions, Request & Response between Apps.
Transport Error checking, Flow Control,TCP, UDP
NetworkNetwork Address, IP Internet Protocol, Routing Data
IP, ARP
Data Link Physical Address, Topololgy, flow control
Physical Wire, Electrical, Distance
Ethernet, IEEE802.3, FDDI
Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP
Modbus TCP is Modbus Protocol encapsulated in a TCP Packet.
MODBUS Protocol
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.68YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Daqstation
A-B PLCwith ProsoftMODBUS card
Modbus provides a common interface betweenhardware from multiple products.
RS422/485
MODBUS: DX to SLC500
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.69YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
30 Analog Inputsvia ModbusRS422/485
Serial
DARWIN I/ORS422/485
Modbus Slave Device
DAQSTATIONRS422/RS485
Modbus Master Device
30 Analog Inputs30 Analog Inputs
101010101 101010101101010101
Eth
ern
et
MODBUS: Extended Inputs
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.70YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
DAQSTATIONCX
RS422/RS485Modbus Master Device
16 Single Loop Controllersvia ModbusRS422/485
Serial
20 Analog Inputs
Ethernet
MODBUS: External Controllers
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.71YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
World's First FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus-Compatible RecorderDAQSTATION will support the FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus that's becoming the bi-directional digital com
munication standard for instrumentation in the 21st century.
The FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus can:◆Dramatically increase the amount of data transmitted.
◆Drastically reduce the wiring costs.
◆Support a multivendor environment.
◆Simplify control.
DPharp EJADigital differential pressuretransmitter
YEWFLOVortex flowmeter
YVPValve positioner
ADMAG-AEElectromagnetic
flowmeter
YTATemperature transmitter
DAQSTATION
●Device type: Link master
●Function blocksAI: 8 blocksMAI: 8 channels 1 blockMAO: 8 channels 1 block
Foundation Fieldbus
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.72YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Fieldbus Applications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.73YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Fieldbus Applications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.74YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Fieldbus Applications
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.75YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
65.203.177.1 65.203.177.2 65.203.177.3 65.203.177.4
65.203.177.240
VPN Server
IP:192.168.1.2SN:255.255.255.0DG:192.168.1.1
Hub
Hub
192.168.?.?
INTERNET
RemoteUser
VPN Client
Typical Office LANTypical Office LAN
Typical Data Acquisition LANTypical Data Acquisition LAN
FtpServerPrimary
192.168.1.6
FtpServer
Secondary192.168.1.7
LAN Router
WAN Router
PI DatabaseServer
192.168.1.8
ISP
192.168.1.1
65.203.177.1
IP:192.168.1.3SN:255.255.255.0DG:192.168.1.1
IP:192.168.1.4SN:255.255.255.0DG:192.168.1.1
IP:192.168.1.5SN:255.255.255.0DG:192.168.1.1
Recap
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.76YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
http://kb.us.yokogawa.com http://www.us.yokogawa.com/support/events/seminars/network/default.htm
- Copy of PowerPoint- PDF’s of tutorials and white papers- Links to useful sites
Additional Resources
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.77YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
What You Will Learn Today
Introduction to basic network conceptsRadio frequency and spread spectrum technology basicsWired and wireless standardsWireless topologies (Ad Hoc vs. Infrastructure)Security in wireless networksSetting up an office grade wireless routerRadio PhysicsTypes of wireless radios (industrial and office)Implementation issues (antennaes, site surveys)Typical uses of wireless in industrial settings
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.78YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Microwaves, RC Cars, Cordless Phones, & Door Openers
These everyday devices use radio frequency technology
Microwave(2.5 GHz)
Garage Door Opener(300-400 MHz)
Cordless Phones(900MHz, 2.4GHz, 5.8GHz)
RC Toys(27 or 49 MHz)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.79YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Look At Radio Frequencies
Radio frequency spectrum is assigned by governments– CB radio: 26.96 - 27.41 MHz– FM radio: 88 - 108 MHz– WiFi for PC’s: 2.4 GHZLicensed vs. Unlicensed bands– Licensed provides more power!Two licensed frequency bands– 400 MHz– 900 MHz3 unlicensed frequency bands in U.S.– ISM bands (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)– 902-928 MHz– 2.4 to 2.483 GHz– 5.725 to 5.875 GHz (U-NII*)
.
*Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.80YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Frequencies By CountryNorth America
•License-free 900MHz, 2.4 GHZ, and 5.4 GHZ spread spectrum
•Licensed 400MHz to 500MHz fixed frequency
Europe
•License-free 433 MHz (all countries)
•UK, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Czech also have special channels in the 400 MHz band •869MHz 500mW 10% duty factor or 5mW 100% duty factor
•Licensed 450MHz (most countries)
South America
•License-free 900MHz spread spectrum (most countries)
•Licensed 400MHz to 500MHz fixed frequency
Asia
•License-free 450MHz (Singapore, Hong Kong)
•License-free 220MHz fixed frequency (China)
•Licensed 400MHz to 500 MHz fixed frequency (most countries)
Middle East
•Licensed 900MHz spread spectrum (some countries)
•Licensed 400MHz to 500 MHz fixed frequency (most countries)
Africa
•License-free 433MHz (some countries)
•Licensed 400MHz to 500MHz fixed frequency www.Elprotech.com
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.81YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Sending Information by Radio
Start with “data”
Modulate the data “over” the fixed frequency carrier
Resulting signal has data
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.82YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Narrow Band vs. Spread Spectrum
Two approaches for signal delivery
http://catalog.omnispread.com
Spread Spectrum is our interest for Office and Industrial
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.83YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Who is this Woman?
Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.84YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
What is Spread Spectrum?
Original application of spread spectrum was Military
Industrial radios use spread spectrum technology– Lower power density (less power at any given frequency)– Higher noise immunity and resistance to interference – Improved security
Two types of spread spectrum– Direct Sequence (DSSS)– Frequency Hopping (FHSS)
The signal from the radio transmitter is “spread” across a wider range of radio frequency than is required for standard narrow band applications (like F
M radio)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.85YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Bit of History : The Frequency Hopping Patent
In the United States Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil, shunned by the Navy, no longer pursued their invention. But in 1957, the concept was taken up by engineers at the Sylvania Electronic Systems Division, in Buffalo, New York. Their arrangement, using, of course, electronics rather than piano rolls, ultimately became a basic tool for secure military communications. It was installed on ships sent to blockade Cuba in 1962, about three years after the Lamarr-Antheil patent had expired. Subsequent patents in frequency changing, which are generally unrelated to torpedo control, have referred to the Lamarr-Antheil patent as the basis of the field, and the concept lies behind the principal anti-jamming device used today, for example, in the U.S. government's Milstar defense communication satellite system.
Heddy Lamarr
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.86YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Back to Basics
The Two Commonly Used Typesof Spread Spectrum Technology
FHSS
Frequency Hopping
DSSS
Direct Sequence
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.87YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
• Base transmission is centered at a specific frequency• Transmitted with frequency changing many times per data bit• Multiple copies of each original data bit are sent at different frequencies• Transmission at each frequency is sent at lower power
DSSS “Spreads” the message across a wide frequency
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.88YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
DSSS Encoding Scheme
http://wireless.industrial-networking.comTHE WIRELESS OPTION FOR INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET
www.breezecom.com
0 = 01001 1 = 10110
• Encoding is done in the data stream before transmission• Direct sequence encoding uses psuedo-random noise generator (PN)• Each data bit is encoded into a longer data string • Resulting longer message is now encrypted, only matching radio can decode
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.89YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
DSSS Signal Advantages
• Encoded data looks like noise
• Transmission is sent at low power so it is harder to detect
• RFI noise can easily be discriminated from data signal
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.90YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
• A single data packet is transmitted at one frequency• The radio then “hops” to a new frequency to transmit the next packet• Transmitter and receiver are programmed with the same hop pattern• The frequency hops appear random to observers• Hopping avoids interference (usually narrow band at one frequency) • Redundancy is achieved by re-transmitting at different frequency
FHSS moves the message between different frequencies
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.91YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
FHSS Encoding
http://wireless.industrial-networking.comTHE WIRELESS OPTION FOR INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET
• Frequency hopping encoding is done at transmission• The hop pattern for the frequency is encoding• Data itself is not directly encoded (as in direct sequence)• Observed frequencies do not show any obvious pattern
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.92YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Comparison of DSSS vs. FHSS
DSSS encodes the data FHSS encodes the frequency
Data speed: DSSS has higher rates (FHSS has hop latency )
Power: FHSS is lower power (DSSS has complex circuits)
Cost: FHSS is generally lower in costRobustness: FHSS has stronger noise immunityDensity: More FHSS in one area than DSSSData Accuracy: DSSS wins on this one
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.93YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Used in 802.11g and 802.11a home/office radios• Provides higher data rates• Uses multiple sub-carrier frequencies each centered at different frequencies• Breaks the data message into parts• Transmits all the parts at the same time using the sub-carriers• Fast transmission is sent as many parallel slow transmissions
• Not used in current generation of industrial radios
A Third Type of Spread Spectrum Technology !
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.94YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Quick Quiz #1Do industrial radios use narrow band or spread spectrum technology?– Spread spectrum
Name the 2 types of spread spectrum technology used in industrial radios– DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Which is capable of higher speeds, DSSS or FHSS?– DSSS
ISM is an abbreviation for what?– Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
How many ISM bands exist? – Three
Are the ISM bands licensed or unlicensed?– Unlicensed
What are the frequencies of the ISM bands?– 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
What is the primary advantage of a licensed band?– More power than unlicensed bands (i.e. more power is more distance)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.95YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Wired & Wireless Standards
Wired
802.3
802.3i
802.5
802.3u
802.3af
10base-T ethernet
Token Ring (IBM…)
100base-TX ethernet
Powered ethernet
802.3ab 1000base-T gigabit copper
Wireless
WPAN (wireless personal area network)
802.1x
802.11
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.16
802.15
54 Mbps at 5.4 GHz
“Wi-Fi”, 11 Mbps in 2.4 GHz
54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz
802.15.1 Bluetooth
802.15.4 Zigbee
WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network)
WLAN (wireless local area network)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.96YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Wireless Standards802.11 – 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band – Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
802.11b (2.4 to 2.497 GHz)– Data speeds to 11Mbps– DSSS only – Wi-Fi is interoperability standard for 802.11b (WECA)
802.11g (2.4 to 2.497 GHz)– 54 Mbps speed extension of 802.11b with OFDM– Backward compatible with 802.11b for <11 Mbps
802.11a (5.15 to 5.875 GHz)– Data speeds to 54 Mbps– 300 MHz bandwidth indoor, OFDM– Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.97YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Wireless A B GWirelessStandard
Wireless BWireless G (802.11 G)
Wireless G w/Speedbooster
WirelessA/G
Wireless G with SRX
Wireless G with SRX200
Wireless G with SRX400
N/AUp to 5 Times Faster Than Wireless B
35% Faster than Wireless G
Uncrowded 5GHz Band
Up To 8X Faster than Wireless G. Range up to 3X farther
Up To 6X Faster than Wireless G. Range up to 2X farther
Up To 10X Faster than Wireless G. Range up to 3X farther
2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz & 5Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz
Typically Up To 150ft
Up to 150 ft Up to 150 ft
Up to 150 ft (Wireless G)Up to 150 ft (Wireless G)
Up to 3X farther than Wireless G
Up to 2X farther than Wireless G
Up to 3X farther than Wireless G
More Popular Standards for
hotspotsYes Yes
Yes in a Wireless-G Mode
Growing use in Wireless-A
Yes Yes Yes
802.11b & 802.11g
802.11b & 802.11g
802.11b & 802.11g
802.11a, 802.11b & 802.11g
802.11b & 802.11g Based on MiMo Tech
nology
802.11b & 802.11g Based on MiMo Technology
802.11b & 802.11g Based on MiMo Technology
Legacy Standard Fast Speed Faster Speed
Fast Speed with less interferance from other Wireless
LANs. Works with all wireless standa
rds
Farthest Range & Fastest
Speed
Superior Range & Superior
SpeedPremium Range & Speed
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.98YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Why are the Standards numbered 802?
IEEE’s development of LAN standards was assigned the project number 802, for February 1980 when the committee convened.
Get it? 2/80 or 802
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.99YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Quick Quiz #2What is the 802 sub-designation for wireless technologies– 802.11
802.11b is known by the common name of ?– Wi-Fi
The max data rate of 802.11b is ??? Mbps– 11 Mbps
True or False, 802.11b supports both FHSS and DSSS?– False. FHSS is not available in 802.11b. FHSS is too slow to support 11 Mbps
True or False, All industrial radios support 802.11 standards – False, many industrial radios use proprietary FHSS or DSSS
A microwave oven could interfere with which 802.11 technologies– 802.11b and 802.11g because they are 2.4 GHz & a microwave is 2.5 GHz
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.100YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Wireless Topologies: Ad-Hoc vs. Infrastructure
Ad-Hoc (or point-to-point)– 2 or more network devices transfering dat
a directly between themselves.– Most efficient network with a minimum of
network overhead
Infrastructure (or access point)– With this network one of the Ethernet radi
o modems is configured as the "access point ".
– Access Point is then used as a wireless bridge to the cabled LAN network.
– All nodes (either wireless cards or other Ethernet radio modems configured as remotes) communicate only with the Access Point that serves the WLAN as a HUB
THE WIRELESS OPTION FOR INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET by Eric Marske from http://wireless.industrial-networking.com
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.101YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Little About Channels in 802.11b/g
11 channels with each channel 22MHz in width.Each channel is centered at 5MHz intervals starting at 2.412GHz and ending at 2.462GHz . 802.11b and 802.11g standards have a maximum of three non-overlapping channels carrying 11 Mbps throughput each (33 Mbps total) and 54 Mbps (162 Mbps total) throughput802.11a has a maximum of eight non-overlapping channels carrying 54 Mbps throughput each, or 432 Mbps total throughput.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22 MHz
3 MHz
2.4
01
GH
z
2.4
12
GH
z
11
2.4
73
GH
z
2.4
62
GH
z
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.102YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Our Wireless Network
MX100192.168.20.20
FA-M3 PLC192.168.20.8
Linksys G Wireless Router192.168.20.1
802.11gwireless
802.11bwireless
UT351192.168.30.2
CX1000192.168.30.3
Radiolinx192.168.30.1
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.103YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Hands-On #1: Setting Up an Office 802.11g Router
802.310baseThardwire
802.11gwireless
192.168.20.1
192.168.20.8
192.168.20.22(internal wireless)
1. Use web configuration to setup wireless router IP address2. Keep SSID at default of linksys3. Set up channel (1 thru 11)4. Do not activate WEP encryption 5. Activate DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol)
FA-M3PLC
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.104YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.105YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Security
SSID (Service Set IDentifier) - Your wireless network's name.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) - A method of encrypting data transmitted on a wireless network for greater security.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access ) -WPA was designed to be a replacement for WEP networks without requiring hardware replacements. Now WPA2 is being offered.
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.106YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Few Terms
VPN – “Virtual Private Network”– Creates another layer of networking on top of
wireless.– This layer is encrypted.– Independent of any weakness in the network
technology
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.107YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
So What About Security in Wireless?
1) MAC Address Spoofing
Packets transmitted over a network, either your local network or the Internet, are preceded by a Packet Header. These packet headers contain both the source and destination information for that packet. A hacker can use this information to spoof (or fake) a MAC Address allowed on the network. With this spoofed MAC Address, the hacker can also intercept information meant for another user.
2) Data Sniffing
Data "sniffing" is a method used by hackers to obtain network data as it travels through unsecured networks, such as the Internet. Tools for just this kind of activity, such as protocol analyzers and network diagnostic tools, are often built into operating systems and allow the data to be viewed in clear text.
3) Man in the Middle Attacks
Once the hacker has either sniffed or spoofed enough information, he can now perform a "man in the middle" attack. This attack is performed, when data is being transmitted from one network to another, by using this information to reroute the data and appear to be the intended destination. This way, the data appears to be going to its intended recipient. From Linksys VPN whitepaper
The first and obvious weakness of wireless is “no wire”
Three Popular “hacking” methods
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.108YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
How to Improve Basic Security in 802.11 Networks
Let’s look at a live example with the Linksys router
– Change SSID (must know or guess SSID to connect)– Turn off SSID broadcast (cannot automatically see
network)– Activate WEP encryption (data is visible but not readable)– Turn off DHCP (Even if you connect, you must guess IP)– Activate MAC filtering (Must specify MAC address)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.109YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Quick Comparison: Office vs. Industrial
Power
Distance
OperatingTemp
ConstructionMounting
500 mW
20 miles outdoor
-30 C to 60 C
Aluminum
32 mW
200 feet indoors
0 C to 40 C
Plastic
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.110YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Hands-On #2: Setting Up an Industrial 802.11b radio
802.310baseThardwire
802.11bwireless
192.168.30.1
192.168.10.4
192.168.30.22(internal wireless)
1. Use web configuration to setup wireless router IP address2. Set up SSID as Radiolinx3. Set up channel as 14. Activate WEP encryption to improve security
192.168.20.4
UT351EController
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.111YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Few Quick Points on RF Propogation
Higher frequencies have higher data rates (bandwith)– There is 1000 times more spectrum between 1-2 GHz as there
is between 1-2 MHz.
RF waves lose power as they travel in the air– Higher frequencies lose power (attenuate) faster
RF waves attenuate as they pass through objects– Higher frequencies attenuate faster
Lower Frequencies (i.e. 900 mHz have greater distance)
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.112YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Performance of 2.4 GHZ vs. 900 MHz
• 2.4 GHz has 10-20% of the reliable distances of 900 MHz
• 900 MHz has 5-10 times the distance of 2.4 GHz inside
2.4GHz, 1W plus 6dB gain antennas 5 – 15 miles
900MHz, 1W plus 6dB gain antennas 15 – 25 miles
2.4GHz, 100mW plus 16dB antennas 10 – 40 miles
900MHz, 100mW plus 16dB antennas 20 – 60 miles
2.4GHz, 1W 100 – 600 feet
900MHz, 1W 500 – 5000 feet
Typical Outdoors with Line of Sight
Typical Indoors in Congested Environment
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.114YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
The Physics of Radios: Terms and Formulas
What is a decibel (dB)?RF power calculation basicsEIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)Types of propogation losses (attenuation)– Free space loss– Penetration loss Multipath fading
Near/far problem in DSSS radiosInterference from other RF sourcesCollocation
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.115YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
What is a decibel?
The decibel (abbreviated dB) must be the most misunderstood measurement since the cubit. Although the term decibel always means the same thing, decibels may be calculated in several ways, and there are many confusing explanations of what they are.
The decibel is not a unit in the sense that a foot or a dyne is. Dynes and feet are defined quantities of force and distance. A decibel is a RELATIONSHIP between two values of POWER.
Decibels are designed for talking about numbers of greatly different magnitude, such as 23 vs. 4,700,000,000,000. With such vast differences between the numbers, the most difficult problem is getting the number of zeros right.
We could use scientific notation, but a comparison between 2.3 X 10 and 4.7 X 1012 is still awkward. For convenience, we find the RATIO between the two numbers and convert that into a logarithm. This gives a number like 11.3. As long as we are going for simplicity, we might as well get rid of the decimal, so we multiply the number times ten. If we measured one value as 23 hp and another as 4.7 trillon hp, we say that one is 113dB greater than the other. The usefulness of all this becomes becomes apparent when we think about how the ear perceives loudness. First of all, the ear is very sensitive. The softest audible sound has a power of about 0.000000000001 watt/sq. meter and the threshold of pain is around 1 watt/sq. meter, giving a total range of 120dB.
In the second place, our judgment of relative levels of loudness is somewhat logarithmic. If a sound has 10 times the power of a reference (10dB) we hear it as twice as loud. If we merely double the power (3dB), the difference will be just noticeable. [The calculations for the dB relationships I just gave go like this; for a 10 to one relationship, the log of 10 is 1, and ten times 1 is 10. For the 2 to one relationship, the log of 2 is 0.3, and 10 times that is 3. Incidentally, if the ratio goes the other way, with the measured value less than the reference, we get a negative dB value, because the log of 1/10 is -1.]
www.howstuffworks.com
Decibels measure the power of a radio system!
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.116YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Understanding Gain Measurements
Antenna performance is primarily established by its gain. There are three common references used when defining gain in radios:
Gain referenced to a dipole antennae: dBd
Gain referenced to an isotropic source: dBi
Gain referenced to power in milliwatts: dBm
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.117YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Understanding Power in Radios
• RF transmitter and receiver power is expressed in watts.
• RF power can also be expressed in dBm (decibels relative to milliwatts)
• dBm for RF power is useful when calculating radio system gains (since other gains and losses from cables & Antennas are in dB’s)
The relation between dBm and watts can be expressed as follows:
Power(dBm) = 10 x Log10 Power(mW)
1 Watt = 1000 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log10(1000) = 30 dBm
100 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log10 (100) = 20 dBm
1mW: PdBm = 10 x Log10 (1) = 0 dBm
Power(mW) = 10(Power(dBm)/10)
15 dBm = 10 (15/10) = 10 (1.5) = 32 mW
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.118YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
A Table of mW to dBm
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.119YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)
www.breezecom.com
Take the following example:
transmitter power out = Pout = 50mWcable loss (attenuation) = Ct = 4dBtransmitting antenna gain = Gt = 6 dBi
convert transmitter power from mW to dBm10 x log (50/10) = 17 dBm
EIRP = 17dBm - 4 dBm + 6 dBm = 19 dBm
EIRP is the effective power transmitted from the antenna.
EIRP = (power at transmitter) - (cable attenuation) + antenna gain
EIRP = Pout - Ct - Gt
Pout = output power of transmitter in dBmCt = transmitter cable attenuation in dB
Gt = transmitting antenna gain in dBi
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.124YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Discuss RSSI Sensivitiy Calculations
Look at specs with RSSI -dBm and BEC rate….
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.137YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Radiolinx Products sold by Yokogawa
• RLX-FHE: Frequency Hopping Ethernet ($1,395 per radio)• Use with Ethernet DAQ/FA-M3/Controllers• Does not use 802.11b so it will not link to PC wireless
• RLX-FHS: Frequency Hopping Serial ($1,250 per radio)• Use with serial DAQ/FA-M3/Controllers• Supports MODBUS RTU • Runs Yokogawa protocol in transparent mode
• RLX-FHES: Frequency Hopping Ethernet with serial server ($1,495 per radio)• Has RS232/RS485 port built-in• Use when you need to get serial protocol into Ethernet
• RLX-IH: 802.11b “HotSpot” ($1,549)• Use when you need Ethernet with PC wireless connectivity
• Antennas, connectors and cables are also available from Yokogawa
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.138YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
RLX-FHE Frequency Hopping Ethernet (2.4GHz)
• Mobile configuration and data logging without wires!• Frequency hopping 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Not compatible with 802.11 wireless (Wi-Fi)• Designed for industrial environment (-40 to 158 degF)• Up to 16 mile range with line of sight with hi gain antennas• Proprietary radio frequency protocol (158 hopping patterns)• 40 or 128 bit hardware data encryption
$1,395 per radio
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.139YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
RLX-FHE Frequency Hopping Ethernet (2.4 GHz)
DX104
DX104
DX104
RLX-FHE
RLX-FHE
RLX-FHE
RLX-FHE
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #1
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #2
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #3
10BaseTEthernet
Data from Remote DX100’s is Consolidated in PC
PC running:• DAQStandard (configuration)• DAQLogger• SCADA/HMI with OPC
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.140YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
RLX-FHS Frequency Hopping Serial (2.4GHz)
• Mobile data logging without wires!• Frequency hopping 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Modbus RTU, Modbus ASCII, DF1, generic ASCII• RS232, RS422, or RS485• Flexible set-up modes
• Point to point• Point to multi-point• Peer to peer
• Designed for industrial environment (-40 to 158 degF)• Up to 16 mile range with line of sight with hi gain antennas• Proprietary radio frequency protocol (158 hopping patterns)• 40 or 128 bit hardware data encryption
$1,250 per radio
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.141YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
RLX-FHS Frequency Hopping Serial (2.4 GHz)
DX104
DA100
UT450
RLX-FHS
RLX-FHS
RLX-FHS
RLX-FHS
DX220RS232
MODBUSRTU
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #1
RS485 MODBUS
RTUSlave #2
RS485 MODBUS
RTUSlave #3
10BaseTEthernet
Data from Remote DX100’s is Consolidated in DX200
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.142YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
RLX-IH 802.11b Industrial Wireless Radio
• Mobile configuration and data logging without wires!• 802.11b direct sequence spread spectrum radios• Can be implemented with a single radio!• 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Compatible with standard PC wireless cards• Designed for industrial environment• Up to 20 mile range in outdoor settings
$1,549 per radio
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.143YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
UT351 with Radiolinx 802.11b Hotspot
Laptop with 802.11b“Wi-Fi” wireless ability
Laptop with 802.11b“Wi-Fi” wireless ability
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.147YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Site Surveys : Indoor
Software packages such as Ekahau ESS site survey
• Determine performance characteristics• Help locate access point positions• Determine antennae selection and positioning• Detect “foreign” connections
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.148YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Site Surveys : Outdoors
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.149YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Site Surveys : Outdoors
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.150YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Industrial Radio Types
Radio Modems (Ethernet and Serial data )I/O (Telemetry)Wireless gatewaysCombined Data and I/OWireless Device ServersCellularSatellite
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.151YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Product Samples: Ethernet Radio Modems
MDS iNET900ELPRO 905U-D YLink RadioLinx
2.4 GHz FHSS900 MHz FHSS900 MHz FHSS
SCADALINK LANBRIGDE
900 MHz FHSS
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.152YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Product Samples: Serial Radio Modems
SCADALINK SM900
900 MHz FHSS
Prosoft RadioLinx
2.4 GHz FHSS
Put serial devices on radio
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.153YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Product Samples: (I/O) Telemetry
SCADALINK IO900
900 MHz FHSS
Elpro 905-U
900 MHz FHSS
Phoenix (Omnex)
Think of 4-20 ma radios!
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.154YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Product Samples: Wireless Protocol Gateways
105UG105UG
105UG105UG
105UG105UG
ProfibusProfibus
DF1DF1
ModbusModbus
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.164YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Glossary
Yokogawa Electric Corporation
YCAU II Copyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationFriday, October 24, 2006
Yokogawa DAQ Systems:
Network Security
July 2005
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.171YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Corporate and Plant Network
Industrial Ethernet and Networking Page.172YCAU IICopyright © Yokogawa Electric CorporationJuly 2005
Plant Network Detail
Increasing Plant Floor Security TodayRockwell Automation
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Security Problems with PC’s on a Network
Unauthorized access (Invasion)Viruses (via email or hackers)HackersEmail spam“Leakage” of System InformationResulting security problems– Unauthorized control of equipment or process– Data manipulation– File deletion– Configuration changes or deletion– Corruption of operating system
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The Basic Defense at Corporate IT Level
• Routers• Firewalls• Proxy servers• VPN’s • Virus protection• Anti-spy software
IT Tools
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Corporate IT vs. Plant Floor Network
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Ports and TCP Servers
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Test Your System Five Ways
1) Open ports2) Simple network management protocol (SNMP) robustness3) Malformed packets4) Broadcast traffic storms 5) Resource starvation
Test your System 5 WaysInTech March 2003Eric Byres
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Why is a DAQSTATION Safer than a PC?
No Intel chipsNo Microsoft softwareProprietary OS based on u-Itron realtime OSDoes not accept emailBuilt-in username/password loginPassword access
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Preventive Actions
Standard IT security– Routers, proxy servers and firewalls– Intrusion detection software– Turn of ICMP (ping) in routers– Consider VPN for remote access– Implement a security and risk assessment
DAQStation– Utilize control logins with username/password
• Restrict access• Change on a periodic basis
– Use passwords for webserver access– Isolate FTP server from primary network
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ISA 99: Network Security
•Part 1: Models and Terminology •Part 2: Establishing a Manufacturing & Control Systems Security Program •Part 3: Operating a Manufacturing and Control Systems Security Program •Part 4: Specific Security Requirements for Manufacturing & Control Systems
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21 Steps to Improving SCADA Security
Department of Energy
Office of Energy Assurance
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Steps 1-11
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Steps 12-21