Solar Plant Report

8/12/2019 Solar Plant Report

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SOL R Power Plant

Project Overview

The aim of this project report is to estimate and calculate the

approximate design of a 1MW solar PV power plant (utility scale).

The total no. of solar panel required and the different parameters

of the solar panel estimated. A site in West Bengal is taken

virtually to estimate the solar intensity of the site which is most

important for calculation of such type of report.

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) has been introduced in this report.

Also the brief details of the materials/equipments (solar panels,

inverters, protective gears, transformer, SCADA etc.) used to set

up a 1MW power plant have been highlighted.

A financial overview with a possible income datasheet included inthe project report.


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Executive Summary

With its abundance of sunlight, India has tremendous potential to

emerge as one of the leaders in solar power generation.

According to the Government of Indias policy for the solar sector

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)a target of

20 GW of solar installations by 2022 has been set.

Global ScenarioSolar Energy demand globally has been growing at about

30% per annum over the past 15 years.

In comparison, the hydrocarbon demand growth rate is 02% per

annum. This high growth rate in solar energy is due to many

reasonsincreasing cost of petroleum products and the parallel

decreasing cost of producing power from solar, and a concern

world over on the harmful effects of using fossil fuels.

Solar Energy in India

India is one of the few countries in the world that has a

dedicated ministry for New and Renewable energy

In India, the high GDP growth rate has created a huge demand

for energy, but the supply is unable to match the demand. Thetotal installed capacity of power as of January 2012 is 187 GW.

The per capita total consumption is 778 kWh. The estimated

shortage of power in India is about 20 GW.


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Why In IndiaIndia is in the sunny regions of the world with most parts of the

country receiving 47 kwh (kilowatthour) of solar radiation per

square meter per day, 250300 sunny days in a year. Even

though Solar energy constitutes a miniscule part in Indias

installed power generation capacity (with grid connected solar PV

generation at a mere 6 MW as of March 2010), in the medium and

long run, it is expected that solar energy, especially solar PV will

form a vital component of the country's energy mix.

Aim of the project

Aim of this paper is to give an overview of a 1MW solar PV power

plant (utilityscale).How the project will work?1. Using solar pv modules, solar power generates in DC which isconverted into

AC power and then using a power transformer the generated andmodified

AC power will be fed to the grid.

2. No battery storage introduced here because the plant will onlyfunctions in thedaylight and here the generated power will be sold to the grid.3. For the minimal operation and maintenance of the plant, an off-grid/standalone 5KW solar power can be introduced.


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Incentives from Government

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (also known as the

National Solar Mission) is a major initiative of the Government of

India and State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable

growth while addressing Indias energy security challenges. It will

also constitute a major contribution by India to the global effort to

meet the challenges of climate change. Named for Jawaharlal

Nehru, the Mission is one of the several initiatives that are part of

National Action Plan on Climate Change. The program was

officially inaugurated by Prime Minister of India, Manmohan

Singh.

Scheme on financing of Off

Grid and

Decentralised Solar Applications

Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(MNRE) has formulated a scheme on financing of OffGrid and

Decentralised Solar (Photovoltaic and Thermal) applications as

part of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).

Under the scheme, banks may extend subsidised loans toentrepreneurs at interest rates not exceeding five per cent where

refinance of two per cent from Government of India is available.


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Excise Duty Exemption on Transmission

Equipments

Exemption of Excise Duty on procurement of Transmission

Equipments for initial setup of Solar Power Plant. The exemption

would be available on transmission equipments wherever the

contractual obligation for installing transmission lines/equipments

up to the point of delivery is c0st on the solar power developer.

Subsidy in installation of Solar Power plant

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides 70

percent subsidy on the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic

power plant in NorthEast states and 30 percentage subsidy on

other regions. The detailed outlay of the National Solar Mission

highlights various targets set by the government to increase solar

energy in the country's energy portfolio.

Major other incentives

In the budget for 2010/11, the government has announced an

allocation of US $ 220 million towards the Jawaharlal Nehru

National Solar Mission.

They encouraged private solar companies by reducing customs

duty on solar panels by 5% and exempting excise duty on solar

photovoltaic panels.


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The budget also proposed a coal tax of US$1 per metric ton on

domestic and imported coal used for power generation.

The government has initiated a Renewable Energy Certificate(REC) scheme, which is designed to drive investment in low

carbon energy projects.

Incentives from State Government

Government of Gujarat declared comprehensive SolarPolicy 2009, wherein Govt will purchase the power at thefollowing minimum rates.

First 12 year Next 12 year

Solar PV Rs. 12/ kWh Rs. 3/ kWh

Solar Thermal Rs. 9/ kWh Rs. 3/ kWh

Govt.s Initiative

The Government of Gujarat is promoting Solar Power Parks in the

Sate.

Rolled Out Special Policy in 2009.

Already few Plants are operational in the State.


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How does a solar power plant work?

What is Solar Power?Solar Power plants convert the suns energy into solar electricity.

The sun is the largest source of energy in the form of heat and

light energy. Solar Power has a huge potential to make a major

impact on the electricity requirement in homes and industries.

That the sun supplies as much energy onto the earth in a single

day that equals the annual energy requirement is enough to judge

the amount of solar energy that goes untapped

The solar panels capture the suns light energy which is

converted within the cells to create DC electricity.

This DC electricity is then converted by a solar inverter

to regular household AC electricity to power your lightsand appliances.

At all times your home stays connected to the nationalpower grid.
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If your household uses more electricity than your solar

power system generates, the grid will seamlesslyprovide any additional power you need.

Any surplus power generated by your solar powersystem is exported to the grid and purchased by your

energy retailer at the agreed feed in tariff.

How Solar Plants Work

There are two ways we can produce electricity from the sun:

Photovoltaic ElectricityThis method uses photovoltaiccells that absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see

on some calculators.

Solar-Thermal ElectricityThis also uses a solar collector:

it has a mirrored surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver

that heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used to make steam

that produces electricity.

Photovoltaic Electricity

Photovoltaic solar plants work like this:


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As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into

direct current electricity (DC). The direct current flows from the

panels and is converted into alternating current (AC) used by local

electric utilities. Finally, the electricity travels through

transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the

transmission lines so local electric utilities can distribute the

electricity to homes and businesses.

Solar-Thermal Electricity

Solar-Thermal plants work like this:

Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a

synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to createsteam. The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to

produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines. On

cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler.

The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam

to generate electricity.


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Solar Power Systems

Solar Power can be used to supply electricity to homes,

commercial settings and RVs. There are various types of Solar

Power systems. In an RV, it would be ideal to use a stand-alone

solar energy system. This type of system has lesser number of

solar panels and batteries, making them economical. The function

of the batteries is to collect solar energy during daytime. The

system has an inverter that transforms the DC current into AC

current that can be used by the appliances.

Grid-Tied Solar Power System

You can also choose the grid tied Solar Power system, where you

can enjoy the benefit of the savings offered by solar energy and

the dependability offered by the utilitys power. You may alsoreceive rebates or tax rebates in the form of incentives when you

buy Solar Power systems


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It is essential that the grid-tied system has an inverter that

transforms DC current into pure sine-wave AC current in order to

optimally mesh-in with the utility grid. During nighttime and on

cloudy days when solar energy is not available, you can rely upon

the utility grid. Hence, generally these types of Solar Power

systems dont have batteries for storing energy. But, you can use

batteries in these systems in order to ensure that you are not

without power in case there is power failure at the grid.

Stand-Alone Solar Power System

When you want to be entirely free of the utility grid, you can install

a completely stand-alone Solar Power system. Such a system is

quite environment-friendly, whereas other systems are based

upon fossil fuels, directly or indirectly. In its construction, the

stand-alone system is highly sophisticated. There are several

inverters, at least two, ensuring sufficient amount of current for

running larger appliances such as air conditioners. in addition,several batteries are required for storing energy. So far, a stand-

alone solar energy system was generally found in places where

utility grid system was not able to reach.


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Hybrid Solar Power Systems

There are hybrid Solar Power systems, where solar energy is

used in conjunction with a backup generator. Compared to stand-

alone solar energy systems, hybrid systems have lesser numberof solar panels. The generators can be relied upon when there is

unavailability of sunlight, as during cloudy conditions and at night

time.

With all these different types of Solar Power systems, you can

choose the one that is ideal for your requirement.

Solar Power Home


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Solar Power systems used in homes generally are based on

heating air or liquid in residential solar panels. Liquid based solar

energy home systems heat an antifreeze solution or water inside

a hydronic collector. Air based Solar Power systems heat up air

inside an air collector. Sunlight is collected by the system and

heat is transferred direct to the building or storage system.

When the Solar Power system doesnt provide the necessary

heating, a back up system is also installed in order to provide the

extra heating. Usually, where the energy is required for storage-

based systems, liquid solar energy systems are used. Suchsystems are ideal for boilers, absorption coolers and heat pumps,

and radiant heating systems. While both the air and fluid systems

can be used for enhancing forced air systems.

Solar Power Cost

The cost of power generated from coal and natural gas can rangefrom Rs. 2 to 3 per KWh. The cost of wind power falls between

Rs. 3 and 3.2 per KWh. However, as of 2009, the cost of Solar

Power from photovoltaic cells and solar thermal falls between Rs.

10 and Rs 15 per KWh.

Solar Power Lights

There are many types of Solar Power lights that can be used to

illuminate your home and surrounding and at the same time

saving the natural resources. These lighting systems will not only

save electricity but also cause less pollution, emitting less amount


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of heat when compared to conventional lighting sources like

bulbs. Solar lantern lights are extensively used for indoor lighting.

All the solar lighting devices used for indoor lighting need to be

charged when sunlight is available and used during nighttime.


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Eco-friendly solar shed light

Blue Solar Powered Path Light

Advantages Of Solar Power

Solar Power is becoming increasingly practical every day.

From being an expensive source of electricity, solar energy

has turned into an economical power source in the long-run.

In addition to these savings, you are also going to save the

monthly electrical bills as there are no recurrent bills to be

paid.
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The amount of electricity generated from solar energy

depends upon the available sunlight. However, with new

advances in technology it is possible to generate sufficient

amount of electricity even in cloudy conditions.

The biggest advantage of using Solar Power is that it is an

inexhaustible source of energy. Once you have installed the

system, you dont have to worry that you would ever be

without electricity because the sun is always going to be

there. However, at times the amount of electricity generated

may be lesser and you would have to depend upon the utility

grid. But, there are going to be times when you would be

able to sell the excess electricity.

The next advantage of using solar energy is that it doesnt

emit any pollution into the environment. Solar panels dont

release any emissions into the atmosphere while generating

electricity. This is not something that can be expected from

electricity generated from thermal sources and hydroelectric

source. Additionally, there are efforts on way to recycle solarpanels.

Solar Power is flexible in its setup. When you want to power

your entire home, a large number of solar panels can be

mounted on the roof, and when you require solar energy to

power the garden lights or something that requires less

electricity, a smaller number of solar panels are required.

Installing Solar Power systems can be timesaving because itdoesnt require running long wiring.

Solar Power can also be used for running a wide range of

devices. It is suitable for running homes, industries and even

for powering satellite. Even, solar powered cars have been


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developed, and efforts are on way to make these vehicles

more economical. solar energy technology is also

developing at a fast rate, making it more practical and

economical.

Nowadays, even government is offering rebate and tax

exemptions to those who install Solar Power in their home.

This makes it possible for homeowners to install these

systems at affordable prices. In the most remote locations,

solar energy is the ideal source of electricity. In fact, it is

more economical to install solar panels in such areas than

running power lines.

A big advantage of solar energy systems is that a properly

installed system doesnt require much maintenance. When

compared to other power sources, this is a big advantage

because you cannot bear the heavy cost of power system

maintenance.

Disadvantages of Solar Power

There is one disadvantage to Solar Power systems

regarding reliability and consistency. A regular supply of

sunlight is essential to keep generating electricity.

Although, once the sun goes down, the solar energy

level drops very fast. This makes it important to have a

power storage device in the form of batteries so thatyou can have uninterrupted supply of electricity. If there

are no batteries, there is going to be no electricity

without sunlight.


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The majority of disadvantages about Solar Power are

more economical in nature. Even after lots of

technological development, the solar panels used to

produce electricity are quite expensive. A single solar

panel can generate only a small amount of power. This

means a large number of solar panels are required to

generate enough amount of electricity to power houses

and industries.

It is also required that the panels are angled properly

through the day in order to align with the direct sunlight.

Hence, it is essential to implement a mechanical

adjustment system so as to turn the panels according to

the angle of sunlight.

Future of Solar Power

Even though some critics argue that the future of Solar

Power is based upon its reduction in cost, it is imminent that

coal and fossil fuels are soon going to get depleted. Some

utilities have reported that they cannot increase their rates in

order to supply Solar Power to their customers as their

customers stick to them due to the availability of low-cost

electricity. But, solar energy beats these traditional sources

of power when it comes to consideration for the planet and

sustainability of the environment.

As per some experts grid parity, which is the point when

solar energy is going to cost equivalent to traditional

electricity, is going to take a decade more in some areas,

and less in other areas. But, one thing is for certain that


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Solar Power is going to be the mainstay for electricity and

other power requirements in a few years from now.

Documents

Solar Plant Report