Myanmar new writer (Inprint)zg/sites/default/files/Thaing Nyint.pdf · GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 2005 ckESpf GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

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2005 ckESpf

pmayAdrmef pmrlqk

pmya'om

]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}

owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)

2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk

pmya'om 'kwd,qk&

xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;

a&;ol- owif;axmufaomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)

pDpOfwnf;jzwfol - OD;ñGefU[H (ñGefY[H-MuLawm)

wm0efcHpmwnf;

a':wifwif0if; ('DZifbmrGef;)

pmwnf;

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolUvufpGJpmpOf

2007 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 1500

wefzdk; ( 1200 ) usyf

yHkESdyfa&;ESifhpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;

pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rª;csKyf OD;armifvIdif (armifaqGi,f) u

rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 07492 jzifh ½kdufESdyfírSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzifh xkwfa0onf/

aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm

uRefawmfhtm; auR;arG;jyKpkysdK;axmifay;onhf aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg;ESifh

oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;q&mtaygif;wdkYvnf;aumif;? owif;orm;b0\

vufOD;q&mrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;MunfñGefY (cspfMunfa&;)? OD;oef;ñGefY

(jrefrmhtvif;)? OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmf) wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyfaom

tBuHÓPfrsm; tNrJrjywfay;cJ h Muaom pma&;q&m OD; jrif hatmif

(zdk;atmifav;) ESifh owif;axmuf-atmif0if; (zsmykH) tbufbufrS tm;ay;

csD;jr§ifh*kPfjyKcJhMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh toif;tzGJUrsm;udkvnf;aumif; txl;

aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifazmfjytyfygonf/

txl;ojzifh þpmtkyfrsufESmzHk;udk 1976 ckESpf? {NyDv (24? 25? 26)

&ufrsm;wGif awmifBuD;NrdKUü jyKvkyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m owif;axmuf

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jyefvnfqef;opfxm;onhftwGuf q&may:OD;ouftm; av;pm;*g&0jyK

aus;Zl;wif&SdaMumif; azmfjytyfygonf/

owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf-aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)

jynfolYoabmxm;

jynfytm;udk; ykqdef½k d; tqkd;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qef YusifMu/

EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHawmf wkd;wufa&;udk

aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/

EdkifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufaom

jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/

jynfwGif; jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;

Mu/

'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;

jynfaxmifpkrûyduGJa&; 'dkYta&;

wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rûyduGJa&; 'kdYta&;

tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;

EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;?

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pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

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aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;?

jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&;zGHUûzd;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;?

EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvHk;ukd zefwD;EdkifrI pGrf;tm;onfEdkifiHawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdkY\vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;?

vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

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rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;?

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taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

1/ OD;udkudk (udkudk) .... 1

2/ OD;udkudkav; (odk[ef) .... 4

3/ OD;ausmfnGefY (yDrdk;eif;) .... 5

4/ OD;BuD;armif (aiGOa'gif;) .... 9

5/ OD;MunfZif (em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif) .... 15

6/ OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&;MunfnGefY) .... 17

7/ OD;Munfjr (Munfjr) .... 20

8/ a':cifpD (bm;rm;'dkif*sufpf a':cifpD) .... 22

9/ OD;cifarmif (olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif) .... 24

10/ OD;cifarmif (owif;axmuf cifarmif-zsmyHk) .... 26

11/ OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D) .... 27

12/ OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf) .... 29

13/ OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh) .... 30

14/ a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf) .... 32

15/ OD;cspfndK (usm;bodef;) .... 35

16/ OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif) .... 37

17/ OD;apmOD; (*kPfa&mif) .... 41

18/ OD;pdk;armif (om*& ipdk;) .... 44

19/ a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef;) .... 46

20/ OD;pdef (AE¨KvOD;pdef) .... 49

21/ OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef) .... 51

22/ OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOfpdef0if;) .... 54

23/ OD;pdrff; (jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf;) .... 55

24/ OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvfqkNrdKif) .... 58

25/ OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP) .... 59

26/ OD;ndKjr (armifokre) .... 65

pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

27/ OD;wufwkd; (armifae0if;) .... 70

28/ OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;) .... 72

29/ OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;) .... 74

30/ OD;wifxG#f (tkdifpDtufpfOD;wifxG#f) .... 76

31/ OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol) .... 79

32/ OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif) .... 81

33/ OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ) .... 82

34/ OD;wifat; (ppfukdif;at;vGif) .... 85

35/ OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif) .... 86

36/ OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf) .... 89

37/ OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmf wifhaqG) .... 91

38/ OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl) .... 93

39/ OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;) .... 95

40/ OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif) .... 98

41/ OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOfOD;xGef;az) .... 100

42/ OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;) .... 104

43/ OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d,OD;xGef;&if) .... 106

44/ OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvfae0if;) .... 107

45/ OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;) .... 109

46/ OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&mOD;yk) .... 111

47/ OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;) .... 114

48/ OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf) .... 117

49/ OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd) .... 119

50/ OD;baqG (r[maqG) .... 125

51/ OD;baz ([Hom0wDOD;baz) .... 127

pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

55/ OD;baomif

56/ OD;baomif

57/ OD;bdk;csdef

58/ OD;bdk;csdef

59/ a':rrcif

60/ a':rrav

61/ OD;armifar

62/ OD;armifar

63/ OD;armifvGi

64/ OD;rsKd;ñGefY

65/ OD;jroef;

66/ OD;jrifh

67/ OD;jrifhvIdif

68/ OD;,karmif

69/ OD;a,m

70/ OD;a&T

71/ OD;a&TMuL;

72/ OD;av;arm

73/ OD;vGif

74/ OD;vGef;

75/ OD;vS

76/ OD;vScif

77/ OD;vSxGef;jz

78/ OD;vS'if

79/ OD;vSab

80/ OD;vSaomif

81/ OD;vSatmif

52/ OD;bab (bBuD;bab) .... 128

53/ OD;bkd;oif; (ppfukdif;OD;bdk;oif;) .... 132

54/ OD;boef; (,lyDtkdifOD;boef;) .... 134

55/ OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;) .... 137

56/ OD;baomif; (armifokw) .... 139

57/ OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef) .... 141

58/ OD;bdk;csdef (trfcdkifNrJbdk;csdef) .... 142

59/ a':rrcif (a':rrcif) ..... 144

60/ a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;) .... 147

61/ OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif) .... 150

62/ OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif) .... 152

63/ OD;armifvGif (jrrsKd;vGif) .... 154

64/ OD;rsKd;ñGefY (&efukefrsKd;oefY) .... 156

65/ OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh) .... 158

66/ OD;jrifh ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifh) .... 160

67/ OD;jrifhvIdif (rif;aqG) .... 162

68/ OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pmOD;,karmif) .... 164

69/ OD;a,m (aZ,s) .... 168

70/ OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif) .... 171

71/ OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;) .... 173

72/ OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb) .... 176

73/ OD;vGif (bkd;0ZD&) .... 178

74/ OD;vGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;) .... 184

75/ OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS) .... 191

76/ OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYOD;) .... 195

77/ OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL) .... 196

78/ OD;vS'if (trsKd;om;OD;vS'if) .... 199

pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

79/ OD;vSab ('*kefvSab) .... 201

80/ OD;vSaomif; (armifndK) .... 202

81/ OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif) .... 204

82/ OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;) .... 207

83/ OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif) .... 209

84/ OD;aomfZif (aomr) .... 210

85/ OD;aomif;ñGefY (a&Tydefaomif;) .... 212

86/ OD;oefY (oDv0) .... 214

87/ OD;oef;wifh ("l0H) .... 218

88/ OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif) .... 223

89/ OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG) .... 224

90/ OD;odef; (Z0e) .... 227

91/ OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh) .... 230

92/ ODodrf; (wkd;wufa&;OD;odrf;) .... 234

93/ OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif) .... 235

94/ OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif) .... 237

95/ OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG) .... 239

96/ OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif) .... 241

97/ OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;) .... 243

98/ OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ndK) .... 245

99/ OD;tkef;cif (ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif) .... 247

100/ OD;tkef;az (wufwkd;) .... 250

101/ xifay:ausmfMum;jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\

uavmiftu©&mpOf .... 254

102/ xifay:ausmfMum;jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\

arG;ouú&mZftñTef; .... 257

103/ udk;um;csuftñTef; .... 261

trSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpmtrSmpm

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owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;qJjzpfonf/

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jyif;xefaecJhonf/

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trsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfciftrsm;tusdK;&S daprnfh ppfrSefaomowif;jzpf&ef? tmCmwpdwf? cspfcif

av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;av;pm;aompdwf? oem;Muifemwwfaompdwfrsm; uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh a&;om;

í rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:omí rdr d\pdwfvIy f& Sm;r Itay:tajcrcHbJ ? owif; jzp f&y fr Se ftay:om

tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}}tajccHa&;om;&ef}} [laom tajccHrlrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/

tESpf (40) eD;yg;jzwfoef;cJh&onfh owif;orm;b0twGuf rdrdudk,frdrd

*kPf,lonf/ uRefawmfonf owif;pm q&mtm;vHk;udk uRefawmf\ oifq&m?

jrifq&m? Mum;q&mtjzpfowfrSwfonf/ owif;pmq&m [lonf owif; axmufESifh

t,f'Dwmrsm;omr[kwf? owif;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol owif;orm;? owif;axmuf?

rD'D,morm;? t,f'Dwm? acgif;BuD;a&;ol? aqmif;yg;&Sif? txl;u@aqmif;yg;&Sif?

wkdufxkdifaqmif;yg;&Sifponfjzifh yg0ifonf/

uRefawmfhtwGuf oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;q&mwkdY\ aus;Zl;um; BuD;rm;

vSonf/ aus;Zl;&Sdoludk aus;Zl;qyf&efrSm aus;Zl;tjyKcH&olwkdif;\ wm0efjzpfonf

[kcH,lonf/ uRefawmfhtwGuf aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaomowif;q&mrsm;udk b,fyHk?

b,fenf;jzifh aus;Zl;qyf&rnfudk pOf;pm;onf/ enf;rsdK;pHkawG;qonf/

þwGif tawG;wpfckay:vmonf/ xkdtawG;u aus;Zl;&Sifowif;pm

q&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådukd pkpnf;&efyifjzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf pma&;

q&mBuD;rsm;? pmqkd&SifBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådrsm;udk wpfpkwpnf;wnf;pmtkyfrsm;

tjzpfjyKpkxkwfa0cJhMuaomfvnf;? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådudk wpfpk

wpnf;wnf; pmtkyftjzpfjyKpkxkwfa0cJhonfudk rawGUcJh&bl;yg/

1971 ckESpfu uRefawmf\q&m OD;MunfñGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY)

jyKpkcJhaom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ olwkdYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHKpmtkyfudk zwf½IcJh&

onf/ owif;pmq&mBuD; (10) OD;taMumif;yg0ifonf/ 'kwd,wGJ qufvuf

xGufrnf[kaMumfjimonf/ xGufrvm? ,ckawmh uRefawmfhq&m OD;MunfñGefYvnf;

r&Pqkdonfh aojcif;w&m;udk rvGefqefEkdifí uRefawmfwkdYtm; cGJcGmoGm;&SmNyD

jzpfonf/

þwGif uRefawmfonfwpfcsdefu jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhMu

aom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udkjyKpkjcif;tm;jzifh owif;pm

q&mBuD;rsm;\aus;Zl;udk qyf&ma&mufrnf[k ,HkMunfí ,ckuJhodkY jyKpk&jcif; jzpfyg

onf/

uRefawmf jrefrmowif;pmavmurS owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; tw¬KyÜwåd

tusOf;udkjyKpk&mwGif tcsdKUudktrnfom od&NyD;? 4if;wkdY\ ukd,fa&;tcsufrsm;udk

&SmazGar;jref;pHkprf;&mwGif rvG,fulbJ? rSwfwrf;rSwf&m&SmazG rawGUjzpfcJh&ygonf/

acwfNydKifvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;xH oGm;a&mufpHkprf;&mwGifvnf; trnfavmufom ajymEkdif

MuNyD;? 4if;wkdY\ ukd,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;rajymEkdifaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd &ygonf/

uRefawmfhtwGuf tzkd;wef&wemrsm; aysmufqHk;cJh&onf[kcHpm;&ygonf/

uRefawmfpkaqmif;&&Sdaom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm owif;pm

q&mvnf;jzpf? pma&;q&mvnf;jzpf? uAsmq&mvnf;jzpf? EkdifiHausmf? urÇmausmf

yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; jzpfcJhMuolrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/

owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;tm;vHk;onf tenf;qHk;acwfwpfacwfudk ukd,fpm;

jyKcJhMuygonf/ olwkdY\ vIyf&Sm;cJhrIonf aESmif;acwf wpfacwftwGuf orkdif;jzpf&yf

rsm;? tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzpfvmayonf/

olwkdY\ tawG;tac:vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf aESmif;acwfvlom;rsm;tzkdY? avhvm

p&m? oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm;jzpfvmonf/ olwkdYtm;vHk; vlom;wkdif; rvGefqefEkdifonfh

r&Pqkdonfh aojcif;w&m;ESifh &ifqkdifoGm;cJhMuNyD jzpfonf/

uRefawmfhtaejzifh ya'o&mZfacwf? udkvkdeDe,fcsJUacwf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;

acwfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhaom jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ taMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;

&mwGif pmtkyfwpftkyfxJü tjynfhtpHka&;om;ír&Ekdifyg/ odkYtwGuf uRefawmf&SmazG

pkpnf;a&;om;onfh jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådrsm;rSm tusOf;rQom

jzpfygonf/

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif xifay: ausmfMum;cJhaomowif;pmq&mBuD;

rsm; tw¬KyÜwådu ynm&Sifrsm; pkaygif;íaomfvnf;aumif;? pmayqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;rSvnf;aumif; &SmazGjyKpkrnfqkdygu ykdrkdjynfhpHkaom tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfjzpfay:

vmrnf[k,HkMunfygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh vufvSrf;rDoí pmtkyfpmayrsm;

rSvnf;aumif;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ar;jref;ívnf;aumif; jyKpkxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/

us,fus,fjyefYjyefYaqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf

tvGefwefzkd;rjzwfEkdifonfh &v'faumif;rsm;jzpfrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/

uRefawmf\ þ ]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}} pmtkyf

wGif xifay:ausmfMum;cJhaom jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;teufrS uG,fvGef

oGm;&SmNyDjzpfaom owif;pmq&mBuD; (100) \tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;om yg0ifygonf/

þpmtkyfudk jyKpk&mwGif cRwf,Gif;csuf? wdrf;apmif;csufrsm;yg&Sdrnf trSefyif

jzpfygonf/ þodkY cRwf,Gif;csuf? wdrf;apmif;csufrsm;awGU&Sdygu uRefawmf\ avhvm

tm;? &SmazGtm;enf;jcif;aMumifhomjzpf&ygaMumif; ½kd;om;pGm 0efcHygonf/

pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh cGifhvTwfyg&efvnf; ukd,fEIwfESvHk;oHk;yg;vHk;jzifh ½kdao

av;pm;pGm cGifhyeftyfygonf/

þ ]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;}} tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udk

zwf½I&jcif;tm;jzifh zwf½IolwkdYtzkdY okwwpfpHkwpf&m&&SdNyD;? jrefrmpme,fZif;avmu

twGuf orkdif;rSwfwkdifwpfcktjzpf tkyfwpfcsyf? oJwpfyGifhrQ taxmuftuljyKrnf

qkdygvQif 0rf;omauseyfaernf jzpfygonf/

owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)owif;axmuf - aomif;ñGef Y (zsmyHk)

xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm; 11111

OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)OD;udkudk (udkudk)

owif;pmq&m OD;udkudk udk 1922 ckESpf? ar21 &ufwGif

tz c½dkifaxmufyHYa&;t&m&dS OD;xGef;wifESifY trd a':Nidrf;½Sif

wdkYrS ajrmif;jrNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm OD;udkudkjzpfonf/

0g;c,frNrdKU t*Fvdyfjrefrm tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif 1935 ckESpf? (7)wef;

atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYjyD; ajrmif;jrNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü

qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif (10)wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/

1938 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrc½kdifausmif;om;or*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;ESifY wdkYArm

tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY

a&muf&SdvmNyD; q,foef;owif;pm nt,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

paee*g;eD*sme,fü bmomjyefaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1940-45 ckESpfwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾A[dktvkyftrIaqmif wm0efrsm;,lcJYNyD;

1941-42 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrc½dkif ajratmufawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;ü EdkifiHa&;ESifY

ppfa&;axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efwdkYudkyg yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;umvrSmyif

uGefjrLepfygwD\ yxrqHk;xkwf ta&;awmfyHkpmwrf;rsm;udk vSsdKU0SufjzefYcsdcJYonf/

1944 ckESpfwGif txufArmjynf uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwpfa,muf jzpfvmonf/ 1945

ckESpfwGif rEÅav;c½kdif uGefjrLepfygwD c½dkifaumfrwDwm0efudk ,lcJYjyD;? zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;wGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;wyfü EdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifY 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL; wm0efrsm;udk

,lcJYonf/ awmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif rEÅav;c½dkif? uGefjrLepfygwD c½dkifaumfrwD0if

jzpfvmcJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif owif;vTm naeowif;pm t,f'Dwmwm0efudk

xrf;aqmifpOf xdef;odrf;cH&onf/

1952-ckESpfwGif vlxkynma&;aumifpDü 0ifa&muftrIxrf;&m 1957 ckESpf

txd vlxkynma&;rSL;? 1957-59 ckESpftxd owif;jzefYcsda&;t&m½dS wm0efrsm;

udk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm; ½kyf&SifwifoGif;a&;at*sifpDü

½kyf&SifZmwfum; pDpOfa&;rSL;wm0efudk ,lcJY&onf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif MuD;Muyfa&;ESifY

EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1969 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;

22222 xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;

Xme twGif;0efuav;ESifY wJGzufñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynfYwGif

½kyf&Sifvkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif

½kyf&Sifaumfydka&;&Sif;xkwfvkyfrIESifY Zmwfvrf;pdppfa&; 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpf

vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ wJGzufñTefMum;a&;rSL;&mxl;jzifh tNidrf;pm;,lcJY

onf/

jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mor*¾udk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJYoljzpfonf/ 1941 ckESpf

xkwfa0aom 0w¬KñGefYaygif; pmtkyfyg ]a,mufsm;qdkwm} 0w¬Konf OD;udkudk\ yxrOD;

qHk;vuf&mjzpfonf/ ydawmufawGyGifYjyefaygY vufa&G;pif 0w¬Kwdkrsm; ]vif;vkygjyD}?

]arYoufrsm;}? ]tonf;urÇm0,f}? ]c½ktdrf}wdkYonf OD;udkudk\ xif½Sm;aomvuf&m

tcsdKUjzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;oH (1965)udk bmomjyef xkwfa0cJYonf/ þopfqHk

(armifausmfomESifYyl;wJGa&;) jzifY 1963 ckESpf tEkynmpmayqdkif&m 0w¬K½Snf wwd,

qk&&dScJYonf/ armfuGef;0if (yxrtqifY) udkvnf; &&dScJYonf/ ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;rsm;pGm

udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;udkudkonf pmayvkyfom;tzJGY jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD0if wpfOD;jzpfcJYonf/

OD;udkudka&;om;cJYaom þopfqHk 0w¬K&Snfonf om,m0wDESifY vufyHwef;tMum;&dS

aus;&Gmav;wpf&Gm? &Gmv,fvrf;rt0ifwGif tvGefMuD;rm;aom opfjrpfqHkMuD;u

ydwfqdkYwm;qD;aejyD;vQif yifpnfrS jzmxGufaeaom tydkif;rSm ajratmufwGifwpf0uf

ajray:wGifwpf0uf uefYvefYjzpfaeí ,if;tay:rS vSnf;rsm;jzwfausmfarmif;ESif

aeMu&\/ xdk&Gm\ ewfuawmf\tqdkt& xdktyifMuD;rSm tpJG&dSonf[kqdk\/

odkYaomf trSeftm;jzifY t,lonf;rIomjzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap? xdk&Gm\ rlvtrnf

jzpfaom anmifyifomtrnfaysmufum opfqHk&Gm[kwGifaeawmYownf;/ ,if;&Gm

wGif vlxkynma&;rSL;tjzpf trIxrf;&aom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ay;ydkYaom udk,fawGY

jzpf&yfudk rlwnfí a&;om;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/

acwfwpfacwf\ taMumif;t&mudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; wifjyaom

0w¬Kjzpfonf/ ]]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?] ]E d ki fi Ha&;acwfwGif v,form; Ouú|onfvnf;aumif;?

umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufpumuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfol olMuD;om;onfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm; aygufp

wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/wdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bk&ifi,fwpfqlyrm rif;rlaeMuonf/


olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;olwdkYonf olykefbufrS vmvQifvnf; olykefESifYaygif;\/ tpdk;&bufrS vmvQifvnf;

tpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudktpdk;&\ vlvkyf\/ þodkYjzifY avSeHESpfzufeif; í jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuyHkudk

þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}}þopfqHk0w¬K½Snfü &GH&SmzG,ftwd}} zwf½I &onf/

þopfqHk0w¬Kudk rif;vGif½kyf&SifrS ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;jyocJY\/ OD;udkudkonf 1992

ckESpf? pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; /ukd;um;tñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)/ 77-79

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;(1)/ pm234-247/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm 122-123/

&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)&mjynfYOD;pd k;nTef Y/ 20&mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)

pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114pm 113-114


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aumZmopfr*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;NydKifyGJü ]]a0,sH}}uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]aMumufpdwf}}

trnf&Sdaqmif;yg;udk0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&mrStp pmayavmuodkYpwif 0ifa&mufvm

onf/ ]]a0,sH}}uavmiftrnfudk t,f'Dwmu]]qif;&Jom;}}uavmiftrnf jyifcJh&m

rSpí ]]BuD;armif (qif;&Jom;)}}uavmiftrnfjzifh pma&;om;onf/ ol&d, r*¾Zif;

0w¬KNydKifyGJrsm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifcJhonf/

OD;BuD;armifonf 1931 ckESpfwGif ouFef;0wfjzifh &efukefNrdKUodkYa&muf&Sdvm

onf/ xdkESpf{NyDvxkwf AEKv*sme,fwGif rmeESifhumrtrnf&Sd 0w¬Kudk ]]ÓPfjrifh}}

uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;onf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif ra[mfo"m owif;pmü

t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifNyD; ]]r*Fvm}}uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;

rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif AEKv*sme,fü 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1935

ckESpfwGif opfawmbufodkY0ifa&muftrIxrf;NyD;? 1936 ckESpfwGif 'kwd, opf

awmtkyf jzpfvmonf/

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pma&;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif bm;rm; at*sifpD trnfjzifh

qdkifzGifha&mif;csonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif jynfNrdKUü&[ef;cHonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif qdkuúm;

axmifonf/ aps;a&mif;onf/ pmtkyfa&mif;onf/

OD;BuD;armifonf 1947 ckESpfwGif ½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;ü t,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpf

aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkESpf Mo*kwfvxkwf ½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;yg ]]armufomarmuf}}

trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;rSpí ]]aiGOa'gif;}}uavmiftrnfudkcH,lcJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif

pmayAdrmefvufaxmufpmwnf;? 1956 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v pmapmif t,f'Dwm?

1957 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pm t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1960 jynfhESpfwGif aiGwm&D

r*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1973 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'DwmtzGJU0if

ponfjzifh trIxrf;aqmifonf/

OD;BuD;armifonf ]]aiGOa'gif;}}trnfjzifh pm0uFygaqmif;yg;rsm;? r@dKif

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(pmya'om) pwkw¬qk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1966 ckESpfwGif BuD;armifuavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;

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ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/ESif h 236-237/

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OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)OD;MunfZif(em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif)

pma&;q&m em*awmifwef;armifMunfZiftrnfcH

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a':apmcifwdkUrS 1931 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/

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pmaytajccHynmudk q&mOD;bdkaxG;? q&mOD;udkBuD;? q&mOD;bqef; paom vufOD;

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aeYpOfowif;pmt,f'Dwm tjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/

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tjzpfvkyfudkif&if; 0w¬KwdkESifhaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1957 ckESpf? arvxkwf

jr0wDr*¾Zif;wGifyg&SdcJhonfh ] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]em*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrIem*awmifwef;rS xl;qef;aomaMuuGJrI} }} }} }} }} }0w¬Kwdkudk

]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}}]]em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif}} uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;NyD; r*¾Zif;avmuxJodkY

0ifa&mufcJhonf/ ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} ]]awmifay:ajrESihf ajrjyefYyef;}} onf yxrqHk;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/

xdk0w¬Kudk &efuif;½kyf½SifrS½kyf½Sif½dkuful;cJhonf/

OD;MunfZifonf ]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}}]]awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;}} jzifh 1964 ckESpf trsKd;om;

pmay 0w¬K&SnfyxrqkESifh ]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}}]atmifyGJNcdrfhNcdrfh&ifodrfhodrfh}} jzifh 1968-ckESpf trsKd;om;

pmay 0w¬K&Snfwwd,qk wdkY&&SdcJhonf/ pmayavmuodkY 0ifvmjcif;rSm wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsKd;rsm;nDñGwfa&;ESifh rzGHUNzdK;ao;aoma'orsm;twGuf jyKjyifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

xkwfazmfvdkaom qEáMumifhjzpfonf[kqdkonf/


OD;MunfZifonf awmifay:ajrESifhajrjyefYyef;0w¬Kudk a&;om;&mwGif jynfe,f

a'orsm;\ c&D;vrf;yef; tquftoG,fcufcJrIaMumifh usef;rma&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

ynma&;vkyfief;wdkY zGHUzGHUNzdK;NzdK;r&Sdonfudk jynfrrS acwfynmwwfq&m0ef tkyfcsKyfa&;

orm;ponfwdkYonf jynfe,frsm;odkUoGm;a&muftrIxrf;í zGHNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

aqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fa&;om;cJhonf/

OD;MunfZif jyKpka&;om;cJhonfh xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm ajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhfajyapcsifonhf

onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?onfcspf BudK; (1964)? tu,f'rD ud kvGef;ayG (1965)? aemf (1966)?

rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)rcspfaomfvnf; rrkef;yg (1967)? azsmufqdwfyifudkoufaownf (1970)

rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) rkef;apcsifbdonf (1971) wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;MunfZifonf 1978 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñGef; (4)? pm-194-214/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef/ (3)? pm-230-231/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-163-165/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefYem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifh ajrjyefY

yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/yef;? (2 Budrf? 1966)/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSem*awmifwef;armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rS

xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/xl;qef;aom aMuuGJrI? jr0wD (1957) pm-218-231/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?BuHcif;pdk;vGif 1968 ck trsKd;om;pmayqkESif;obif?

aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/aiGwm&D (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm-18-24 ESifh 179-180/

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm-299/

(8)(8)(8)(8)(8) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100

pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167pm-165-167


OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)OD;MunfnGefY (cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY)

owif;pmq&m OD;MunfñGef Y ud k tz OD;zd k ;xGm;

(tNidrf;pm;&JrSL;) trd a':cifyk wdkYrS 1933-ckESpf? Zlvdkif 4 &uf

wGif &efukefwdkif;? OuHúNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf yJcl;wdkif;? BudKUyifaumufNrdKU? trsdK;om;

txufwef;ausmif;? {&m0wDwdkif;? [oFmwNrdKUq&m urf;rif;

omoemjyKausmif;? [oFmwtrsdK;om;ausmif;ESifY tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wdkYwGif

1952 ckESpf q,fwef;txd ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/

1954 ckESpfwGif [oFmwNrdKUrS &efukefNrdKU? &efuif;NrdKUe,fwGif ajymif;a&TU

aexdkifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf ausmif;om;b0rSmyif r@dKifowif;pm\ [oFmwNrdKU

tusdK;aqmif owif;axmufwm0efESifY [oFmwaeYpOfowif;pm t,f'DwmtzJGY

wm0efudk ,lcJY&onf/

1954 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwfdkufü tvkyfoifowif;axmuf

tjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufü

vcpm;owif;axmuf (Staff Reporter) tjzpf0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcJYonf/

1955-56 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmtoif;ESifY jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyef

pmaytoif; (pmayAdrmef) wdkYMuD;rSL;zGifYvSpfaom owif;pmynm twwfoif

ausmif;odkYwufa&muf qnf;yl;cJY&m? owif;pmynm'Dyvdkrmudk xl;cGseftqifhjzifh

atmifjrifcJYonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf taxGaxGowif;axmuf? tm;upm;owif;axmuf? rIcif;

owif;axmuf? w&m;½Hk;owif;axmuf? ½kyf&Sifowif;axmuf? pD;yGm;a&; owif;

axmufESifY EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuftjzpf wm0eftoD;oD; xrf;aqmifcJY&onf/

1962 ckESpfwGif owif;t,f'Dwmwm0efESifY t,f'Dwmtmabmf acgif;BuD;

ydkif;a& ; t,f'Dwmwm0efudk yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJY&onf/

1980 jynfYESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufü 'kwd,t,f'DwmcsKyf &mxl;

odkY wdk;jr§ifYcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1988 ckESpf? EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;

tzJGY tpdk;&vufxufü OD;MunfñGefYtm; jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmwdkufrS vkyfom;

jynfolUaeYpOf owif;pm (jrefrm) odkY ajymif;a&TUwm0ef xrf;aqmifapcJhonf/


1993 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf owif;pm (jrefrm)udk jrefrmhtvif;

owif;pmtjzpf ajymif;vJxkwfa0&m OD;MunfñGefYtm; t,f'DwmcsKyf&mxl;odkY wdk;jrSifh

cefYtyfwm0efay;cJhonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf 2000 jynfhESpfukeftxd t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif

cJhNyD;aemuf 2001 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufü t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efrS tem;,lcJhjyD;?

tMuHay;t&m&dStjzpfESifh a&Tarmif;oH*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyf wm0efudk 2002 ckESpf

txd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf 1955 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifY

vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIa&;&maqmif;yg;rsm; c&D;oGm;pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;tygt0if?

okw? &oaqmif;yg;yk'fa& wpfaxmifausmfa&;om;cJhjyD; vHk;csif;pmtkyf (15) tkyf

a&;om;yHkEdSyfxkwfa0cJhjyD;jzpfonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf 1962 ckESpfrS 1966-ckESpftxd jrefrmjynfowif;axmuf

rsm; toif;twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efESifh jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wGif

tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if wm0efwdkYudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

1954 ckESpfwGif ]armifoif;BudKif} uavmiftrnfjzifh aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü

]emrnfwljyóem} aqmif;yg;udk a&;cJhjyD;? xdkuavmiftrnfjzifh uAsmrsm; a&;om;

cJYonf/ ]bkef;ñGefYaqG} uavmiftrnfjzifYvnf; vlxk*sme,fESifh jynfawmfopf

*sme,fwdkYwGif uAsmrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/

trnf&if;MunfñGefYjzifh 1967 ckESpfrSpí pmtkyfrsm;a&;cJhonf/ MunfñGefY

(jrefrmhtvif; ) [laom trnfjzifYvnf; a&;cJYonf/ ]]OD;Ek? OD;avm½Hk? taygif;tyg

rsm;ESifY e,fcsJU*dkPf;}} (1970) wGif cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefYuavmif trnfpwif

toHk;jyKcJhonf/

OD;MunfñGefY a&;om;xkwfa0jyD;pD;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsdKUrSm

]]cspfMunfa&;? cspfMunfa&; vkdYqkdum}} (yxrwJG-1967) 'kwd,wJG (1967) ESifh

aemufqufwJG (1968)? pDtdkifat t½IyfawmfyHkrsm; (1968)? pDtkdifatt½IyfawmfyHk

rsm;ESifh aemufqufwJG (1968)? ocifoef;xGef;\ yJcl;½dk;ray:rS aoG;pGef;aom

aeY&ufrsm; (1969)? OD;Ek OD;avm½Hk taygif;tygrsm;ESifY e,fcsJU*dkPf;? yxrwJG (1970)?


'kwd,wJG (1970)? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmhtvif;ESifY jrefrmYEdkifiHa&; (y-'k) (1970)/

owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ olwdkYb0 olwdkYtawGUtMuHK (1971)? w½kwf-jrefrm

cspfMunfa&;rSwfwrf; (1973) [lí jzpfonf/

OD;MunfñGefYonf jrefrmEdkifiHpmayESifY pme,fZif;tzJGUA[dkaumfrwDwGif A[dk

trIaqmifaumfrwD0ifwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;MunfñGef Yonf 2004 ckESpf? {jyDv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHkema&;aMumfjim/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmYcspfMunfa&; MunfñTefY? ordkif;0if ol&d,jrefrmY

tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/tvif;ESif Y jrefrmYEd kifiHa&;/


OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)OD;Munfjr (Munfjr)

owif;pmq&m OD;Munfjrudk 1918 ck? Mo*kwfv 23 &uf

aeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tzOD;pdefBuD;ESifh trda':&if wdkYu arG;zGm;

cJhonf/

OD;Munfjronf atmifeef;&dyfomtv,fwef;ausmif;? aygufNrdKif txufwef;

ausmif;ESifh A[dktrsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wdkYü ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ A[dkq&m

jzpfoifausmif;? aemfrefausmif; (wHwm;OD;? tif;0) ü q&mjzpfoifwef;wufcJhonf/

1936 ckESpfü 'dkkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udkzGifhonf/ Ouú| ocifjrarmif (xD;csKdifh) u

aqmif&Gufí OD;Munfjru twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1300 jynfh

rEÅav;ta&;awmfyHkü ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ESpfBudrf

xdef;odrf;cH&onf/

1943 ckESpfwGif tif;0aps;csKd&yfüausmif;zGifhNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfcJhonf/

ausmif;tkyfrSm trfata':tkef; jzpfonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif &efukefA[ef; oHk;xyf

ausmif;ü *syefuifaywdkiftzrf;cH&onf/ 1944 ckESpfukefcgeD;ü rEÅav; av,mOf

ypftajr§mufwyfü oifwef;wufpOf iSufzsm;a&m*g&&SdcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfrS

vGwfvyfa&;&onftxd rEÅav;c½dkif A.v.p twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhonf/

xdkaemuf jynfñGefYr*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwm? a&mifeD*sme,fESifh rEÅav;*sme,fwdkUwGif

t,f'Dwmtjzpf0ifa&mufvkyfudkifum wpfbufrSvnf; 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJh

onf/ jrefrmhvrf;pOfowif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1955 ckESpfaemufydkkif;wGif a&Tref;owif;pm (naexkwf)? a&Tref;Armhacwf

owif;pm (aemifref;acwfowif;pm)? &wemyHkowif;pOfpmapmif? rEÅav;Armh

a&SUaqmifowif;pm? yef;wdkif? uav;owif;pm ponfwdkYay:xGufvmygonf/

refae*sm'g½dkufwm OD;pdef0if;? t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;cifarmif? t,f'Dwmrsm;

tjzpf OD;bwkwf? OD;wdk;<u,f? OD;Munfjr? owif;axmufOD;udkudkav;? OD;ñGefYatmifESifh

OD;cifarmifBuD;wdkY pkaygif;vkyfudkifMuonf/

OD;Munfjronf 1952 ckESpfwGif oufxm;vHk;csif;0w¬Kudka&;om;cJhonf/ 1956

ckESpfwGif rEÅav;jrLeDpDyg,f½Hk; a&G;aumufyGJwGif wpfoD;yk*¾vtaejzifh z.q.y.v


udk,SOfNydKifcJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfrS 1978 ckESpf txd ygwDwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

1974 ckESpfwGif jynfolYvGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (rEÅav;ta&SUajrmuf) xdkYaemuf

jynfolYw&m;olBuD;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD twdkifyifcHOuú| ponfjzifh aqmif&GufcJh

onf/

OD;Munfjronf Munfjruavmiftrnfjzifh jynfolwdkU\pum;jyefpmtkyfwGif

uRefawmfjrwfEdk;aom owif;pmq&mb0 [laomaqmif;yg;a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;

aqmif;yg;wGif ]]ud k,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/udk,f hord kif;ud k,fjyefoH k;oyf&vQif uRefawmfb0pk HcJ honf/

EdkifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfhEd kifiHa&;orm;? pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? ausmif;q&m ponfh ponfh

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OD;cifarmifonf olBuD;a*Zuft,f'DwmtjzpfrS jyefMum;a&;Xme ñTefMum;

a&;0eftjzpf *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufonftxdaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfNyD;í

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&vufxufwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJY&jyefonf/ 0PÖausmfxifbGJUudkvnf; csD;jr§ifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/ rusef;rmí

tvkyfrS EkwfxGufcJYonf/ *syefacwf t"dywda'gufwmbarmftpdk;& vufxuf

ynmpG,fpHkusrf;xkwfa0&ef pDpOf&mwGif OD;cifarmifonf wm0efcHwpfOD; jzpfonf/

tbd"mefXmetzGJYi,fwGifvnf;aumif;? twkdifyifcH pmwnf;tzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;

yg0ifcJYonf/

OD;cifarmifonf 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv? 21 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ukd;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;? pm -21/


OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)OD;cifarmif ( owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmykH)

owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifudk tz ajrydkif½Sif [m*sD

OD;tyÜ'ltmZpf? trd a':rJ'gZGefwdkYrS {&m0wDwkdif;? zsmyHkc½kdif?

zsmyHkNrdKU? trSwf - 108? 11 vrf;? 10 &yfuGufwGif 1914

ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 3 &ufü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;cifarmifonf zsmyHkNrdKU? [dkufpul;ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm 7 wef; txd

ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ i,fpOfuyif owif;pmynmudk qnf;yl;cJYonf/ OD;cifarmif

onf 1957 ckESpfwGif vif;,kefaeYpOf owif;pm? 1958 ckESpfwGif oHrPdaeYpOf

owif;pm? 1959 ckESpfwGif bGif;bGif; aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYESifh 1961 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv

txd jynfolYtdk;a0 aeYpOfowif;pm\ zsmyHkNrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJY

onf/ owif;a&;om;rIESifY ywfoufjyD;? owif;pmq&m OD;ndKjr\ csD;usL;jcif;udk

cHcJY&onf/

OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkwpfae&mwGif ]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd]]ukd,fusdK;udk rw&m;&SmazGvkdolrsm;? txd

emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;emjcif;rSm raxmif;wmvSyg/ odkYaomffvnf; ½kd;om;olrsm;? ukd,fusdK;r&Smwwfolrsm;

tvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfhtvdrfcH&jcif;rSmrl 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ twkta,mif aqmifMuonfh

vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhvlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf&SmazGNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifh

onf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukdonf/ wm0efodaom owif;axmufrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;odkYaom trIrsm;ukd

azmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Sufazmfxkwfjcif;? vdrfolukd&atmif&SmazGNyD;? rsufESmzHk;cGmjyjcif;? tvdrfcH&oluyg r&Suf

raMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifhraMumufoufqkdif&modkY wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;jzifh xda&mufpGm[efYwm;wkdufxkwfoifh

onf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;omonf/ vlvdrf? vlaumufrsm;[lonf wkdif;jynftwGuf qefukefajrav;rsm;om

jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}}jzpfonf}} [k rSwfom;xm;onfudk zwf&onf/

OD;cifarmifonf zsmyHkNrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf 1962

ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif zsmyHkNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm 6.4.1958/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/owif;axmufcef Ypmrsm;/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/bGif;bGif;aeYpOf/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/jynfolUtd k;a0aeYpOf/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/OD;cifarmif\ rSwfpkrsm;/


OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)OD;cifarmif&D (pdefcifarmif&D)

owif;pmq&m pdefcifarmif&D trnfcH OD;cifarmif&Dudk

uG,fvGefolpma&;q&m ykvdyf t&m&SdwpfOD;trnfcH c½dkif&J0ef

OD;baomf (jypfrIr*¾Zif; pwif xlaxmifol) ESifh a':rrav;wdkYu

1925 ckESpf? rHk&GmNrdKUteD;? tvHk&GmwGif zGm;jrifonf/ uavmif

trnfrSm pdefcifarmif&D jzpfonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf rkH&GmNrdKU? Ak'bmomtxufwef;ausmif;wGif aepOfuwnf;

u e,fowif;axmuftjzpf owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;ESif h aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&;om;cJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif rHk&Gmc½dkiftm½Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk; ÓPAvrSL;tjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;c½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/S 1949 ckESpfwGif &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU0if

ESifh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIBudK;udkifaumfrwD0ifjzpfcJhonf/ ya'omr*¾Zif;wGif

t,f'DwmjzpfcJhonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} ]]eef;NrdKif}} ]],Ofndrf;}} paomuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh

0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfbmomjyefrsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfrS 1956 ckESpftwGif;

owif;pm avmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhNyD; pD;yGm;a&;? tdk;a0? Arm0g'? ArmhacwfESifh ,leD,H

a*Zufowif;pmrsm;wGif owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ aMu;rHkowif;pm

xkwfa0&ef owif;pmwdkufwnfaxmif&mwGif wnfaxmifolwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;

yg0ifcJhonf/ aMu;rHkowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf 1963 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvtxd

vkyfudkifcJhonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif 1959 ckESpfrS 1965

ckESpftxd twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1962 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;

aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH ½kyf½SifqifqmtzGJU0iftjzpf

vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1957-58 ckESpfwGif wm½Sfuiftm½Stmz&du pma&;

q&m nDvmcHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1963 ckESpfwGif owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJU0ifwpfOD;

tjzpf t*FvefEdkifiHodkU oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1968 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif tdk;a0


*sme,fwm0efcH t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1969 ckESpf? {NyDvrS pí jzL?

eD? ñdk? jym r*¾Zif;udk wm0efcHxkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf jyZmwfrsm;a&;om;cJh&m ajrydkif&SifOD;uHaumif;ESifh orD;rsm;?

Muufuif? 'dkif;añ§mifh? rsufESmzHk;ESifh tjcm;jyZmwfpmayrsm;jzpfonf/ bmomjyef

pmtkyfrsm;tjzpf ,Ofndrf;uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}}]]olcd k;ESif ht½dk;cHrav;}} ]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m]]qdkzD,m

avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} avmh&if}} pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/

]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} ]]temw[ef}} bmomjyefpmtkyfjzifh 1985 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmayqk? bmom

jyefokwqk &&SdcJhonf/ OD;cifarmif&Donf oDcsif;rsm;vnf;a&;om;cJh&m apmif;odef;az

oDqdkaom ]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}}]]aiGn§dKUyif}} oDcsif;onf OD;cifarmif&D\ xif&Sm;aom vuf&mjzpfonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf ½kyf½SifZmwfñGef;rsm;udkvnf;a&;cJh&m ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ]]a&Tvufjzifh ac:vJ

rvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwrvm}} ]]trGefuwpfbuf? olwdkYuwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}}uwpfbuf}} ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;wdkYudk a&;om;cJh

onf/

pmayESifhpme,fZif;tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfol OD;cifarmif&Donf ruG,fvGefrDtxd

ra[oDr*¾Zif;wGif yifwdkif½kyf½Sif a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;ESifh tjcm;r*¾Zif;pmapmifrsm;

wGif ½kyf½Sif? tEkynmjyZmwfqdkif&maqmif;yg;? bmomjyefrsm;? 0w¬Krsm; trsm;tjym;

a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;cifarmif&Donf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

onf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm-189/


OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)OD;cifarmifvwf (cifarmifvwf)

owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifvwfudk 1915 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

24 &ufwGif zcifOD;ñGefY ESifY trd a':cifoGJU wdkYu rHk&GmNrdKUü

arG;zGm;onf/ 1920 jynfY ,leDAmpDwD tufOya'udk uefYuGufaom

ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rS aygufzGm;onhf ]]ae&Sife,fausmif;}} ac:

]]trsdK;om;ausmif;}} rsm;ay:aygufvmaomtcg rHk&GmNrdKU q&mBuD; OD;azBuD;rSL;aom

ae;&Sif;ausmif;wGif 9 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 10 wef;a&mufaomtcg

q&mBuD; OD;cBuD;rSL;aom rHk&GmAk'bmomtxufwef;ausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUí ynm

oif,lcJYonf/ xdk ausmif;rS 10 wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/

1936 ckESpfwGif bHkabbm;rm;opfukrÜPDwGif tvkyfpwifvkyfudkifcJYonf/

xdkYaemuf pDtdkif'DpHkaxmuf½Hk;wGif jrefrmt*Fvdyfbmomjyeftvkyfudk vkyfudkifcJYonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; *syefuay;aom jrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif EkdifiHjcm;½Hk;ü

EkdifiHjcm;a&;vufaxmuftwGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif

t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom (jynfolY&du©maxmufyHYa&;tzGJY) wGif owif;

qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/

1948 ckESpfwGif oufBuD;wuúodkvfodkYwufí bDat (B.A) pmar;yGJudk ajzqdk

atmifjrifcJYonf/

&efukefwuúodkvfwGif t*Fvdyfpmenf;jyq&mvkyf&if; trfat (M.A) bGJU

&&SdcJYonf/ vufaxmufuxdu tjzpfrS tvkyfxGufí jyifyt*Fvdyfpmoifwef;rsm;

udk zGifYvSpfydkYcscJYonf/

1964 ckESpfrS 1968 ckESpftxd ]]vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf}} t*Fvdyfowif;pm

''The Working People's Daily'' wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/

OD;cifarmifvwfa&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;rSm (1) Everyday Expression inEnglish? (2) t*Fvdyfpm wwfvdkaomf? (3) Exercises on Everyday Expression inEnglish wdkYjzpfMuonf/

OD;cifarmifvwfonf 1996 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeUwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/ q&mOD;cifarmifvwf\ZeD;rSm owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD;

a':cifrsKd;cspfjzpfonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1997) pm - 174


OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)OD;cifarmifOD; (taxmufawmftkef;jrifh)

owif;pmq&m OD;cifarmifOD;udk wGif;pm;½dk; OD;tkef;wif

trd a':cif*srf;wdkYrS 1920 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif

rif;bl;NrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1937 ckESpfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS

10 wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆm (*kPfxl;) bGJY

&cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf; (tBuD;wef;) pmar;yGJajzqdk atmifjrif

um e,fydkif0efaxmuftjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/

1947 ckESpfwGif 0efxrf;b0rSEkwfxGufNyD; ]]Armhacwf}}owif;pmt,f'Dwm

tjzpfESifY owif;pmavmuodkYpwif 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif ]]ae;&Sif;}}

t*Fvdyfowif;pmodkY owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfajymif;a&TUxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ae;&Sif;

(NATION) owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufpOf ''Inside Burma'' acgif;pOf

jzifY jrefrmjynfwGif;jzpfysufaeaompD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifY aomif;usef;olrsm;ta&;

wdkYudk t*FvdyfbmomjzifYaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ay;ydkYcJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif

]]taxmufawmf}} owif;pmudkwnfaxmifumxkwfa0olESifY t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf

1963 ckESpftxd wm0ef,lcJYonf/ taxmufawmftkef;jrifYtjzpf xifay:ausmfMum;

cJYonf/

OD;cifarmifOD;onf jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? pmaypdppfa&;ESifh owif;

axmufvSrf;a&;XmecGJwGifvnf; 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf 1965 ckESpfrS 1970

jynfYESpftxd xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mtoif;\

pwkw¬r@dKif a&TwHqdyfqk (taumif;qHk;owif;qk) csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/ 1965 ckESpfrS

1975 ckESpftxd ]]*g;'D;,ef;}} (t*Fvdyf) owif;pmwGif ATTOM uavmiftrnfjzifY

yifwdkifaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ owif;pmq&mtjzpf 1948 ckESpfwGif NAdwdef

EdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1953 ckESpfwGif befaumufNrdKUü usif;yaom av;EdkifiH

uGefz&ifYokdYvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpfwGif usL;ausmfolautrfwD w½kwfjzLrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS qkwfcGmyGJowif;,l&ef xdkif;EdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif;? 1956 ckESpf


wGif tpöa&;? NAdwdefESifY Oa&mywdkufEdkifiHrsm;odkY vnf;aumif;? 1961 ckESpfwGif

awmifAD,uferfEdkifiH or®wa&G;yGJ? taemuf*smreD? jyifopf? NAdwdef? tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkESifY *syefEkdifiHokdYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufavYvmcJYonf/

OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1955-56 ckESpfwGifjrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;

tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1956 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,Ouú| tjzpfvnf;

aumif;? &efukefwyfuvyfESifY ,leD,HuvyfwdkYwGif tzGJU0ifvlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1961 ckESpfrS 1963 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;aumifpD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;

xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,k0wD*sme,ft,f'DwmcsKyf ]],k0wD apmvSjrifY}} ESifY 1946

ckESpfwGif vufxyfonf/ om;wpfa,mufxGef;um;cJYonf/

OD;cifarmifOD;\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfwpftkyfrSm ]]cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?

vufeufu,fpHktnDeJY}} pmtkyf jzpfonf/

OD;cifarmifOD;onf 1986 ckESpf? ZGefv (21) &ufaeYwGif &efukefü uG,fvGefcJY

onf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?taxmufawmf tkef; jrif Y ? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f?

vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/vufeufu,fpH ktnDeJ Ypmtkyf/


a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)a':cifjr (cifrsdK;cspf)

owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; cifrsKd;cspftrnfcH

a':cifjrudk 1915 ck? arv 1 &ufaeYwGif tz &mZ0wf

0efaxmuf OD;awmf? trd a':yef;wif wdkYu ppfudkif;NrdKUü arG;zGm;

cJhonf/ trnf&if;rSm rcifjr jzpfaomfvnf; uavmiftrnf

a':cifrsdK;cspfonfyif trnf&if;uJhodkYwGifonf/ rdcifbufrS tbdk;rSm pwk&*FAvbGJY&

jrefrmynm&Sd ausmufpm½Hkpma&;BuD; OD;azjzpfonf/

a':cifjronf jynfNrdKUtpdk;&ausmif;? o&ufNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;?

rdw¬DvmtrsdK;om;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1932

ckESpfwGif rdw¬DvmtrsdK;om;ausmif;rS wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifonf/ 1932 - 33

ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvfü ynmoif,lonf/ yxrESpfoifMum;NyD; ausmif;rS xGuf

onf/ 1932-1933 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfausmif;wdkufr*¾Zif;? 0oEÅpmapmifwGif

qm0gvwmpaumh\ uAsmwpfyk'fudkrSD;í Zmwdrmef? wdkYjynfwdkUajr[laom aw;xyf

ESpfyk'ftjzpf jrefrmrIjyKa&;om;cJhonf/ uavmiftrnf cifrsdK;cspf[k t,f'Dwm

tzGJUu uavmiftrnfwyf azmfjyay;cJhonf/ 1933-1934 ckESpfwGif '*kefr*¾Zif;ü

pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif wdk;wufa&;ESifh bm;rm;*sme,f t,f'Dwm

tzGJU0if yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&SifjzpfcJhonf/

1938ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfwGif a':cifrsdK;cspfonf a&SUqHk;rStvHudkif

csDwufvmcJh&m twGif;0ef½Hk;teD;wGif ykvdyf½dkufí vJusoGm;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 28 &uf tv,fypö,Htpnf;ta0;ü 91 Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; jzKwfcs&ef

ESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefonfrsm;oydwfarSmuf&ef toufpGefYí wdkufzsuf&ef ponfjzifh

tqdkwifoGif;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf t*Fvdyfowif;pm

t,f'DwmcsKyf? EdkifiHh*kPf&nf'kwd,qifh OD;cifarmifvwfESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ 1947

ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1948 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;ol*sme,f

t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1952 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS0dZÆmbJGU &&SdcJhonf/ 1949-

1950wGif pmayAdrmefpmjyK? 1956-1958 ckESpfwGif *g;'D;,ef; t*Fvdyfowif;pm


t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? 1962-67 ckESpfwGif vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf t*Fvdyfowif;pm

t,f'Dwm? 1971 ckESpfwGif rdom;pktwGufaysmfawmfquf[mopmapmif wm0efcH

t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1941-1945 *syefacwf bD'Datppf½Hk;ütrIxrf;onf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif

]]*syefacwfoHk;ESpfwm}} Three Years Under the Japs udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh

yxrqHk;vHk;csif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh yxrOD;qHk;vHk;csif;rSm 1936

ckESpfwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrSyHkESdyfxkwfa0aom ]]aumvdyfausmif;ol}}jzpfonf/

1947 ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH? e,l;a'vDNrdKUüusif;yonfh tm&Swdkufqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rI

nDvmcHodkYwufa&mufcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf &efukefwuúodkvfü ynm

jyefvnfqnf;yl;&m 1952 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY (t*Fvdyfpmt"du) udk &&SdcJhonf/

1956 ckESpf? arvxkwf *g;'D;,ef;r*¾Zif;yg 13 &wDpdefBuD;0w¬Kudk *smref?

tl&'l? ,l*kdqvyf? tDwmvsHbmomtoD;oD;odkY jyefqdkcJhMuonf/ 1970 jynfhESpf

ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS pma&;q&mrsm;twGufusif;yaom t*Fvdyfbmom

0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJwGif Her In finite Variety 0w¬Kwdkjzifh yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/

a':cifjronf wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfbmom&yfudk txl;

avhvmvdkufpm;onff/ t*Fvdyf? jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;\ pmayrsm;udk zwf½I

avhvmNyD;? bmomjyefaqmif;yg;rsm;vnf;a&;om;cJhonf/

jrefrmbmomjzifha&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm aumvdyfausmif;ol

(1936)? ppfolvQdKrsm; (1939)? ppfaESmifBudK; (1940)? bkef;r,fhocif (1940)?

vlYrkefwdkif; (1941)? Armjynfrdef;rjyóem (1946)? armifwdkY a,muFsm; (1948)?

&dyfom,m (1951)? owif;pmavmu (1952)? tysif;ajzenf; (1953)? urÇmausmf

pmESifh pum; (1954)? &SdwfpyD;,m;yHkjyifrsm; yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ (1954)? ESpfavmu

wdkufyGJ(1969)? wdkYvluav;rsm; qdkoav;(1970)? rdkufu,ftdef*svdk (1947)?

pGefYcJh&uRefrb0yg&Sif (1976)? Oa&my,Ofaus;rI tEkynmrdwfquf (1976)?

t*FvdyfpmwwfvdkaomfESifh pmtkyfpifaus;Zl; (1979)? avmuZmwfcHk ZmwfcHkavmu

(1996)? udkif;ajymvdkufprf;r,f aomif;ajymif;axGvm (1999)? Oa&mypmay

(1970)? aomrwf[m'D (1951)? 'if;epf0SpfvD (1969) wdkYjzpfMuyg onf/


t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;cJhaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm Three Years Under

The Jpas (1945), Thirteen Carat Diamond and Other Stories (1969), Anawyahta

of Burma (1970), Flowers and Festivals Round the Bumese Years (1980), A

Wonder Land of Burmese Legends (1981), Gift of Laughter (1995) wdkYjzpfMuonf/

1983ckESpf rwfvwGif armfuGef;0ifwwd,tqifh qkwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ppfBudKacwfü a':cifjronf trsdK;orD;rsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;udk r@dKifxm;í

pme,fZif;tapmifapmifü aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 7.1.1939 aeYxkwf

'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif ]]aemifukdppfyGJwkdif; qifETJyg&ap}} [kvnf;aumif;? 21.9.1974

aeYxkwf ,k0wD*sme,fwGif eykdvD,ef\ tcspfZmwfvrf;ESifh tjcm;acgif;pOfrsm;

jzpfaom ]]rlqkdvkdeD ZeD;[m jrefrmvm;}}? ]]ukd,fhb0ukd,fMunfh}} aqmif;yg;a&;om;

cJhonf/

t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomvHk;wGif ausmfMum;aomowif;pmq&m? rsdK;cspf

acgif;aqmifESifh pma&;q&mrBuD; a':cifjrrSm 1999 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 2 &ufaeYwGif

&efukefNrdKUvSnf;wef;? jynf&dyfom trSwf (508^5) aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/ pm-159-162/


OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)OD;cspfñdk (usm;bodef;)

owif;pmq&m OD;cspfñdk udk 1924 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif

tz OD;zdk;rif; (OD;rif;) ESifh trd a':rrBuD; wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU?

ppfudkif;wef;&yfü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ usm;bodef; [kvlodrsm;onf/

vufa0SYausmf usm;bndrf;\ nDjzpfonf/ trnf&if;rSm

OD;bodef; jzpfonf/

OD;cspfñdkonf rEÅav;pdef*sKd;Zuf'dkiftdkESifh 0ufpvD,Hausmif;wdkYwGif ynm

oif,lcJhonf/ pmay*DwESifh tEkynm 0goemxHkonf/ q,fwef;txdynmoif,lcJhNyD;

a&'D,dkatmfya&wmoifwef; wufa&mufcJhonf/

1945 ckESpfwGif vlxk*sme,fü wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf bmomjyefqdkif&m

wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xkdtcgrSpí bmomjyef0w¬K&Snfrsm; a&;om;cJh

onf/ vlxk*sme,f&yfoGm;aomtcg vlxkowif;pmaeYydkif;qdkif&m owif;t,f'Dwm

tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf 1952 ckESpf txd

vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif cspfñdkyHkESdyfwdkuf? rEÅav;pmtkyfwdkkufudk wnfaxmifcJh

onf/ ½Ir0? jr0wD? aoG;aomufESifh tjcm;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬K&SnfESifh

0w¬Kwdkrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/

jrefrmusm;upm;avmuwGif xif&Sm;onfh usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfudk jrefrm

jynfwGif yxrqHk;tBudrfxkwfa0cJhonf/

1955 ckESpfavmufrSpí "mwfyHkarmufvkyfief;udk wDxGifvkyfudkifcJhNyD; cspfñdk

yHkESdyfwdkkufESifh "mwfyHkarmufvkyfief;udk OD;pD;NyD;vkyfudkifcJhonf/

OD;cspfndKonf rEÅav;NrdKU jynfBuD;usufoa&&yfuGuf y.x.p jrLvlBuD;

tjzpf 1960-62 ckESpftxd ta½G;cHcJh&onf/

OD;cspfñdkonf vGwfvyfa&;acgif;avmif; (1946)? tar (1950)? udk,fhtrsKd;

cspfolrdkY (ESpfwGJ - 1952)? avol&Jr,f (1954)? cspfwpfaeY aowpfaeY (1958)?

[laombmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/


xdkYtjyif udk,fa&;0w¬Kwdkrsm;udkpkaygif;í ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} ]]oHk;wvyfESifh0w¬Kwdkrsm;}} (1958)

udkvnf; xkwfa0cJhonf/ pepfwus usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfudkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkcJh

onf/

q&mOD;cspfñdk\ aemufqHk;a&;vufppmrlrSm ]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}]]uRefawmfhtpfudkusm;bndrf;}}

pmrlyifjzpfonf/

q&mOD;cspfñdkonf 1987 ckESpf? arv 10 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJh

onf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-220-221/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef?pm-45/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?½Ir0pmwnf;tzGJ Y? 0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? ½Ir0 (ZGefv?

1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/1987) pm-149/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/ema&;aMumfjim? aMu;rHk (11.5.87)/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;?rdk;a0pmwnf;tzGJU0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;? rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?rdk;a0 (ZGefv?

1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/1987) pm-136/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-rk d;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? (Ek d0ifbm? 1987) pm-

21/21/21/21/21/

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m

100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/100? pm- 125-126/


OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)OD;cspfarmif (*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif

tjzpfxif&Sm;cJhaom owif;pmq&mOD;cspfarmifudk om,m0wD

c½dkif? tkwfzdkNrdKUwGif tbOD;jrESifh trda':apm,k wdkYrS 1913 ck?

Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf/ a':apm,k\ zcifrSm

t*FvdyfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;,lpOfu awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&if;

usqHk;cJhaom a&Tusif0efBuD; OD;Muifjzpfonf/

1930 jynfhavmufrSpí OD;cspfarmifonf owif;axmuf? owif;pmq&m?

pma&;q&mESifh rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfMuD;wpfOD;tjzpf ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonf/ *sme,fausmf

owif;pOfudk xkwfa0ojzifhvnf; ]]*sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmif}} [k jrefrmEdkifiH wpf0ef;

vHk; ydkrdkxif&Sm; vlodrsm;vmcJhonf/

OD;cspfarmifonf i,fpOfuvufyHwef;NrdKUwGif ynmoif,lcJh&onf/ vufyH

wef;NrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmtdk atmifxGef;u ausmif;

xm;ay;onf/ 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? jrefrm? &mZ0if*kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJh

onf/ ,if;ausmif;üyif acwåausmif;q&mtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf

vufyHwef;NrdKUrS &efukefNrdKUodkY pmtkyf0,f&ef acwåvma&muf&mrSwpfcgwnf; rjyef

awmhbJ? ]]aemf&xmowif;pmwdkuf}} wGif 0ifa&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifawmhonf/

xdkYaemuf ]]aps;EIef;owif;pmwdkuf}} ESifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkuf}} rsm;wGif

0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ OD;cspfarmifonf ÓPfxufjrufoljzpfí tvkyfudkrem;rae

BudK;pm;vkyfudkifonf/ pmudk tNrJrjywfzwfavh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif jrefrmhtvif;

owif;pmwdkufwGif nt,f'Dwmb0rSt,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpfodk Ya&mufatmif

tqifhqifh wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t,f'Dwmb0rjzpfcif vef'efrSaeí jrefrmh

tvif;owif;axmuftjzpfjzifh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ydkYay;onf/ wdkif;jynfwdkif;

jzpfysufaeaomEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk waphwapmif; avhvmtuJcwfvmcJh

onf/ b0wdk;wufa&;twGufvnf; t*Fvdyfpmudk tcsdef&Sdoí avhvmqnf;yl;

cJhonf/


OD;cspfarmifonf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfjzifh wm0ef,l

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wGif OD;apmOD;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmh½kyf&SiftzGJUvnf; yg0ifonf/

1962 ckESpf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;

0efBuD;|meü OD;apmOD;tm; wGJzuftwGif;0efESifh ay:vpDñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf cefYtyf

wm0efay;cJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\t"dutESpfom&jzpfaom 0g'oabm

w&m;a&;&mpmwrf;rsm; jyKpka&;om;aomtzGJU0ifoHk;OD;ygaumfrwDwGif OD;apmOD;vnf;

yg0ifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tmabmfjzpfaom vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf


owif;pmjrefrmESifh t*FvdyftywfpOfxkwfa½SUodkYpmapmifrsm; toGifopfjzifh wpfEdkifiH

vHk;odkUpwifxkwfa0jzefYcsd&mwGif t"dujyKpkysKd;axmifay;ol oHk;OD;teuff OD;apmOD;

vnf; wpfOD;tyg0ifjzpfcJhonf/

vrf;pOfygwDwGif OD;apmOD;onf ygwDXmecsKyfynma&;XmeBuD; aumfrwD0if

ESifh t,f'DwmcsKyf? A[dkaumfrwD0if? ygwDpme,fZif;XmerSL;tjzpf nDvmcHoHk;acwf

txdqufwdkuf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ yxrtBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfü

ppfudkif;wdkif;? 'DyJ,if;NrdKUe,frSta&G;cH&onf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif usef;rma&;t&

EdkifiHa&;rStNidrf;pm;,lvdkufNyD; bmomw&m;bufodkU vHk;0a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/

1980 jynfhESpfwGif EdkifiH*kPf&nfyxrqifh csD;jr§ifhcHcJh&onf/ pma&;q&m?

owif;pmq&mb0jzifh 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K½Snf? aqmif;yg;? acgif;BuD; ponfhjzifh ajrmufjrm;

pGma&;om;cJhonf/

OD;apmOD;\ ausmfMum;onfhvHk;csif;rsm;rSm Mu,feDcifjzL? apmOD;\pm? ½k½Sm;

pma&;q&ma*:uD\ urÇmausmf0w¬K udkjyefqdkonfh tar (yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ)

rsm;jzpfMuonf/

OD;apmOD;\ wpfrdk;aomufaomf0w¬KrSm rMumcPjyef½kduf&onfomru?

'g½dkufwmarmifarmifaomif;u o½kyfaqmif aumvdyf*sifae0if;? AdkvfAudk? tqdkawmf

rif;aemif? cifoef;EkwdkUyg0ifum ½kyf½Sifum;BuD;tjzpf½kduful;wifjycJhzl;onf/

OD;apmOD;onf 1991 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpö

a&mufcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1992) pm - 204/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/pm - 99 - 101/


OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)OD;pd k;armif (om*& ipdk;)

owif;pmq&m om*&ipkd;trnfcH OD;pd k;armifonf

a&S;a[mif;trnftm;jzifY om*&NrdKU[kwGifaom xm;0,fNrdKUwGif

tb OD;vl'ifESifY trd a':tkef;arwdkYrS 1915 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJY

onf/

xm;0,fNrdKU? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif aepOfuyif 0goemtavsmuf

aqmif;yg;? 0w¬Krsm;a&;&if; owif;axmufvkyfcJYonf/ wuúodkvfodkYa&mufaom

tcgwGif acwfprf;q&mrsm;toiftjyudk cH,l&NyD;aemuf pma&;q&m? owif;

axmuftjzpfESifYyif usifvnfaysmfydkufcJYvsuf ol&d, OD;odef;armif? OD;zdk;usm;? q&m

yDrdk;eif;? q&ma&TrQm;? r[maqGponfY pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;ESifY &if;ESD;cJYonf/ 1936

ckESpf? 1938 ckESpf wuúodkvfoydwfrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfwGifaepOf

yif;,ausmif;aqmif r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufonfomru wuúodkvf

or*¾? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; 1938 ckESpf jrefrmpmu@pmwnf;tjzpf a&G;aumufjcif;

cH&onf/

odkY&mwGif ,if;tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rSmrxkwfjzpfcJYay? *syefacwf pma&;q&mtoif;

wGif pmMunfYwdkufrSL;vkyfudkif&if; *syefwdkYxkwfa0aom *&dwfwm;at;&Sm;wGif

t,f'Dwm0ifvkyfonf/ xdkYaemuf ArmYumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? jynfolUqufqHa&;

XmewGif owif;jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;okdkYaqmif&GufcJY

onfYtwGuf acwfoHk;acwfwdkufyGJ0ifwHqdyfrsm;teuf? vGwfvyfa&;pnf;½Hk;rI wHqdyf

ESifY armfuGef;0if wwd,tqifYcsD;jrSifYjcif; cHcJY&onf/

ppfNyD;acwfü Burma Time owif;pm? ArmYacwfowif;pmwdk YwGif

vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? (bmomjyef t,f'Dwm) tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfrjzpfrD

u pme,fZif;rsm;wGif pmrsdK;pHka&;om;cJYonf/ jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif

vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? wGJbuft,f'Dwm? 1951 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ vkyfom;ydkif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif taxGaxGtkyfcsKyf

a&;rSL;ESifY t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfqufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ om*& ipkd;

uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;ajrmufjrm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/ t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf


rS 1980 jynfYESpfwGif oufjynfYtNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/

OD;pdk;armifonf ½k&SEkdifiH? w½kwfEkdifiH? NAdwdefEdkifiH? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk?

*syefEkdifiH? ta&SU*smreDEdkifiH? tEd´,EdkifiH? xdkif;? pifumyl? rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;?

jyifopf? tmz*efepöwefrsm;odkY owif;pmq&m tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI

tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1981 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd ½kyf&Sif

qifqmbkwftzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynfhESpfrSpí tu,f'rD a&G;cs,fa&;

tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jrefrmpmtzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf

uG,fvGefonftxd xrf;aqmifoGm;cJYonf/

xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm edyGef,Ofaus;rIordkif;? wpfjynfolrykvJ? uRef;vS

om,m? 'pövif;\ aysmfp&m tzHkzHkokcbHk? tpdk;&{nfYonf? 0ef;odkapmfbGm;BuD;

OD;atmifjrwf? Ak'öydwfawmf? ukodem½Hk pmtkyfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;pdk;armifu ]]owif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvmowif;pmq&mb0udk0ifrd NyD; owif;pmq&mjzpfvm

onfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO fonfE Si f Y trSe fw&m;bufr S &y fwnf&aomtaMumif;rsm;E Si f h ae YpO f

ae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi fae Ywd ki f ; awG Y&ayawmYonf/ trSe fw&m;bufr S&y fwnf&onfud kyi f

rnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyfrnfonfYtEÅ&m,frsdK;ESif h awGU& ygap? owif;pmq&monf 0rf;omauseyf

MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&MunfEl;íaerdonf/ aus;Zl;wH k Y jyefvmvQif owif;pmq&monf tm;&

&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf&Tifvef;jcif;rsdK;xl;xl;uJuJrjzpf? aus;Zl;wkH Y jyefjcif;r&SdbJ arYavsmYaeonf

udkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faomudkvnf; owif;pmq&monf 0rf;renf;? rdrdwm0efonf tm;i,faom

vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;vlwef;pm;bufrS &yfwnf&rnfudk rsm;vSpGmaom owif;pmusif Y0wfrsm;

teuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onfteuf wpfckjzpfonfudk cH,lxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ owif;pmq&mb0onf

xd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky fxd ktodcH,lcsufrsm;ud k wjznf;jznf; &if Yusufapvmonf[kyif uREf ky f

awGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonfawGYBuHKcJ Y&aom jzpfpOfrsm;u oufaocHayonf}} [kowif;pmq&m cspfMunf

a&; MunfñGefYtm; ajymjycJYonf[k rSwfom;&onf/

OD;pdk;armifonf 1998 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\

olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGUtBuHK pm - 91-117/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/pm - 82 - 83/


a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)a':pef; (tif'Dyif;'ifha':pef;)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif trsdK;orD;t,f'Dwm?

aqmif;yg;&Sif? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;wGif yxrqHk;trsdK;orD;

owif;pmq&mr? owif;pmxkwfa0olpaom*kPfyk'f trsdK;rsdK;

jzifYxifay:ausmfMum;cJYaom tif'Dyif;'ifY a':pef;udk ukefonf

BuD; OD;zdef;ESifY trd a':½IwdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU? a&Tjcnfxdk;&yfwGif

1886 ckESpfu arG;zGm;cJYonf/

i,frnfrSm rpef;,Hkjzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayy&d,wådbufü txl;arGYavsmf

vdkufpm;cJYNyD;? o'goN*ØK[f? &mZ0if? r[m0if? ysdKU? uAsmpmayrsm;wGif 0goemygonf/

i,fpOfu jrefrmpmckepfwef;ESifY tpdk;&ynmawmfoifqkudk&&SdcJYNyD; armfvNrdKif

armfwifvdef;rS q&mjzpfatmifí awmifilaemfrHausmif;wGif q&mrwm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ q&mOD;<uufESifYtdrfaxmifjyKcJY&mrS om;orD;oHk;a,muf

xGef;um;cJYonf/ ynmtkyfuawmfb0jzifh rkqdk;rjzpfcJY&onf/ pmayjzifY arGYavsmfcJYol

yDyD ausmif;q&mrb0jzifhyif owif;pmr*¾Zif;rsm;ü aqmif;yg;0w¬Krsm;a&;í

cifpef;Munf[laom uavmiftrnfudk&cJYonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif; 0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJü yxr

&&SdonfupNyD; xif&Sm;vmchJonf/ a':pef;onf ynmtvif;r*¾Zif;\ rmwvd

0doBuHKtcef;wGif ]]Ak'¨bmomjrefrmr}} ]]ykPÖrD}} uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY EdkifiHa&;

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJYonf/ owif;pmavmuESifY qufoG,frdaomtcg ynmrif;BuD;

\ csKyfcs,fwm;jrpfjcif;udk cHcJY&onf/ owif;pmavmuESifY &if;ESD;vm&mrS ol&d,

owif;pmt,f'Dwm OD;boef;ESifY vufqufcJYNyD; q&mrtvkyfrS xGufum 1922

ckESpfwGif &efukefokdYajymif;a&TUvmcJYonf/ xdkYaemuftdrfaxmifa&; tqifrajyojzifY

vlcsif;cGJcJY&onf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif rdrdydkifvuf0wf&wemrsm;udk xkcGJa&mif;csí

&efukefNrdKUvrf; (40) ü tif'Dyif;'ifY tywfpOfowif;pmudk pGefYpm;wnfaxmifcJYonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfay;aecdkuf ]]tdkif;&pf}} owif;pm\

trnfudk oabmusNyD; jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;ESifY qDavsmfatmif ]]tif'Dyif;'ifY}}

owif;pm[ktrnfay;cJY&jcif;jzpfonf/ trsdK;orD;wpfa,muftaejzifY owif;pmudk

OD;pD;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSay/ acgif;BuD;ydkif;? ra&Taus;'dkif,m&D? OD;uGmpdtar;


tajzcef;? pmwdkufcef;? rmwvd0doBuHKEdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;udkvnf;wpfOD;wnf;

'dkifcHa&;om;&onf/ t,f'Dwmtvkyftjyif? owif;vdkuf aMumfjimvdkuf? aMumfjim

awmif;cHjcif;tjyif om;orD;rsm;udkauR;arG;jyKpk&jcif; paomtvkyfwm0efrsm;ukdyg

vlwpfudk,f acgif;q,fvHk;odrf;usKH;ívkyfcJY&onf/ 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif OD;bcsdKESifY

tjyeftvSefa&;MuyHkudk vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/

1929-30 ckESpfwGif apmifa&wdk;vmaomowif;pmtwGuf wpfOD;wnf;

rEdkifojzifY nDrrsm;jzpfMuaom a':pef;zHk ESifYa':pef;&SifwdkYu ]]aiGaomfwm}} ]]pE´m

aiG&nf}} ponfYuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY a&;om;ulnDcJYMuonf/ OD;uGmpdtcef;ESifY

acgif;BuD;ydkif;rS NAdwdoQtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfyHkudk jyif;xefpGm a0zefcJYojzifY rMumcP

owday;ta&;,ljcif;cH&onf/

1939 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 29 &ufaeYwGif tdE´d,jrefrmt"du½kPf;jzpfMuí

tif'Dyif;'ifYowif;pmwdkufzsufqD;jcif; cHcJY&onf/ owif;pmoufwrf; (11)ESpf

MumcJYNyD;umrS owif;pmwdkufudk ydwfNyD; tem;,lcJY&onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;wGif

a':'*kefcifcifav;ESifYoGm;a&mufaexdkifNyD; ,k0wD*sme,ft,f'DwmtzGJY0ifwpfOD;

tjzpf a':uGmpdtrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtoHvTifYXmerS

vnf; axG&mpdwful;tcef;rSaeí toHvTifYcJY&m y&dowft BudKufawGYcJYonf/

jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;üomru urÇmYEkdifiHa&;udkygtjrifus,fus,fjzifY a0zef

a&;om;EdkifcJYonf/ ol\uavmifxufjruf pl;&SojzifY NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ rMumcP

owday;jcif;cHcJY&onf/ trsdK;orD;t,f'DwmwpfOD;taejzifY tkyfcsKyfa&;avmuukd

tqifYtwef;jrifYjrifY a0zefoHk;oyfol wpfOD;tjzpfausmfMum;cJYonf/

bD;qHywfBuD;ESifY a,mvHkcsnf0wf? odk;arG;wbufNcHKwwfaoma':pef;onf

*syfqifaumvdyfjrefrmpmaytoif; a[majymyGJwGif q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifY

<ua&mufa[majymcJYonf/ ol\a[majymrIrsm;rSm NiD;aiGYzG,fryg/ aqmfp&m

uavmfp&mqdkvQifvnf; rn§mrwma0zefa&;oabmjzifY [moaESmNyD; wifjywwf

onf/ trsdK;orD;uav;awG? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG? tusifYysuf0efxrf;awG? yumoe

tvkyfawG? ocifb0a&mufumrS uRefb0udk vGrf;qGwfaeolawG? pdefa&Trufaom

trsdK;orD;awG? vlaygif;rSm;wwfaom uawmft&m&SdawGponfjzifY em;axmifí

rNiD;atmiftrsm;qHk; qHk;rcJYonf/ &,f'gaygY? jynfBuD;om; xGufaygufydwfenf;?


taygif;toif;? rZÑdry#dy'g? vmbfay; vmbf,l? tlwdkrsdK;? vGwfvyfwJYt&om?

0ifaygufzGifYenf;? 'gta&;BuD;qHk; paomacgif;pOfrsdK;rsm;jzifY ynmay;cJYonf/ ]]rdef;r

rif;wdkifyifawGvdkNyD}} aqmif;yg;rSmvnf;xif&Sm;cJYonf/

1947 ckESpf? arvwGif ok"r®0wDpmyHkESdyfwdkufrS ]]EkdifiHawmfjyefvnfxlaxmif

a&;twGuf tif'Dyif;'ifY a':pef;\ axG&mpdwful;}} [laompmtkyfudkxkwfa0cJY

onf/

rlvtoHvTifYpOfujyefMum;a&;0efBuD; 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKu ppf'PfcH&aom

jrefrmEkdifiH jyefvnfxllaxmifa&;twGuf wwfpGrf;orQ ulnD&ef wm0efay;onfY

twGuf bmomjyefryg/ 0w¬Kvnf;r[kwf? rdrdudk,fydkifÓPfjzifYpdwful;&oa&GU

toHvTifYcJYjcif;jzpfonf[krSwfom;&onf/

pma&;q&mrBuD;? owif;pmq&mrBuD;? tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef;onf 1950

jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m? 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyef

pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/pmaytoif;/


OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)OD;pdef ( AE¨KvOD;pdef)

owif;pmq&m OD;pdefudk 1900 jynfhESpf? rwfv 13

&ufaeYwGif rEÅav;c½dkif? jrpfi,fütz OD;zdk;Munf? trd

a':ausmf wdkYrSarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayESifhywfouf

aom tajccHynm&yfrsm;udk t&G,fESifhrvdkufatmifavhvm

qnf;yl;xm;cJhaom vli,fwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh OD;pdef

onf xl;cRefaom owif;pmq&m wpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf/

1919 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Guf

vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 19 ESpfom; t&G,fESifh t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfvmcJhaom OD;pdefrSm olUwGif

xl;cRefaomt&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdjcif;aMumifhyifjzpfonf/

OD;pdefonf 1920rS 1939ckESpfwGif tywfpOf AE¨Kv*sme,fESifh AE¨KvaeYpOf

owif;pmudk OD;pD;OD;udkifjyKvkyfí xkwfa0cJhonf/ AE¨Kv*sme,fwGifpmwdkufcef;ESifh

wif;ykwftcef;rSm xdkpOfu vlBudKuftawmfrsm;aom tcef;jzpfcJhonf/

]]wif;ykwfBuD;}} [kqdkvQif AEKv*sme,fwGifyg0ifaeaomaqmif;yg;&SifwpfOD;\

trnf[k &Sifvltrsm; odxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkpOfuAE¨Kv*sme,fudk &Sifvltrsm;

tm½HkpdkufMunfh½IcJhMuonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSpí OD;pdefa&SUwGif ]]AEKv}}trnfwpfckwdk;í

]]AE¨KvOD;pdef}}[k ac:wGifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

AEKvOD;pdefonf owif;pmq&mtjzpfvkyfudkifae&if; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJodkY

wpfpwpfp0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ rlvu *sD-pD-bD- at ac: jrefrmtoif;csKyfBuD;wGif

omreftoif;om;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; 1930 jynfhESpfwGif

Ouú|tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHudktdEd´,rSwGJa&;cGJa&;

jyóemay:vmaomtcg AEKvOD;pdefonf a'gufwmbarmfOD;pD;aomwGJa&;bufrS

yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

1930 jynfhESpfwGif AE¨KvOD;pdef *sDpDbDattoif;BuD;\ Ouú|jzpfvmaom

tcg toif;BuD;\ Mo0g'p&d, q&mawmfrsm;rSm rlvuoufyef;q&mawmf?

,if;aemuf ajrpdkq&mawmf? xdkYaemuf r*FvGef;q&mawmf wdkYjzpfMuonf/


q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;udkOD;xdyfxm;jcif;rSm xdkpOftcguEdkifiHa&;udk

aqmif&GufMuoltcsdKUonf bmoma&;qdkif&moHCmawmfrsm;udk OD;wnfí a&SUwef;

xm;NyD; aqmif&GufcJhonfhtavsmuf q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;udk OD;wnfí Mo0g'cH

,lonfh oabmyifjzpfonf/

t&Siftm'dpö0Hoa&;om;aom ]]bdu©KeDomoaemya'omusrf;}}xGufvm

aomtcg uefYuGufMuonfhvl yk*¾dKvfrsm;bufrS q&mvif;? q&m&dyf? ocif

udk,fawmfrIdif;? *VKefOD;apm? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm OD;pdrf;paom

yk*d¾Kvf (23) OD;wGif AE¨KvOD;pdefonfwpfOD; tygt0ifjzpfcJhonf/

1937 ckESpf a'gufwmbarmfOD;pD;aom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&jzpfvmaomtcg

AEKvOD;pdefonf 0efBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhNyD; ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;wGifvnf;

a&SUwef;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefvufatmuf

Armhacwfopfvufxuf 1943 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&opfzGJUaomtcg AE¨KvOD;pdefonf

jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? omoema&;0efBuD;

Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0g'jzefYcsda&;? r[mArmESifh Armh0efxrf;Xme

0efBuD;tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;pdefonf 1956 ckESpfwGif omoema&;0efBuD;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;rSL;? 1957

ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiH? uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH? vmtdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

Z,EÅdAk'bmom0ifrsm;uGefz&ifhodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ Ak'omoemhaumifpD *kPfxl;

aqmiftwGif;a&;rSL;? e,fjcm;a'oAk'ömemjyKtzGJU twGif;a&;rSL;? EdkifiHawmf

omoema&;aumfr&Sif twGif;a&;rSL;? wdyd#ua&G;cs,fa&;tzGJU trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf

tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;pdefonf 1946 ckESpfwGif The Fleeing Raj ESifh 1947 ckESpfwGif uREfkyfwdkY

a&;&mpmtkyfrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;pdefonf 1976 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 320/


OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)OD;pdef (wdk;wufa&; OD;pdef)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif pme,fZif;a0g[m&ukd

pwifwDxGifcJYol[k xifay: ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m

OD;pdefudk 1897 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 21 &ufaeYwGif ewåvif;NrdKUü

v,form;OD;zdk;qdwfESifY trd a':zGm;pdefwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/

i,frnfrSm y*sDidk jzpfonf/ um,Av OD;&Sdef\ nDt&if;jzpfonf/

touf&SpfESpft&G,fwGif ewåvif;NrdKU OD;a&Twkwfausmif;ü ynmoif,lcJYonf/

xdkYaemuf OD;zdk;csufausmif;odkY ajymif;aeonf/ xdktcgi,frnf y*sDikdudk armifpdef[k

ajymif;cJYonf/ 1908 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&ausmfrufo'pfü 8 wef;txd ynmoif

,lcJYonf/

OD;pdefonf touf 19 ESpfwGif "edawmbDtdkpDü pma&;tjzpfpwiftrIxrf;

cJYonf/ ESpfESpftMumwGif 0DvD,H*suf ukefwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdk

ukefwdkufwGif oHk;av;ESpfvkyfNyD;? ½kyf&SifavmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf? ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;

wGif pwefYrif;om;tjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/ ½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwmvnf;vkyfcJYonf/ ESpfESpf

oHk;ESpftMumwGif ½kyf&SifavmurS xGufonf/ tdrfrSmyifaps;qdkifwnfonf/ xdkYaemuf

ESpfESpftMumwGif bm;rm;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyfü trIxrf;onf/ xdkpOfrSmyif

BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;trnf&Sdusrf;udk pwifjyKpkcJYonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrS pwifum i,f

emrnf OD;y*sDikdudk ]]OD;y*sDidk}} [laomuavmiftrnfudkpwiftoHk;jyKcJYonf/

ol\arG;csif;rsm;wGif olonf ½kyftqdk;qHk; jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ yef;csDq&myifol\

½kyfyHkESifhwlatmifra&;EdkifbJ idk&rnfYtjzpfa&mufatmif t½kyfqdk;vSaomaMumifY

bdk;bGm;rdb? tdrfoltdrfom;tm;vHk;uvnf;aumif;? olESif hEGm;ausmif;azmf

ausmif;zuf? usnf;om;½dkufazmf-usnf;om;½dkufzufoli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf;aumif;

]]OD;y*sDidk}} [kac:a0:avY&SdMuonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; pmtkyfudk

xkwfa0cJYonf/ 1933 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvrSpí wkd;wufa&;r*¾Zif;ukd xkwfa0cJh

onf/ ]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}}]]BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkifrnf}} [laomaqmifyk'fudkyifwdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;\

a<u;aMumfoHtjzpftoHk;jyKcJYonf/ OD;y*sDidk uavmiftrnftjyif wdk;wufa&;

OD;pdef[laom uavmiftrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1936 ckESpf? ZGefv


6 &ufaeYwGif bm;rm;*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1938 ck? ar 3 &ufaeYwGif

wkd;wufa&;owif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;pdefonfwDxGifvdkol? vlxl;vlqef;yifjzpfonf/ orm;½dk;usorm;r[kwfay/

,aeYwdkif rarYEdkifaom pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; pme,fZif; [laoma0g[m&udk 1935 ckESpfywf0ef;usif

cefYupíwDxGifoHk;pGJolrSm wdk;wufa&; OD;pdefjzpfonf[k rSwfom;cJY&onf/

wdk;wufa&; r*¾Zif;wGif pwifwDxGifoHk;pGJcJYaom ]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}}]]zwf-BuH-vkyf}} [laoma0g[m&

rSm xdkpOfu acwfpm;vlodrsm;cJYonf/ pmayudkzwf½Ií jyKpkvkyfaqmifyg? aemifzwf½I

BuHpnfonfYtwkdif; rqdkif;rwGvkyfaqmifMuyg[lí wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfcJYol jzpfonf/

acwfa&SUajy;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf olYacwf? olYpm olYtcgu ñTefjyaeygonf/

OD;pdefonf wkd;wufa&;r*¾Zif;udk rxkwfa0rD 1930 jynfYESpfwGif BuD;yGm;

csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudka&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfudk OD;pdef 0DvsH*sufukrÜPDwGif

tvkyf0ifpOfu tvkyfudkrxdcdkufapbJtcsdefydkudk vufawGUtusdK;&SdpGm oHk;um 1920

jynfYESpfu pwifa&;om;cJYaompmtkyfjzpfonf/ BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudk touf

23 ESpfcefY t&G,fuyifpwifa&;om;cJY&m q,fESpfwdkif ZGJcdkifcdkifjzifh a&;om;cJY&jcif;

jzpfonf/ xkdacwfu ta&mif;&qHk;pmtkyf pm&if;0ifarmfuGef;wifEdkifcJYonf/

tBudrfBudrfjyefvnf½dkufESdyfcJY&NyD; xdkacwftcgu owårwef;ausmif;oHk;jy|mef;cHcJY&

onftxd atmifjrifcJYygonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;cgpwGif &efukefNrdKUü ol&d,owif;pm? jrefrmYtvif;

owif;pm? 'D;'kwf*sme,f? *sme,fausmf ponfwdkYjyefvnfxkwfa0cJY&m OD;pdefonf

vnf; 1946 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYrSpí wkd;wufa&;*sme,fudk jyefvnf

xkwfa0cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufwGif OD;pdefonf wkd;wufa&;*sme,ftjzpfrS

wkd;wufa&;owif;pmudk wpfjzpfajymif;vJxkwfa0cJh&m 1954 ckESpf txdjzpfonf/

BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJYolyDyD jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ydkif;wGif

uRrf;usifESHYpyfoljzpfonf/ yk*¾vduydkifvkyfief;ESifY jrefrmYaiGaMu;jyóemrsm;udk

pdwf0ifpm;onf/ xkdYtjyif tvkyfuHESifh pdwfwefckd;? ArmhbPfESifh aiGaMu;jyóem?

jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; ur®|mef;pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;a&;om;jyKpkcJYao;onf/ vGwfvyf

a&;acwfwGif OD;pdefonf trsdK;om;bPfvkyfief;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef vIHYaqmf


zefwD;a&;om;cJYonf/ vIHYaqmfa&;om;cJYonfYtwdkif; jynfaxmifpkbPfudk pwif

wnfaxmifpOfutzGJY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/

OD;pdefonf 0dyóemw&m;rsm;udk pGJJNrJpGmavhvmvdkufpm;cJhonf/ ol\avhvm

rIonf xufjrufaom0dyóem oifwef;jy"r®uxduwpfOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifonfh

tqifhtxdyg&rDjrifhrm;cJhonf/ OD;pdefonf 0dyóem tajccHESifh tajzrSefpmtkyf?

*AÇD&0dyóem½IbG,foHk;wGJwdkUudk jyKpka&;om; xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhonf/

OD;pdefonf yoHk;vHk;0dyóemjyefYyGm;a&;tzGJYudkwnfaxmifNyD;vQif &efukefNrdKU?

a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;? a&Tusif"r®m½HkwGif 0dyóemoifwef;rsm;oifMum;ydkYcscJhonf/

,if;oifwef;twGuf ]]0dyóemusrf;pm ESpfapmifwGJ}} ESifh ]]0dyóemonf 'kv’b}}

[laompmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkonf/

OD;pdefonf 1978 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm - 130/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyefESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m 'kwd,wGJ? bmomjyef

pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/pmaytoif;? pm - 185/


OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf pdef0if;)

owif;pmq&m OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) udk 1912 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwGif tz OD;ñGefYESifh trda':arwdkYu

rEÅav;NrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;pdef0if;onf rEÅav; OypmaumvdyfESifh &efukefwuúodkvfrsm;wGif ynm

oif,lcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpf? arvwGif rEÅav;NrdKUüxif&Sm;aom jrefrmhvrf;pOf

owif;pmudk tjcm;av;OD;ESifhyl;aygif;NyD; xkwfa0cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmh

vrf;pOfowif;pmtm; udk,fydkifvTJ,lí t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf 1964 ckESpf? {NyDv

owif;pm tydwfcH&onfhtxd vkyfudkifcJhonf/

owif;pmq&mwpfOD;taejzifh w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? jyifopf? *smreD?

NAdwdefEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/

OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) \ZeD;rSm a':oufwif jzpfí om;orD;

av;a,muf&Sdonf/

OD;pdef0if; (jrefrmhvrf;pOf) onf 1987 ckESpf? rwfv? 30 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;

NrdKUaetdrfü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 58/


OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)OD;pdrf; (jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf;tjzpf

xif&Sm;cJYaomowif;pmq&m armifpdrf;udk 1870jynfYESpf (jrefrm

ouú&mZf 1232 ckESpf ewfawmfvjynfYausmf 7 &uf Ak'¨[l;aeY

eHeuf 4 csufwD;) wGif ykodrfNrdKUü zGm;jrifcJYonf/ zcifrSm pma&;BuD;

OD;armifuav; ESifY rdcifrSm a':rr wdkYjzpfMuonf/ armifpdrf;um;

om;MuD;Mo&ó jzpf\/ nDrsm;rSm aemufydkif;ü xif&Sm;vmcJYaom ykodrfOD;b*srf;ESifY

ausmif;oHk;jrefrm&mZ0ifa&;om;cJYaom &mZ0if q&mMuD; OD;boef; wdkYyifjzpfMuonf/

OD;pdrf;onf ynmxufjrufjyD;? tifx&ifYpf pmar;yJGudk ajzqdkatmifjrifcJYonf/

,if;aemuf puúx&Dpmar;yJ Gud kvnf;aumif;? tdEd ´,rufx&pfpmar;yJ Gud k

vnf;aumif; ajzqdkatmifjrifcJYonf/ OD;pdrf;onf ausmif;rSxGufjyD;vQif a&S;OD;pGm

a&TbdkNrdKUwGif puúx&Dtvkyfudk pwif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ ,if;rSwpfzef puúx&D

tvkyfESifY 0efaxmuftvkyfwdkYudk yl;wJGvufcHí ESpfaygif; (20) cefYrQ vkyfudkiff

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

,if;odkY a&TbdkNrdKUwGif OD;pdrf;onf trIxrf;aepOf Ak'¨bmomtoif;BuD;rS

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH Ak'bmom pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk avYvmoifMum;rdaomtcg

bmomw&m;ü xl;uJpGm,HkMunfvmum t*Fvdyfpmrsm;udk vHk;0 pGefYvTwfcJYonf[k

qdkMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif yd#uwfusrf;pmwdkYESifYwuG jrefrmpmay,Ofaus;rI

tEkynmwdkYudk jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif trIxrf;&GufcJYMuaom ynm&dSrsm;xHü

vnf; enf;emedó,cHí avYvmoifMum;cJYao;onf[kqdk\/

,if;aMumifYyif aemufydkif;ü OD;pdrf;onf pum;t&mt*Fgav;wefESifY avsmfpGm

ajymqdkwwfí tajymaumif;jcif;? ta&;tom;aumif;jcif;? pmaepmxm;

rSefuefjcif; ponfwdkYüxif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmcJYaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJYonf/

,if;tjyif aw;? bJGY? MudK;? ywfysdK;? ,dk;',m;? paomoDcsif;cHMuD;rsm;rStp &wk?

&uef? tJ? tef? {csif;wdkYtxd enf;pepfusepGm odEdkifqdkEdkifcJYjcif;jzpfonftxd

wwfuGsrf;em;vnfcJYonf/ xdkYtjyif ywåvm;wl&d,mudkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm wD;cwfEdkif

cJYjcif;aMumifhvnf; emrnfausmfobifynmonfBuD; tcsdKUudkyif oifMum;ay;cJY&onf

[kod&onf/


yxrurÇmppfBuD;tjyD; c&pf 1919 ckESpfwGif ppftwGif;u t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk

xdcdkufaponfY ppfowif;tcsdKUudk azmfjycJYrdjcif;aMumifY ydwfxm;jcif;cHcJY&aom jrefrmY

tvif;owif;pmudk jyefvnfxkwfa0cJYMuonf/ xdktcg OD;pdrf;tm; wdkuftkyftjzpf

ac:,lcefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/ t,f'DwmrSm q&moifjzpfonf/

OD;pdrf;jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmokdY a&mufcsdefwGif toufrSm 55ESpft&G,frQ

&dSjyDjzpfí t&m&mwGif a½SUaemuf qifjcifEdkifpGrf;&dSvsuf wnfNidrf&ifYusufaom

t&G,fyifjzpfí wm0efudkEdkifeif;pGm xrf;aqmifEdkifcJYonf/ OD;pdrf;owif; pmwdkufodkY

a&mufí rMumrDyif t,f'Dwmq&moifrSm y#dyu© yk*¾dKvfa&;tmCmwaMumifY

wpfzufrS vlqdk;irdk; qdkoludkiSm;NyD;owfapcJYí tedpöa&mufcJYonf/ xdktcg OD;pdrf;

onf wdkuftkyfwm0efudkomru t,f'Dwm wm0efudkyg yl;wJGxrf;aqmifcJY&onf/

1921 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodkY yÍörajrmufa*smhbk&ifom;awmf

a0vrif;om;onf wdkif;cef; vSnfYvnfvmonf/ ,if;odkYvmcsdefwGif e,fcsJUtMudKuf

vdkufí rsufESmajymifajymifjzifY NAdwdoQtvdkawmf&dwdkYu aomif;aomif;jzjz

vdIufvdIufvSJvSJtm;yg;w&BudKcJhMuonf/ OD;pdrf;url BudKqdkorIrjyKonfhtjyif

oydwfarSmufMu&ef jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmrSaeí jynfolvlxktm; yefMum;

wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ a0vrif;om;udkvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef wdkufcdkufa0zef a&;om;cJh

onf/ ,ifodkY OD;pdrf;a&;om;jcif;rSm wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;oabmxm;jzifh a&;om;cJh

jcif;um; r[kwfay/ tcgoifhí a&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm xkdtcsdefu

[kr®½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qdkaecsdef jzpfí EdkifiHa&; t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;aecsdef

jzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiHHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;OD;pD;í wpfEdkifiHvHk;u tylwjyif; tkyfcsKyf

a&; awmif;qdkaeMuonfh tcsdefjzpfojzifh ,if;tcsdef? ,if;tcg? ,if;tajctaeudk

OD;pdrf;utcGifhaumif;,lum rdrdpGrf;Edkifaomuavmifvufeufjzifh tcsufusus

wyfvSefYOD;aqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/

xdktjyKtrlaMumifh NAdwdoQt*Fvdyfe,fcsUJtpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;

jzpfMuaom OD;cspfvdIif? OD;bOD;? OD;bvdIif? OD;uGef;? OD;bpD? pD-yD OD;cifarmif? ponf

wdkYESifYtwl OD;pdrf;udkvnf; jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;wGif rae&bJ e,fESifonfYtaejzifh

[kr®vif;? rdk;ukwf ponfYNrdKUrsm;odkY ydkYxm;jcif;cHcJY&onf/


OD;atmifjrwfxG#fac: t½Siftm'dpö0Hoq&mawmf a&;om;aom ]bdu©LeD omoaem

ya'ousrf;}udk uefYuGufMuaom &[ef;yk*¾dKvf? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;wGif OD;pdrf;onf t*¾r[m

y@dwOD;vif;? q&mvGef; (ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;)? q&m&dyf? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK paom

vlyk*¾dKvf (23) OD;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJYonf/ t&Siftm'dpö0Hoq&mawmfonf

jrefrmYtvif;OD;pdrf;wpfOD;wnf;udkyif ]t&D;pdrf;} [k trnfwyfum aqmif;yg;rsm;?

uAsmrsm;jzifY jyefvnfajzMum; a&;om;cJYonf/

aemufydkif;wGif OD;pdrf;onf tajctaet& wdkufxdkift,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKawmYbJ aemufydkif;rS tMuHtm; OmPftm;jzifY tpGrf;ukefulnDay;

cJY&m 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD; jzpfvmonftxdyifjzpfonf/ OD;pdrf;onf jrefrmYtvif;

owif;pmwGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? bmoma&;? pmayESifY tEkynma&;

ponfwdkYESifY ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk axmifYpHkatmifa&;om;cJYonf/

wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufcJYonf/ xdktcsdefu olYuavmif vufeufrSm tawmfxufjrufcJY

onf/ tm;vHk;utm½HkpdkufcJYonf/

OD;pdrf;onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; &efukefNrdKUudk *syefrsm;ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif

AHk;MuJcsjyD;aemuf jynfwGif;odkYyg csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ordkif;? yJcl;? oeyÜif?

paomae&mrsm;odkY a&TUajymif; aexdkifcJY&&Smonf/ bD? tdkif? at vufxuf jrefrm

tpdk;&rzJGUrD tcsdefuav;wGifrS &efukefNrdKUodkY jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmjyD; prf;acsmif;&yf

uGsef;awmvrf;&dS udk,fydkiftdrfuav;wGif ZeD;a':odef;? om; armifarmifoef;wdkYESifY

twl qif;&JcsKdUwJhpGmjzifY aemufqHk;aexdkifoGm;cJY&Smonf/

OD;pdrf;onf 1942 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 13 &ufwGif aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwdå 313-314/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-4ocFg- jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpkrsm;/ pm 44-47/7/7/7/7/


OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)OD;qkNrdKif (wuúodkvf qkNrdKif)

owif;pmq&m OD;qkNrdKif udk 1914 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (8)

&ufaeYwGif? rauGwdkkif;? ewfarmufNrdKUü tz txufwef;

a&SUae OD;rif;Zif? trd a':a':cspfwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;qkNrdKifonf ewfarmufNrdKU? 'DyuF&mausmif; q&mawmf OD;aombdwxHü

pwifynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif aysmfbG,fNrdKU trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;

odkUajymif;a&TUumynmoif,lcJhNyD; 1932 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhonf/

&efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmoif,lcJhNyD; 1938 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJUudk&&SdcJhonf/

wuúodkvfwGif ynmoif,laepOf 1936 ckESpfrSpum pmayavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJh

onf/

OD;qkNrdKifonf ol&d,owif;axmuf? &efukefwuúodkvf ppfudkif;ausmif;

aqmifo[m&tzGJUu xkwfa0aom ppfudkif;*kPf&nfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm? wdk;wufa&;?

e*g;eD? tdk;a0? bm;rm;*sme,fwdkYwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;&if; q,foef;owif;pmü

t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfqkNrdKif\ yxrqkH;

pmtkyfjzpfaom ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} ]]vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}} trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk e*g;eDtoif;rS xkwfa0cJh

onf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif rdw¬DvmNrdKU? trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ü ausmif;q&m

tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;qkNrdKifonf 1940 jynfhESpfwGif a&mifeD? axmifxGufBuD; awmfpwdGKif;\

0w¬Kudk bmomjyefcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif xl;wJhudk;? enf; 108? enf; 99 ponfhusrf;rsm;

xkwfa0cJhonf/ OD;tmum uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}}]oifhb0c&D;pOf}} trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif ewfarmufNrdKUü AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

txdrf;trSwf EdkkifiHawmfwef;jrifhausmif;udkwnfaxmifNyD; 1948 ckESpfrS 1955 ckESpf

txd ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif ewfarmufNrdKU

ta&SUydkif;\ ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf/

OD;qkNrdKifonf 1984 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif rauG;NrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-198/


OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)OD;ÓP ('*kefÓP)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif owif;pmq&m? pma&;

q&m? ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m? ½kyf½Sif'g½dkufwm OD;ÓP [kvlodrsm;

aom OD;tkef;armifudk jynfc½dkif? oJukef;NrdKUe,f qifNrD;qJGNrdKUwGif

1902 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif tztcGefawmfajrwdkif;

pma&; OD;rdk;at;? trda':pdef wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/

OD;ÓPudk i,fpOfurdbrsm;u ausmif;xm;ay;aomfvnf; (7) wef;a&muf

onfYESpfwGif ausmif;rSefrSefrwufbJ ausmif;ajy;cJh&mu aemuftdrfajy;b0 a&mufcJY

onf/ OD;ÓPonf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fjzifY qifjrD;qJGNrdKUrS ½Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;

zGifYcgp er®wlabmfwGif;txd xGufajy;cJYonf/ pm;aomufaexdkifa&;twGuf

vufzuf&nfqdkifpm;yJGxdk;? yefuefaq;ponfjzifY tvkyfvkyfum olYb0udk½kef;uef

cJYonf/ aemufqHk; bm;rm;½dkifz,fwyfodkY 0ifa&mufcJY&m aemufydkif; olYtoufrapYrSef;

odoGm;onftwGuf wyfrSxGufcJY&onf/ ol\rdbrsm;onf rwwfomonfYaemufqHk;

OD;ÓP (16) ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rdef;ray;pm;vdkufavawmYonf/

xdkYaemuf rdwD¬vm? acsmuf? er®wlabmfwGif;ESifY jynfNrdKUwdkY½dS tcGefXmersm;wGif

pma&;tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/ rMumrD tarqHk;yg;cJY&jyD;? OD;ÓP 17 ESpfom;

t&G,fwGif nDi,fqHk;&jyefonf/ &uf 20 tMumwGif tazxyfrH uG,fvGefjyefonf/

þuJYodkY avmu"Hudk MuHUMuHUcH&if; pmaye,fxJodkY ul;ajymif;0ifa&mufvmygawmY

onf/

1920 jynfYESpfwGif jynfNrdKUü ta&;ydkif½Hk; pma&;BuD;vkyf&onf/ OD;ÓPonf

jynfNrdKUü pyfaygif;jyD; xkwfa0aom ]]Munfawmfrl*sme,f}}wGif pmpwifa&;om;cJYonf/

yxrqHk;tMudrf 0w¬Kwpfyk'foGm;a&mufydkYcJY&m t,f'DwmtzJGY0ifrsm;u BudKufESpfouf

í csufcsif;a&G;cs,fazmfjyay;cJYNyD; pmrlcwpfq,fusyfudkvnf; csD;jr§ifhjcif;cHcJY&onf/

xdkr*¾Zif;wdkufodkY aemuf0w¬KESpfyk'foGm;ydkYjyef&m a&G;cs,fazmfjyjcif;cH&jyD; pmrlc

wpfq,fYig;usyftxd wdk;jr§ifhcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ OD;ÓP\ 0w¬Krsm;rSm Zmwfvrf;

½dk;aomfvnf; aysmf&Tifjcif;? vGrf;qGwfjcif;? aMuuJGjcif;? pGefYvTwfjcif;ponfY tawG;ac:


rsm;jzifY jynfYESufvsuf ½dSaomaMumifY pmzwfoludk qJGaqmifEdkifpGrf;½dSavonf/

OD;ÓPonf q&maZ,s jynfNrdKUwGif (10) wef;ausmif;om; b0½dSpOf uwnf;u

&if;ESD;cGifY&cJYonf/

OD;ÓPonf ZeD;jzpfol a':jrESifYtwl &efukefNrdKUodkY wufvmjyD; pma&;jcif;

jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;b0udk pavawmYonf/ &efukefodkkYa&mufaomtcg

ql;avbk&m; pmtkyfqdkifusOf;usOf; usyfusyfuav;wGif vifr,m; ESpfa,muf

jzpfovdk aexdkifcJhMuavonf/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf wpfzufwpfvrf;rS aMumfjim

urf;pmtkyfa&mif; aomif;ajymif;axGvmjzifY b0trsdK;rsdK;udk usifvnfcJY&m aemufqHk;

wGif '*kefr*¾Zif;ü0w¬Krsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;um '*kefOD;ÓP jzpfvmcJYonf/

'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif a&;om;aeMuaom '*kefa&TrQm;? '*kefaZ,s wkdYxuf OD;ÓPu

i,fonf/ wpfrl;wef0w¬Kacwfü 0w¬KoHk;q,fausmf a&;om;cJYonf/ 1920 jynfh

0ef;usifü xif½Sm;aom 0w¬Ka&;q&mrsm;rSm yDrdk;eif;? v,fwDy@dwOD;armifMuD;?

a&TOa'gif;? ÓP? armifopöm? a&ToZif wdkYjzpfMuonf/

1920 jynfESpfwGif jrefrmjynf½kyf½Sifvkyfief; pwifay:aygufvmcJY&m? ½kyf½Sif

Zmwfxkyfrsm;udk 'g½dkufwm vkyfoludk,fwdkif ZmwfñTef;a&;½dkuful;cJYonfY tpOftvm

udk OD;ÓPupwifí ZmwfñTef;rsm;udk wDxGifa&;om;cJYonf/

1930 jynfESpf q&mpHv,form; ta&;awmfyHkacwfwGif 0w¬Krsm; a&;om;

vmcJY&mrS aqmif;yg;u@? ½kyf½Sifu@udk wpfzufwpfvrf;u BudK;yrf;vdkufpm;

cJYavonf/

1934ckESpf touf30t&G,f OD;ÓPonf ZmwfñTef;rsm;udk pwifwDxGif

a&;om;um NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf½Sif ukrÜPD (ñGefYjrefrm) okdYurf;vSrf;wifjycJY&m tkyfcsKyf

ol OD;ñTefYrSmvnf; ½kyf½Sifvkyfief;wGif txl;uRrf;usif tuGufjrifol jzpfí OD;ÓP

ZmwfñTef;udkvufcH½HkrQruawmhbJ ]]ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m}} tjzpf vcpm;ac:,l

cefYxm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifY OD;ÓPonf jrefrm½kyf½SifavmuwGif oD;jcm; ZmwfñTef;

a&;q&m[lí OD;pGmuifyGef;wyfcH&oljzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf oDcsif;a&;q&m? 'g½dkufwm

tjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/


OD;ÓP\ bDatr? bDatarmif? xm0&? ArmYaoG;Zmwfum;rsm;rSm

vnf;av;eufaom tawG;tac:rsm;jzifY wifjyxm;onfY Zmwfum;rsm;jzpfonf/

acwfqefol Zmwfum;wGif rdef;rrsm; wdkif;jynfwm0efudk a,musfm;rsm;ESifY wef;wl

xrf;aqmifoifYaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ]]ArmESifYurÇm}} Zmwfum;ü rif;om; bwifY

tm; bDatatmifNyD;rS uGrf;,ma&mif;yHkudk ½dkufjyum jrefrmrsm; pD;yGm;a&; rsufpdyGifY

vmatmif vrf;ñTefcJYonf/ cspfeYHrjy,f? cspf&eYHMudKif? Zmwfum;jzifY udkvdkeDacwf

jrefrmvli,frsm;tm; ppfaoG;? ppfrmefwuf<uvmap&ef vIHUaqmfay;cJYonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yxrqHk;aompma&;q&m? 'g½dkufwm? ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m

oDcsif;a&;q&mjzpfonf/

bDatr? rif;tmPm? cspf&eYHBudKifponfwdkYonf OD;nmP\ xif½Sm;aom

toHwdwfacwf ½kyf½Sifum;rsm;jzpfNyD; olZm? olcspf? rm,mMumjcnfwdkYonf toHxGuf

acwfü xif½Sm;aom ½kyf½SifZmwfum;rsm;jzpfonf/ uG,fvGefonfYtcsdeftxd Zmwf

vrf;aygif;ESpf&mausmfudk ZmwfñTef;a&;oltjzpfvnf;aumif;? 'g½dkufwmtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? a&;om;½dkuful;cJYonf/

pdefygwDqdkcJYaom apmrGefvS? cifarmif&DoDqdkcJYaom atmifjcif;½Spfyg;? rat;rd

oDqdkcJYaom pmqdkawmf? acwfa[mif;"mwfjym;avmuü xif½Sm;cJYonfY oDcsif;rsm;rSm

OD;ÓP\ xif½Sm;aom oDcsif;rsm;jzpfonf/

xdktcsdefu OD;ÓPonf uav;wpfjyHKMuD;ESifY &efukefNrdKU? prf;acsmif;? y'kr®m

vrf;wGif aexdkifav&m ZeD;jzpfola':jrrSm OD;ÓP\ tEGHtwmudkcH&if; OD;ÓP

\pma&;rIudkyg yg&rDjznfYqnf;ay;cJYavonf/

OD;ÓPonf pmawGYorm;r[kwf? vufawGUorm;jzpf&m avmuudk oHk;oyf

MunfY½IjyD;vQif? b0tjzpfrSefwdkYudk wifjywwfonf/ txl;ojzifY b0\½kef;uef

vIyf½Sm;rIudk o½kyfay:vmatmif azmfwwfonf/ b0tawGUtMuHK pHkvifoljzpfí

xdktawGYtMuHKwdkYudk pmjzifYcs,fvS,f pDuHk;a&;om;&mwGif wdkwdkESifYvdk&if;a&mufatmif

xdxdrdrd a&;om;Edkifonfudk awGY&onf/

txl;ojzifY OD;ÓPonf olYb0c&D;pOfwGif yifyef;qif;&JcJY&ojzifY qif;&J

EGrf;yg;aom awmifolv,form; tvkyform;wdkYtay:wGif txl;u½kPmoufcJY


onf/ xdkolwdkYbufrStjrJ OD;pm;ay;a&;om;ay;cJYonf/ qif;&Jom;wdkYtwGuf

jyKjyifa&;vrf;prsm;udkvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;em;vnfaom pmaywdkYjzifY EId;aqmfcJhonf/

1305 ckESpfu OD;ÓPa&;om;cJhaom ]]vl&GmESifY vlU&Gm}} 0w¬KpmtkyfrSm txl; rSwfom;

zG,faumif;aom vlxkjyKjyifa&;0w¬Kjzpfonf/

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acwfwpfavQmufvHk;rS tpjyKí ½kyf½SifjyZmwfñTefMum;a&;0ef b0txd jyZmwf

rsm;udkvnf; ñTefMum;jyocJYaom 'g½dkufwmvnf;jzpfonf/

OD;ÓPonf *syefacwfwGif ]]Armopf}} jyZmwfudk tptqHk; udk,fwdkif

a&;jyD;? udk,fwdkifñTefMum;jyoum pifwifwifqufcJY&m vlMudKufrsm;cJYonf/ zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;twGuf vufeufjzpfcJYaom jyZmwfrsm;wGif OD;ÓP\ ]]Armopf}}

jyZmwfonf xdyfwef;rS yg0ifcJYonf/ ArmopfjyZmwf½Hkwifjy&mwGif jrefrmhawmfvSef

a&;pdwf"mwfudk o½kyfazmfyHkrSm ay:vGifojzifY *syefzufqpf0g' jzefYcsda&;orm;wdkYu

wpfaeYaeYwGif jrefrmwdkYu olwdkYudk cHcsvdrfYrnf[k zGifYajymcJYaMumif; od&onf/

OD;ÓPu]]Armopf}} jyZmwfjzpfay:vmyHkESifY ywfoufí ]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm]]igopfrS Arm

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tapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Armtapmfum;cH&onfudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifatmifjyEdkifonf/ (2) Arm

opfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Armopfjzpf&ef toufaoG;cJESif hvJí MudK;pm;olwdk Yay:aygufaomfvnf;? Arm

wdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeufwdkif;Armopfjzpfa&;udk rdrdrsufESmrS rsufacs;ESif Y acs;udk z,f½Sm;&ef eHeuf

wdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrifwdkif; rsufESmopfa&avmuf *½krxm;Muojzifh qHk;½H I;&onfudkvnf; jrif

atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;atmifjycsifonf/ (3) Arma[mif;onf ,cktcg avQmfwkef; zGyfwkef;

umvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGifumvMuD;jzpfaeojzif Y ArmopfzefwD;a&;udk vkH YvjyKaeMuonf/ a½SUwGif

vnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Armvnf; opf&rnf? tpGef;tjidtxif;tuGuf b,fbufrS r0if&ef Arm

wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;wd ki f; owdjyK&rnf/ *½kp d kuf&rnf/ Bud K;pm;rnf[laom pdwf"mwfrsm;

wzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonfwzGm;z Gm; ude f ;atmif;wnf jr J aeapcsi fonf paomtcsufwdk YaMumifY

]]Armopf}} jyZmwfjzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfaMumif;½Sif;jyxm;onf/

]]Armopf}} jyZmwfwGif bMuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf t*Fvdyfjrefrm yxrppfyJG

pwifjzpfyGm;onfYtcg jrefrmEdkifiHudk wdkif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ apmfum;jcif;udk EdkifiHvlxk


u rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfum ppfwdkuf&efrmef<uvmyHk? t*FvdyfwdkYu oDaygbk&ifudk y&d,m,f

jzifY tomwMunf zrf;,loGm;Mu&m? jrefrmEdkifiH tvTmtoD;oD;rS jynfolwdkYu

t*FvdyfwdkYudk wdkufcdkuf&ef vdkvm;jyifqifMuyHk? e,fcsJUESifY,SOfNydKif&mwGif tiftm;rrQ

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pdwf"mwfrSm t½dSefrao? wpfaiGYaiGYawmufavmifyHk ponfhjyuGufrsm; yg&dSonf[k

rSwfom;&onf/

OD;ÓPonf vGwfvyfa&;&&dSjyD;onfY aemufydkiff;tcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; ol\

rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfu pJGaqmifojzifY EdkifiHa&;ynmudk avYvmvdkufpm;cJYonf/ xdktcsdef

u jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif EdkifiHtwGufjyKjyifa&; toGifajymif;vJrIaqmif;yg;

rsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ ol\*sdKumtrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk

jrefrmvlxku txl;yifpJGvrf;pGm tm½HkjyKcJYMu&onf/ owif;pmorm;rsm;uyif ol\

OmPftjrifudk txifMuD;cJYMuonf/ *sdKumtrnfjzifY yif ]]EdkifiHa&;uMuD;cacG;}}

trnf&dS pmtkyfwpftkyfudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkYtjyif ]]tif;,m;ndKndK}} uavmif

trnfjzifYvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG0if pmayrsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/

1946ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (z.q.y.v) tpdk;&

(Mum;jzwftpdk;&) wufvmaomtcg ol\0g'jzefYpGrf;&nfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?

OD;Ek? OD;bcsdK polwdkYu ,HkMunfaeojzifY jyefMum;a&;Xme ñTefMum;a&;0ef tjzpf

cefYtyfcJYonf/ aemuf ½kyf½SifESifY jyZmwfXmecJGudk wnfaxmifaomtcg ½kyf½SifESifY

jyZmwfXme yxrqHk;ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&avonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;ESifY ppfjyD;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf½Sm;rIwdkYonf OD;ÓPtm;

ajymif;vJvdkufavonf/ olonfEdkifiHa&;udk rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;vmonf/ jrefrm

trsdK;om;rsm; zGYHNzdK;wdk;wuff&ef? acwfrD&ef? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udk t&,l&

rnf[k a[majyma&;om;cJYonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (z.q.

y.v) udk axmufcHtm;ay;vmonf/ ola&;aompmrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;

aqmif;yg;rsm; rsm;vmavonf/ a½SUaqmifowif;pm? jrefrmYtvif; owif;pm?

ponfwdkYwGif rSefrSefa&;aom owif;pmq&m jzpfvmcJYayonf/ xdkYtjyif owif;pm

rsm;wGif acgif;MuD;vnf; a&;om;cJYonf/


OD;ÓPtm; jyefMum;a&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0ef cefYvdkuf&m wpfESpfausmfausmf

omvkyfjyD;? raysmfojzifY xGufvdkufavonf/ olonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vIyf&Sm;

oGm;vmjyD;? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&;om;ajymqdkaevdkoljzpf&um; ½kyf½SifESifY jyZmwf

ñTefMum;a&;0ef tjzpfjzifY (5) ESpfausmfausmfrQom xrf;&GufjyD;? EkwfxGufvkdufav

onf/ NAdwdoQbm;rm;OD;ñTefYu olYtm;ZmwfñTef;Xmeudk BuD;Muyf&ef wpfvvQif

usyfwpfaxmifay;NyD; cefYxm;jyefonf/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrSvnf; xGufcJYjyefonf/

OD;ÓPonf 1956 ckESpfwGif tdEd´,jynf? e,l;a'vDNrdKUü usif;yaom

tm&Spma&;q&mnDvmcHodkY jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1956 ckESpfrSmyif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkY jrefrm½kyf½Sif udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGY

acgif;aqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958 ckESpfwGif tD*spfjynf? udkif½dkNrdKUüusif;yaom

tm&Stmz&du Nidrf;csrf;a&;uGefz&ifhodkY tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wufa&muf

cJYonf/

OD;ÓPonf jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom; jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? ½Ia'gifY*sme,f OD;pD;em,utjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;ÓPonf 1969 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY

onf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/ÓPed'gef;/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwd å? pm 349-

351/351/351/351/351/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) E Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmayE Sp fig ;q,f,Ofaus;r Ia&;&m? bmomjye fpmay

toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/toif;? 'kwd,wJG? pm-154/


OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)OD;ndKjr (armifokre)

pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m OD;ndKjrudk rHk&Gmc½dkif?

acsmif;OD;NrdKUe,f? tjrifYNrdKU aomwyef&Gmü 1914 ckESpf? {NyDv

10 &ufaeYwGif tz rif;wdkifyiftrwf wDyDtufpfbGJY&a&SUae

OD;omZH? trd a':a&TtHY wdkYu arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;

OD;odef;wifjzpfaomfvnf; uavmifftrnf ndKjronfyif trnf

&if;uJYokdYwGifonf/

OD;ndKjronf a&Tul&Gmq&mvdIif\ rlvwef;ausmif;ESifY MuufoGefaps;&Gm

q&mawmf OD;nmPausmif;wdkYwGif pwifynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif rHk&GmNrdKU

Ak'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif

rEÅav;u,fvDausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif rHk&Gm

Ak'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;rS (10) wef;atmifcJhonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif &efukef

wuúodkvfüqufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf

ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾okd Y0ifa&mufonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvf

ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾trIaqmifjzpfvmNyD; 0g'jzefYcsda&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk

,lcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ r*¾Zif;udk 1936 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&Dv oydwfarSmuftxl;xkwfr*¾Zif;tjzpfxkwfa0onf/ xdkr*¾Zif;\

pmwnf;tjzpf armifndKjr[kazmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ OD;ndKjronf wuúodkvfausmif;om;

rsm;or*¾\ r*¾Zif;udk tdk;a0r*¾Zif;[k pwiftrnfay;oHk;pGJcJYjcif;jzpfonf/

OD;ndKjronf 1933 ckESpf? &efukefwuúodkvfokdYa&mufonfYtcsdefrSpí ndKjr

uavmiftrnfudkcHí wuúodkvf ausmif;wdkufr*¾Zif;? wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;

or*¾\r*¾Zif;? *E¦avmur*¾Zif;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif t*Fvdyf jrefrmESpfbmomjzifY

0w¬K? uAsm? aqmif;yg;? tufaq;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1935- 36 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif

udkatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) ut,f'Dwmwm0ef,lum tdk;a0 trnfjzifY

pwifajymif;vJxkwfa0onfY wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾\r*¾Zif;ü ]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;]]i&JacG;BuD;

vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}}vGwfaeonf}} (Hell Hound At Large) [kteuf&onfY t*Fvdyfvdkaqmif;yg;

wpfapmifudk a&;om;í xdkumv wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYudk qefYusifwdkufcdkuf&mrS


tpwuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfay:aygufvmcJYonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;rSm ndKjr\

tajymifajrmufqHk;ordkif;0if oa&mfpmwpfyk'ftjzpfxif&Sm;onf/

OD;ndKjronf 1938 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆm (t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;wef;) bGJY&onf/

1939 ckESpfwGif vef'efNrdKU uif;aumvdyfü ajcmufvcefYynmoif,lNyD;? tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkcsDum*dkNrdKU&Sd aemYof0ufpwif;wuúodkvfü pme,fZif;ynm qufvuf

oif,lcJY&m (Master of Journalism) owif;pmynmwGif r[m0dZÆmbGJY &&SdcJYonf/

OD;ndKjronf 1943 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk a,;wuúodkvf

ta&SUydkif;Xmeü jrefrmpmuxdu? 1944 ckESpfwGif 0g&SifwefNrdKU? jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m

twdkifyifcHt&m&SdponfjzifYtrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfü tmoHjynf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH

qkdif&mpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;XmewGif wpfESpfMumtrIxrf;cJYNyD; trIxrf; avmurS

EIwfxGufcJYonf/

OD;ndKjronf 1946 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pmudk xlaxmifcJYonf/ armif

okre uavmiftrnfcHí owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ 1968 ckESpf

wGif tdk;a0*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;ndKjronf 1950 jynfYESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjyefYyGm;a&;toif;trIaqmif?

1957 ckESpfwGif owif;pmq&mtoif;Ouú| ? 1958ckESpfwGif oefY&Sif;zqyv

tzGJYcsKyfjyefMum;a&;rSL;ponfjzifYwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYNyD;? 1960 jynfYESpfwGif oefY&Sif;

zqyvtzGJY\ rHk&GmNrdKUe,f ygvDrefvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf

cHcJY&onf/

OD;ndKjronf owif;pmq&mtjzpf 1953 ckESpfwGif t*Fvef? *smrPD? jyifopf?

*&d? qGpfZmvef? ,l*dkpvm;bD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpfwGif

tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifY pifumylEkdifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufcJYNyD;? 1955 ckESpfwGif rmvm,k?

uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtkd? AD,uferf? zdvpfykdif? *syef? tEd,? ygupöwef? xdkif;EdkifiHrsm;odkY

oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJYonf/ EdkifiHh

*kPf&nf 'kwd,tqifYudk 1980 jynfYESpfwGif&&SdcJYonf/

]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}}]]rxHkwufaw;ESif Y pd kpdpdvkyfaeoludk}} ndKjrvkyfaeonf/ ndKjrtdkufwif

zrf;aeonf [líajymqdkoHrsm;udk Mum;zl;olrsm;vnf;&SdMuayvdrfYrnf/


tdk;a0OD;ndKjr ac: OD;odef;wifonfvnf; ynwfoGm;&m "mwfoufygatmif

pkdpdpdaewwfol? pum;ajymqdk&mwGif oGufoGufvufvuf r&SdbJ? tmav;? vQmav;

ajymqdkwwfoljzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh '*kefwm&muol\ ½kyfyHkvTmpmtkyfwGif ndKjr

(odkYr[kwf) rwkefrvIyfausmuf½kyf[ka&;om;cJhonf/

odkY&mwGif ola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxufola&;aompmrsm;u pdkpdpdraebJ xdvSrdvS? uavmifxuf

vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/vSayonf/ xdkodkYuavmif xufjrufaom OD;ndKjraMumifYyif 'kwd,tMudrf

wuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfMuD;onf 1936 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmcJY&ayonf/

1970 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYxkwf ESpfig;q,f trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wk

obiftxdrf;trSwf tdk;a0*sme,fxJwGif aqmif;yg;&Sif armifokretrnfcH

OD;ndKjru atmufygtwdkif; azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;avonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm

r*¾Zif;ESpfapmif&SdcJhw,f? aumvdyfr*¾Zif;ESifh or*¾r*¾Zif;ygyJ? aumvdyfr*¾Zif;u

aiGtm;ydkaumif;w,f? wpfausmif;vHk;eJYqdkifvdkYapmifa&oHk;axmifavmuf xkwf&

w,f/ &efyHkaiGuvJ oHk;axmif&Sdw,f/ t,f'Dwmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;ua&G;cs,fcefY

w,f? 'gaMumifh tvdkawmf&d r*¾Zif;aygh/ or*¾r*¾Zif;uawmh toif;0if&Sdoavmuf

yJ xkwfa0w,f? or*¾tzGJYxJudk wpfausmif;vHk;0ifavhr&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh toif;0if

ig;&m&Sdw,fqdk&if r*¾Zif;&efyHkaiG ig;&musyfyJ&Sdw,f/ t,f'Dwmudk or*¾trIaqmif

tzGJYucefYw,f/

or*¾toif;qdkwm vlawGpk½Hk;&mt&yfrdkY? olwdkYr*¾Zif;uawmh twdkuftcH

tmabmfayhg? Oyrmqdk&if aumvdyfr*¾Zif;u ynma&;0efBuD;tw¬KyÜwådudk OD;pm;ay;

NyD;xnfhr,f/ udkatmifqef;ESifhuRefawmfwdkYyl;wGJvkyfwJhESpfrSmawmh wuúodkvf e,fajr

wGifav;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJY (1) jruf&dwfwJh rmvDukvm;BuD;

yHk? or*¾'&0rf OD;uHodef;yHkwkdY&JUawGudk or*¾pmapmifu OD;xdyfxm;w,f/

'gawGaMumifhvJ or*¾r*¾Zif;[m tpdk;&u tmrcHaiGawmif;wJh? twdkuftcH

aiGawmif;wJhpme,fZif;pm&if;rSm tNrJyg0ifw,f/ udkatmifqef;u or*¾r*¾Zif;udk

emrnfajymif;csifw,f/ rsufESmzHk;rSm tNrJoHk;cJhwJhtrnfu &efukefwuúodkvf

ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;r*¾Zif;vdkYqdkawmh/ tJ'gudk olutifrwef &Snfvsm;

vGef;w,fxifw,f/


'gaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk emrnfopfay;zdkY zdwfac:vdkufw,f? a&mifeDwdkY

a&mifjzLwdkY? a&mifjcnfopfwdkYponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;tBuHay;Muwmudk oluwpfckrS

rBudKufbl;? 'gaMumifh aemufqHk;rSm uRefawmfu tonf;xJrSmvQdKU0Sufodrf;qnf;

xm;wJh emrnfwpfckudk olxHzGifhjycJhw,f/

] 'DrSmudkatmifqef;? uRefawmf rEÅav;rSm ausmif;aewkef;u (a'gif;,mOfysH)

qdkwJh Zmwfrif;orD;av;wpfa,mufudk oabmuszl;w,f? olu uRefawmfwdkYESifh

&G,fwlavmufygyJ? avbmwDrjr&ifvdk tpfrBuD;t&G,fr[kwfygbl;/

]qdkprf;ygtHk; ...cifAsmupGHcJh&Jhvm;}}

]] 'DvdkvJr[kwfygbl;...tJh'Da'gif;,mOfysHu oDcsif;qdkw,f (tdk;a0...

tdk;a0) wJh tJ'D tdk;a0udkyJ? ckepfoH ajymif;vJ qkdjywmem;axmifvdkY rNiD;bl;/

]]'DawmhbmjzpfvJ}}

]]'DawmhaemiftcgrSm uRefawmf&JU0goemtwdkif; pme,fZif;avmuudk

a&muf&if (tdk;a0) qdkwJh emrnfeJY xkwfa0r,fvdkY pdwful;rd,Ofw,f/

]][J ...[J aumif;om;yJAs? tJh'Dtwkdif; uRefawmfwkdY or*¾r*¾Zif;udk (tkd;a0)

vkdY emrnfrSnfhvkduf½Hkaygh? oabmw&m;csif;twlwlygyJ/

]]tvdk ... bk&m;...bk&m; ? 'DvdkqdkawmhvJ uRefawmhrSm (t&if;qHk;NyD;

qm;vif;ukefa&muf) ovdkjzpfaeNyD? uRefawmf ausmif;uxGufNyD; owif;pmaxmif

awmh bmemrnfoHk;&rvJ/

]]tdk;a0vdkYyJac:ayghAsm owif;pmuaeYpOfxkwfyJ? uRefawmfwdkY or*¾toif;

u wpfESpfrSwpfBudrfxkwfqdkawmh pD;yGm;a&;uwjcm;pDyJ}}/

uRefawmfay;wJhemrnfudk uRefawmfubJ cdk;csovdkjzpfraeygvm;}}/

]]'gawmh rylygeJY taMumif;&Sd&if uRefawmfuoufaovdkufrSmaygh/

]]udkatmifqef;utJonfvdkajymNyD; or*¾r*¾Zif;udkvJ? tJh'DESpfupNyD; (tdk;a0)

vdkYajymif;vJtrnfwGifapcJhygw,f/ ('Demrnfudk udkodef;wifac: ndKjruay;cJhwmygvdkY

vJ t*Fvdyfpmu@rSm olua&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhygw,f}} [lí tdk;a0*sme,fxJwGif

armifokre (OD;ndKjr) ua&;om;xm;avonf/


OD;ndKjr\xif&Sm;aompmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm eef;MumndK? ndKjrpmpk? w½kwfESifh

½k&Sm;tuGJawmfyHk? wpfudk,fawmf (bmomjyef)? bdef;#Dum (oHk;apmifwGJ)? a&Tvrf;?

aiGvrf; jrefrmtar&duefqufqHrIrSwfwrf;? ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf? þrdk;? þajrwdkY

jzpfonf/

OD;ndKjronf 1985 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefonf/

ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ud k;um;&eftnTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm176-177/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\cspf Munfa&;MunfnGef Y ? owif;q&mBuD;rsm;\

olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/olwdk Y b0 olwdk YtawGYtBuHK pm171-183/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? (2) pm227-228/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955) pm189-201/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) '*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf'*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom ½kyfyH kvTmum;csyf

rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/rsm; (1997) pm149-157/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-vlxka':trm? vGr f;ol Ypm (2003) pm175-

1999/1999/1999/1999/1999/

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) pma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfqufpma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndK jr EIwfquf

pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\pmwrf; (1939)? (8) udk ynmtr&yl&) OD;ndKjr\

awmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbmawmiforefaemufqH k;c&D;? py,fjzL ('DZifbm

1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/1985) pm 157-159/


OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)OD;wufwdk; (armifae0if;)

owif;pmq&m OD;wufwdk;udk {&m0wDwdkif;? rtlyifNrdKUü

tz ukefonf OD;pdef&? trd a':½I,OfwdkYu 1930 jynfYESpf?

arv (14) &ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;wufwdk;onf 1936 ckESpfwGif rtlyif OD;vlvStrsdK;om;ausmif;ü pwif

ynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkausmif;rS pwkw¬wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf rtlyiftpdk;&

txufwef;ausmif;wGif qufvufynmoif ,lcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif edyGefbmom

pmoifausmif;odkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif atmufArmjynf ausmif;om;

wyfOD;ppfwuúodkvfwGif vufa&G;pif Adkvfoifwef; wufa&mufatmifjrifcJYonf/

1950 jynfYESpfwGif &efukefodkYajymif;a&TUum wuúodkvf0ifwef;qufwufcJYonf/

1951 ckESpfwGif tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/

OD;wufwdk;onf *syefacwftm½Svli,f tpnf;t½Hk;odkU0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1946

ckESpfwGif rtlyifc½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948

ckESpfwGif rtlyifc½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1951 ckESpfwGif

usef;rma&;ñTefMum;a&;0ef½Hk;wGif trIxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ pma&;or*¾u xkwfa0

aom trIxrf;*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1954-56 ckESpf

rEÅav;vlxkowif;pm bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufpOf yk'fr (5) jzifY 2

ESpfcJG tusOf;uscHcJY&onf/ 1957 rS 1964 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufwmpfYaMu;eef;

owif;Xme? jrefrmydkif;owif;pOf t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 rS 1964

ckESpftxd pma&;q&mpmayuvyfESifY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mor*¾wdkYwGif

trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1964 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;

wJGzuf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1967 ckESpfwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf

vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;wufwdk;onf 1970 jynfYESpfrS 1983 ckESpftxd udk&D;,m; A[dkowif;Xme

owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? *syefowif;pm tqm[d&SifbGef;\ jrefrmEdkifiH

qdkif&m owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/


1950 jynfYESpfwGif pmayavmuodkY uAsmrsm;a&;om;í 0ifa&mufcJYonf/

]]awmf0ifr*¾Zif;}} wGifygonfY ]]tESif;}}onf yxrqHk;aom 0w¬Kwdkjzpfonf/

armifae0if; uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom vuf&mrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm rdk;ajr

odrfYodrfY? rdk;ajrqHk;wdkif? jrifvSnfYygYr,fhocif? ajruGsefYom;? OD;vnfrokef? rkefwdkif;eDeD

rdk;eDeD? a&½dkif;? ajr½dkif; ponfyif udk,fa&;0w¬K&Snfrsm;? wif;rmaeaom ESvHk;om;

rsm;? avmuESpfq,fvlESpfq,f? raiG&DESifY ESvHk;csufMuD; 0w¬Kwdkrsm;ponfY 0w¬Kwdk

aygif;csKyfrsm;? vlwdkYMur®m? arSmifxJurSwfwrf;? aoG;jzifYa&;aomrSwfwrf;? oHzaemifY?

udk,fawGUtusOf;axmifrSwfwrf; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

OD;wufwdk;onf 1991 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1992)? pm -221/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/rvdc ? jrefrm0w¬K tñTef; (4)? pm 180 - 193/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfY OD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/

pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/pm- 162-163/


OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)OD;wif ('*kefa&TrQm;)

pma&;q&m '*kefa&TrQm;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;wif

udk 1895ckESpf? ZGefv 2 &uf we*FaEGaeYwGif jynfNrdKYü tz

OD;cspfxGef;? trd a':apmuav; wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/ rdbrsm;

onf i,fpOfuausmif;odkYrydkYbJ tdrfwGif t*Fvdyf-jrefrm q&m

rsm;udk ac:um ynmoifay;cJhonf/ r*Fvokwf? tjyifatmifjcif;? twGif;atmifjcif;?

eruúm&? y&dwfBuD;? avmueDwd? o'´g? oN*ØK[fwdkYudk 12 ESpfom;t&G,fuyif

wwfajrmufcJhonf/

OD;wifonf 1916 - 1917 ckESpfwGif jynfNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif

q,fwef;ü ynmoif,l aepOfrSmyif pmayrsm;udkpwifa&;om;cJhonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;

trSwf (3) üygonfh ]]csif;Adkvfarmifwufwl}} onf yxrqHk;a&;om;cJhaom0w¬K

jzpfcJhonf/

OD;wifonf 1917 ckESpfwGif umvuwåm;wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yJGudk atmifjrif

cJhNyD;? &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ OD;wifonf rdwfaqGwpfOD; toHk;jyKae

aom ]]a&Tjr§m;}} [laom uavmiftrnfudk rdwfaqG\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh ]]a&TrQm;}}

[kajymif;vJNyD; ukd,fykdifuavmiftrnftjzpf cH,lcJhonf/ ]]jynfarmifwif}}?

]]tif'gqif}} [laomuavmiftrnfrsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif

'*kefr*¾Zif;udktpGJjyKum '*kefa&TrQm; trnfudkcH,lcJhonf/ 1926-1930 jynfhESpfwGif

ukefonfvkyf&if;ol&d,owif;pmESifh wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwdkYwGif owif;axmuf

tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif a&SUaepmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD; a&SUaevkyf

onf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif Munfhawmfrlr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwm? ausmif;q&m? yGJpm;? pma&;

q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/

OD;wifonf 1943 ckESpfwGif0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh jynfolUqufqHa&;AsL½dkwGif wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ Armhacwfowif;pm? a&SUaqmifowif;pm? owif;pHk*sme,f

wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyef

pmaytoif;ü pmjyK? jynfyqufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1959ckESpf

wGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonff/ jrefrmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif; 'kwd,Ouú|? Ouú|? ½kyf&Sif


qifqmtzGJU0if? jrefrmEkdifiHpmay jyefYyGm;a&;toif;Ouú| ponfhwm0efrsm;

xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;wifonf a&mfbifqifu½l;qdk; pmtkyfudk bmomjyefxkwfa0cJh&m 1959

ckESpf pmayAdrmefbmomjyef pmayqk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1963 ckESpfwGif NrdKU0efrif;\b0c&D;

pmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;pmayqk? bmomjyefpmay 'kwd,qk &&SdcJhonf/

1964 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefpmaytwdkifyifcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1973

ckESpfwGif bmomjyefpmayqk 'kwd,qkudk rGef;rwnfhrD 2 rdepftvdk pmrljzifh &&SdcJhonf/

OD;wifonf bmomjyef0w¬K&Snf (40) cefY? 0w¬Kwkd&Snf (1000) cefY? aqmif;yg;

(600) cefYa&;om;cJhonf/ bmomjyef0w¬Krsm;wGif ]]qm½kduf'g[uf*wf}} \ yef;jrwf

rmvm? vljzLbk&ifr? jrLckd;a0a0? &SDAmbk&ifr ponfh 0w¬K (20) yg0ifonf/ a&mAwf

vl0DpwDAifqif \ ]]x&uf&Smtkdif;vif;}} udk 1941 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjyefaom &wem'Dy

0w¬Kudk ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrsm;wGifxm;&ef ynma&;Xmeu jy|mef;cJhonf/

1965 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEkdifiHrS xkwfa0aom ]]ta&SUwkdif;0w¬Kwkd (50)}}

pmtkyfwGif q&mBuD;\ ]]axmifrif;om; OD;bkd;axmf}} 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonfh ]]za,mif;

½kyf}} 0w¬Kudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhvnf;aumif;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ta&SU*smreDrS

xkwfa0aom ]]yk*Haps;}} trnf&Sd jrefrm0w¬Kwkdaygif;csKyfpmtkyfwGif ]]twdwf\

yJhwifoH}} 0w¬Kwkdudk *smrefbmomjzifhvnf;aumif; jyefqkdazmfjycH&onf/

OD;wif\ pHkaxmufOD;xifausmf? axmifrif;om;OD;zdk;axmf? tifrfMum½dk;ESifh

oHacgif;pGyfrif;om;0w¬K? vljzLbk&ifr? yef;jrwfrmvm? jrLcdk;a0a0? ½dkAmbk&ifrwdkYonf

xif&Sm;onf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm; pmtkyfESifh 1975 ckESpfwGif

]]b0tawGUtBuHK}} trnfjzifh ukd,fwkdifa&; tw¬KyÜwådudka&;om;cJhonf/

OD;wifonf 1982 ckESpf? arv 28 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/'*kefa&TrQm; ? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm- 79-80/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-armifokw ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d ? pm-367-

369/369/369/369/369/


OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)OD;wifaxG; (armifwifaxG;)

owif;pmq&m OD;wifaxG;udk zcifpm&if;ppf OD;vS&SdefESifY

rdcif a':zGm;rSD wdkYu 1933 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif

jyifOD;vGifNrdKU (arNrdKU) üarG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;wifaxG;onf >yefwefqmNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? &efukefe,fvqif

tvGwfynmoifausmif;ESifY &efukefNrdKU NrdKUrtrsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif;

wdkYwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif &efukefwdkif; cspftvGwfynmoif

ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü ynmqufvufqnf;yl;

cJYNyD; 1957 ckESpfwGif Oypmtxufwef;rS xGufcJYonf/

wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD; &efukefNrdKUaiGpm&if;rif;BuD;½Hk;wGif acwå0ifa&mufvkyfudkif

cJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufü t,f'DwmtzGJY0if wpfOD;tjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUü xkwfa0aom ref;acwfowif;pmwdkufwGifvnf;

t,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1959 ckESpfwGif aomMumpmapmifü

t,f'DwmtzGJU0if? aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufü t,f'Dwmtjzpf qufvufvkyfudkifcJY

onf/

1972 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmwdkufrS jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwkdufokdY

ajymif;a&TUcJhNyD; 'kwd,t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif

jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufrS rEÅav;NrdKU [Hom0wDowif;pmwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TU

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;wifaxG;onf 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEkdifiHokdYoGm;a&mufí tif'D

,m;em;wuúodkvfü owif;pmynmudk oif,lcJYonf/ 1980 jynfYESpfwGif owif;ESifY

pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif; (,ckowif;ESifYpme,fZif;vkyfief;) ü 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;

(pDrH) rS ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (pDrH) tqifYtxdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJY&m uG,fvGefonfYtcsdef

txdjzpfonf/


OD;wifaxG;onf owif;pmq&mwpfOD;tjzpf 1964 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,EkdifiH?

1973 ckESpfwGif udk&D;,m;or®wEkdifiH? 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH? 1988

ckESpfwGif qDG'ifEdkifiH? 1990 jynfYESpfwGif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY avYvma&;

c&D;rsm;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

pma&;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf csdKaw;oHr*¾Zif;wGif ]]armifwifaxG;}} trnfjzifY

pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm;rSm (1) arvrSm ckepf&uf

(jrefrmjyef)? (2) aoG;at;at; (jrefrmjyef)? (3) tar&duefudk½kyfqdk; (jrefrmjyef)?

(4) rDvH 18 (jrefrmjyef)? (5) tdrfeHygwf 79 (jrefrmjyef)? (6) rdk;ESifYavESifYrkefwdkif;ESifY

(jrefrmjyef)? (7) tnHYrcHppf? (8) rNydKonfYrdk;? (9) a&Tyifv,fqD;NyDav? (10) pdwfcs

(jrefrmjyef) ponfYpmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;teuf ]]rdk;jrifYjrifYxGm;}}

pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk;yifudka&;0w¬KpmtkyfjzpfNyD; aemufqHk; ]]uRefawmfESifYaMu;rHk}}

[laom0w¬K[ef tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfudka&;om;jyKpkaepOf 1993 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 26

&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm 196/


OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)OD;wifxG#f (tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f)

owif;pmq&m OD;wifxG#fudk 1895 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D

1&ufaeY wGifjrif;NcHNrdKUü tzta&;ydkif OD;zdef; (autufpftrf?

atwDtrf) trda':rdrdwdkYu zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif; ckepfa,muf

wGif tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ nDtpfudkav;OD;vHk; t*FvefrS bm;tuf

avm 0wfvHkbGJYrsm;&í xl;cRefxufjruf xif&Sm;onf/

OD;wifxG#fonf &efukefpdefaygvftxufwef;ausmif;? tpdk;txufwef;

ausmif;? yJcl;tpdk;t&xufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefaumvdyfwdkYwGifynmoif,lcJh

onf/ &efukefaumvdyfwGif vydkif;rQaeí 1911 ckESpfwGif t*Fvef*sL;0pfaumvdyf

wGifvnf;aumif;? 1914 ckESpfwGif udef;b&pf wuúodkvfuGif;efaumvdyfwGif vnf;

aumif;? tdkif,mvef 'AÁvifx&DewDaumvdyfwkdYwGifvnf;aumif;aecJhNyD;? 1915

ckESpfwGif rufpfopfx&pfydk pmar;yGJESifh 1917 ckESpfwGif tDaumaemrpfx&pfydk pmar;yGJ

rsm;atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1916 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfpmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJü [l;pfy½dkuf qk&onf/

1917 ckESpfwGif udef;b&pfwuúodkvfrS bDatbGJUudk ocsFm? abm*aA' *kPfxl;

&&SdcJhonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif 'AÁvifx&DewDaumvdyfrS bDat (wD? pD? 'D) ESifh

trfatbGJUrsm;&cJhonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif rpf',fwefy,fvf Oya'ausmif;rS bm&pf

pwm 0wfvHkbGJY&&SdcJhonf/

OD;wifxG#fonf t*FvefwGifynmoif,laepOf tm;upm;üxl;cRef xif&Sm;

cJhonf/ *sL0pfaumvdyf&yfbD tm;upm;vufa&G;pif? ywfwvpfpul;vufa0SYcsefyD,H?

udef;b&pfwuúodkvf &yfbDtoif;acgif;aqmif? avSavSmftoif;Ouú|tjzpf

ta&G;cH&onf/ 1917 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS tdEd,ppfwyfaumfr&Sif

t&m&Sdav;OD;wGif wpfOD;tjzpfcefYtyfcH&onf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;

rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;tdkifpDtufpf 0efxrf;tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&um 1919 ckESpfrS 1921

ckESpftxd atmufpzdk'fwuúodkvfü tvkyfoifynmoif,lcJh&onf/

OD;wifxG#fonf 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfokdY jyefa&mufcJhonf/ 1922

ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;urmpJrS OD;bdk;rif;\orD; roef;wifESifh vufxyfonf/ 1922

ckESpfwGif yJcl;0efaxmuf? 1924 ckESpfwGif opfawm|me twGif;0efaxmuf? opfawm


aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1925 ckESpfwGif b@ma&;|me

twGif;0efaxmuf? 1926 ckESpf tcGefawmfESifh oóar" pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1927 ckESpfwGif or0g,r wGJzuf &D*spöMwm

0efaxmuftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;wifxG#fonf 1928 ckESpf? {NyD 10 &ufrS 1933 ckESpf? {NyD 17 &uftxd

a'vDNrdKUESifh qif;rvm;NrdKUwdkYwGif tdEd´,tpdk;&pufrIESifh tvkyform;XmetwGif;

0efaxmuf? 'kwd,twGif;0ef? wGJzuftwGif;0efponfjzifh trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1933

ckESpfwGif jynfta&;ydkiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1935 ckESpfwGiftwGif;0ef½Hk;b@ma&;

Xme 'kwd,twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1941ckESpfwGif 0efBuD;csKyftwGif;0eftjzpf

wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvf

t"dywdtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

1941 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh t*FvefodkUvdkufygí

tBuHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sdjrefrmjynfppfajy;

a':refprpftpdk;&\ tBuHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1945 ckESpf uef'DaqG;aEG;yGJ

tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

1946ckESpfwGif tdkifpDtufpf0efxrf;b0rSEkwfxGufí bm;rif;&DAsL;*sme,f

ESifh e,l;wdkif;rf;atmhzfbm;rm;owif;pmrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0cJhonf/

vef'efwdkif;rfowif;pm\ txl;owif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&Gufí jrefrmjynfESifh

ywfoufaomowif;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/

1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 28 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom

Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJYü bk&ifcHcefY 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D

vwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdka&;twGuf jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY0if

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvyifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqkda&; jrefrmudk,fpm;

vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJhonf/ e,fjcm;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtzGYJ0if

tjzpfvnf;aumif; ? 1947 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ([oFmwc½dkif)

trwftjzpfvnf;aumif;? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;

aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 7 &ufaeYwGif vef'ef jrefrmjynfqkdif&maumfr&Sif


rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif ocifEkOD;aqmifaom

Mum;jzwftpdk;& b@ma&;0efBuD; tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;wifxG#fonf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&\ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

16 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmht&efwyfrawmfwyfrif;BuD;wm0efudk ,lcJhonf/ xdkYodkY wm0ef

,laepOf 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeY naeydkif;wGif twGif;0ef½Hk;

taemufbuf Akdvfatmifausmfvrf;&Sd e,l;wdkif;rfatmhzfbm;rm;owif;pmwdkufrS

tjyef um;ay:twuf AHk;cGJvkyBfuHcH&onf/

OD;wifxG#frSm AHk;'Pf&mjzifh 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif

&efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ) pm- 6060606060 ----- 64/64/64/64/64/


OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)OD;wifarmif (wuúodkvfarmifvSol)

owif;pmq&m OD;wifarmif (wuúokdvfarmifvSol) udk

1933 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 23 &ufwGif tzOD;cspfxGef;? trd

a':cifaxG; wdkYrS &efukefNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;wifarmifonf 1941-42 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU pdefar&Dausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif;? 1946-1947 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&Tawmifwef;rufo'pfausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif;? 1947-49 ckESpfrsm;wGif &efukeftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif vnf;

aumif; ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ausmif;xGufvufrSwf&pmar;yGJudk

atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU jrifYarwåmtxufwef;ausmif;rS

q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfü Oypmtydkif; (c) wef;atmifxd

ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/

OD;wifarmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfeH&Huyfpmapmif? urÇmYtvif;r*¾Zif;?

wdkif;&if;ar? aoG;aomufwdkYrSpwifí pmayavmuodkY0ifa&mufcJYNyD;? 'Drdkua&pD

*sme,f? bm;rm;*sme,f? trsdK;om;aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef

,lcJYonf/ 1951-52 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGJzufjrefrmpmwnf;

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpf uavmifopftzGJYtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1955 ckESpfwGif taysmfwrf;*DwtzGJYcsKyf wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;wifarmifonf 1954 ckESpfrSpí wuúodkvfarmifvSol trnfudkcH,lonf/

1960 jynfYESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifavmu odkYul;ajymif;cJYonf/ yxrOD;qHk; 'g½dkufwmtjzpf

]]iyvD}} Zmwfvrf;udkpwif½dkuful;cJYonf/ zdk;ygBuD;½kyf&Sif ]]usm;om; rdk;BudK;}} rSpwif

íZmwfñTef;a&;om;cJY&m uG,fvGefonftxdZmwfñTef;aygif;ajcmufq,fausmf

a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;wifarmif\ atmifjrifaom Zmwfum;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm ]]cspf&ifrsuf&nf

ruseJY}}? ]]ysOf;rikwfwdk}}? ]]av½l;okefokef}}? ]]om;}}? ]]yef;urÇmxJuapmifYaer,f}}?

]]csdKBuD;csdKav;}}? ]]*sufr}}? ]]&Spfpyfu*sif*sifvnf}}? ]]ESpfq,f&mpk okb'g}} wkdYjzpfonf/


]]£wåd,ac:rdef;rwdkYonf}} ESifh ]]arwåmtaoacFs}} Zmwfum;rsm;rSm

tu,f'rD &cJhonf/

OD;wifarmifonf ]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}}]]½d k;om;BudK;pm;? pma&;&if;aornf}} [kqdkcJhonf[k

rSwfom;cJh&onf/

OD;wifarmifonf 1987 ckESpf? arv 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJh

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif;? 1987 ck? Ekd0ifbmv? pm - 20/


OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)OD;wifjrifh (aeatmif)

owif;pmq&m OD;wifjrifhudk 1918 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif

ZD;ukef; NrdKUe,f? opfezm;&Gmü tz OD;ñTefY? trd ausmif;tkyf

q&mrBuD; a':pdefqifhwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;wifjrifhonf 10wef;atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1942-45

ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmf? ppfwuúodkvf (r*Fvm'Hk) wwd,ywfAdkvfoifwef;odkY wuf

a&mufcJhonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif tvkyfoifAdkvftjzpf puf2 wyf&if;½Hk;?

wdkif;ppf|mecsKyf? ewåvif;wGif ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf zsufodrf;onftxd

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ bDtdkifatoifwef;wufcJhojzifh Adkkvfwifjrifh trnfwGifcJh

onf/

1945 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; (pDattufpfbD) u zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; vlowfrIusL;vGefcJhojzifh ao'PfBudK;rdefYcsrSwfjcif; cHcJh&

onf/ qdk½S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxktHk<urIjzifh ta&;qdkaomaMumifh

ao'PfrSvGwfum wpfoufwpfuRef;odkY ajymif;a&TUtrdefYcsrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf/

o&ufaxmifwGiftusOf;uscHae&pOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tusOf;axmif ppfaq;&mü

awGUqHkcGifh&&dScJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tjypf'PfrS vGwfajrmufcJhonf/

OD;wifjrifhonf rEÅav;[Hom0wDowif;pm? ol&d,owif;pmrsm;wGif

t,f'DwmvkyfcJhonf/ aqmufvkyfa&;aumfydka&;&Sif;½Hk;csKyfwGif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;wifjrifhonf aeatmif uavmiftrnfjzifh pmtkyfpmayrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzGJY? '*HkNrdKUe,fESifh oCFef;uRef;NrdKUe,fwdkUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf

yg0ifcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if 'kwd,tqifh &&SdNyD;? EdkifiHh*kPf&nf 'kwd,

tqifhukd 1984 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGifcsD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/

OD;wifjrifh\ xif&Sm;aom pmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm ]] e,fcsJU\ tusOf;om;}}

(yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ) ESifh]]ao&nf}} pmtkyfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;wifjrifhonf 1995 ckESpf? ZGefv 16 &ufaeYwGif ok0PÖNrdKUaetdrfü

uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;? pm - 80/


OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)OD;wif[def; (vlxkarmifrJ)

owif;pmq&m vlxkarmifrJtrnfcH OD;wif[def;udk

1915 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 9 &ufwGif? rtlyifc½dkif? yef;waemfNrdKUü

tz OD;cspfaqG? trd a':aiGcspfwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;wif[def;onf 1300 jynfYESpfwGif yef;waemfNrdKU ae&Sife,f (trsdK;om;)

ausmif;rS tv,fwef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUrausmif;rS

(10) wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifNyD; ocifwif[def;tjzpfcH,lum

armfvNrdKifNrdKUwGif wm0ef,lcJYonf/

'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; 1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 19&ufaeYrSpwifxkwfa0cJYaom

rEÅav;NrdKUvlxkowif;pmESifY vlxk *sme,fwkdYwGif owif;ESifY owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;?

c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;? ,Ofaus;rI"avYaqmif;yg;rsm;udk 1967 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 7

&ufaeYaemufqHk;xkwfvlxkowif;pmtxd (aumfvHpm;) tvGwfowif;axmuf

tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ q&mBuD; vlxkOD;vSonf vlxkowif;pmwGif OD;wif[def;

a&;cJhaom 1954 ckESpfrS 1959ckESpf txd aqmif;yg;rsm;twGif;rS vufa&G;pif

aqmif;yg; 36 yk'fudk a&G;EkwfNyD; ]]armifrJc&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;}} trnfjzifY 1970

jynfYESpfwGif vlxkpmtkyfwkdufrS xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;wif[def;onf 1975 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 22 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav; [Hom0wD

owif;pmwdkuf? bkd;0ZD&cef;rBuD;xJrS tywfpOfusif;yonfY pmay0kdif;ü ok0PÖblrd

pmwrf;i,fudk wifoGif;zwfMum;cJYonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif 1969 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv

1 &ufaeYrS pwifxkwfa0cJYaom [Hom0wDaeYpOfowif;pmü 1978 ckESpf? aemufqHk;

umvtxd armifrJ ]]uavmiftcef;}} udk aeYpOfxkwfESifY we*FaEG tcsyfydk rsm;wGif

BudKMum;BudKMum; a&;om;cJYonf/

½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;rSm rarhEdkifwJhEdkifu@udk armifrJ\ pmjzifY pwifzGifYvSpf

azmfjycJYonf/ 1981 ckESpfwGif udk,fhxrif; udk,fpm;NyD;? udk,hfp&dwfjzifhoGm;cJhaom

rdkif;qwfc&D;rSae ]]rdkif;qwfa&TBwd*HajrodkYwpfacguf}} pmtkyfudk owif;pmorm;

wpfa,muftjrifopfjzifh xl;jcm;pGmOD;OD;zsm;zsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkpmtkyfudk pmay

avmupmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0cJhonf/


OD;wif[def;onf &wemrGefr*¾Zif;ESifY "r®&or*¾Zif;wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&Guf&if; bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifY jrefrmY"avYaqmif;yg;aumif;rsm; a&;om;

cJYonf/ OD;wif[def; trnf&if;jzifY ]]a,m*D½IzG,fusrf;}} qdkonfY 0dyóem½Ienf;

pmtkyfwpftkyfudkvnf; a&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf 1989 ckESpftxd

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;wif[def;onf jrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifY

awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif wuf<uxufoefpGmjzifY ocifwif[def;b0jzifY vIyf&Sm;

aqmif&GufcJYonfYtwGuf armfuGef;0if 'kwd,qifY&&SdcJYonf/

OD;wif[def;onf ,cif &Sifr[mAk'äCmoausmif;? ,ck armfvNrdKifNrdKU

trSwf (9) t.x.u ESpfwpf&mjynfY txdrf;trSwftwGuf &Sifr[mAk'aCmo\

ax½kyÜwådpmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkcJYonf/

OD;wif[def;onf wifyqHk½dk;usdK;oGm;í tdyf&mxJvJaeonfYwkdifatmif

tawG;tjrifpmapmiftwGuf aemufqHk;uG,fvGefonfYvtxd aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&;oGm;cJYonf/ vHk;0xkwfa0jcif;rjyK&ao;onfY ]]ausmufpdrf;wGif;qD odkYwpfacguf}}

pmrlESifY aqmif;yg;aygif;rsm;pGmusef&Sdao;onf/

OD;wif[def;u owif;pmq&mb0udk wifjyoGm;cJYyHkrSm ]]owif;pmorm;

wpfOD;onf aeYpOfESifhtrQ a&;p&maumfvHwpfck&SdcJYvQif rdrdMum;odjrif oa&GUwdkYudk

pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfonftxd 0efxkyfBuD;ozG,f vG,fydk; odrf;ydkufxm;avYr&Sdyg/ aeYpOf

Mum;odjrifae&orQxJrS trsm;jynfoltwGuf tusdK;&Sdwefaom owif;pum;

trsdK;rsdK;udk owif;pmxJwGif rD&mrSoGefcs a&;om;NyD;NrJjzpfonf}} [líjzpfonf/

OD;wif[def;onf olYb0wpfavQmufvHk;ausmfMum;rIudk vHk;0rrufarm?

aiGaMu;rsufESmudk vHk;0riJhbJ? ,HkMunf&mvrf;udk tnMwwpfa,mufyrm jzwfoef;

oGm;cJYonfYtwGuf tifrweftwk,lp&maumif;vSygonf/ b0wpfavQmufwGif

[dwf[efr&Sd? udef;BuD;cef;BuD;rEdkif? t½dk;om;qHk;ESifh b0udk &J0HhpGmjzwfoef;cJhygonf/

OD;wif[def;onf aeYpOfESifhtrQ owif;pmpmrsufESmawGxJrSm? tywfpOfESifh

trQ *sme,frsm;xJrSm uavmifudk vufurcs? vl;vmwkHYjyefNyD;tem;raecJYonfh

OD;wif[def;\ owif;uavmifrSm wzswfzswfESifYawmufyaeqJyif? vlom;rsm;

aumif;usdK;twGuf apwema&SUxm;onfh owif;pmq&myDyD jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}}]]taraeYvH k;0ray:aygufrusif;yrDuwnf;u}} taraeYjzpfay:xGef;um;


vmapzdkY 1970 jynfYESpf Mo*kwfvu [Hom0wDowif;pm we*FaEGtcsyfydku@rSm

]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;]]rdbarwåm}} qd konfh acgif;wyfNyD; pmwrf;i,fwpfapmifjzif h a&;om;

vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/vI H YaqmfcJ honf/

OD;wif[def;u ]]pmjyKxufpmpkcufonf? pmrsm;rsm;pkEdkifrS pmjyK&mü jynfYpHkrnf

[laomtmp&d,0g'udk uRefawmf ,HkMunfygonf}} [kqdkonf/

OD;wif[def;onf ol,HkMunf&mudkom b0wpfavQmufvHk;vkyfoGm;cJYonfrSm

aocsmvSonf/ tv[ótcsdef jzKef;raebJowif;pmorm;yDyDtdyfcsdefuvGJí

a&'D,dkem;axmif? owif;aemufvdkuf? owif;tawG;ESifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;? c&D;rsm;

xGuf? c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;wwfpGrf;orQ a&;NyD; vlxktusdK;o,fydk;cJYoljzpfonf/

OD;wif[def;u ]]jrefrmjynfwGifxif&Sm;aomowif;pmq&mwpfOD;jzpf &efrSm

rnfuJYokdYZGJ? owådESifY t&nftcsif;rdsK; &Sd&ygrnfenf;/ vli,ftcsdKUu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk

pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mjzpfNyD[k xifrSwfaeMuonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif owif;pm

q&mwpfa,mufjzpf&efrSm jynfolYtusdK;twGuf jynfolYbufrS&yfwnfí? aeYpOf

&ufquf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&;Mu&ygonf/ odkYwdkifatmifjynfolYqEESifY rudkufnDí

jynfoluvufrcHygu xdkoludk rnfolurQ owif;pmq&m [lí todtrSwfjyKrnf

r[kwfay/ jynfolu vufcHtodtrSwfjyKrSom owif;pmq&m jzpfMu&ygonf/

jrefrmjynfu owif;pmq&m[laombGJYonf jynfoluay;aom bGJYjzpfonf/

udk,fh[m udk,fay;í r&ay/}} [kzGifhqdkcJhonf/

OD;wif[def;\ pmayvuf&mrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm - armifrJc&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;

rsm;? &Sifr[mAk'aCmo\ ax½kyÜwåd? rdkif;qwfa&TBwd*HajrokdYwpfacguf? a,m*D½IzG,f

usrf;[líjzpfonf/

OD;wif[def;onf 2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 18 &uf touf (90) jynfYESpfwGif

u&ifjynfe,f? jr0wDNrdKU? om;jzpfol OD;cspfwdk;\ aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåduefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwåd

(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/(1361) pm-39/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?tawG;tjrif (2005ckESpf? ZGefv) pmpOf (173)?

pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/pm-195-201/


OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)OD;wifat; (ppfudkif;at;vGif)

owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&m ppfukdif;at;vGif trnfcH

OD;wifat;udk 1914 ckESpfwGif tz OD;b&DESifY trd a':wifoef;

wdkYrS ppfudkif;NrdKU rif;vrf;&yfü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;wifat;onf ppfudkif;NrdKU? trSwf (1) txufwef;ausmif;ESifY rEÅav;NrdKU

trSwf (1) txufwef;wdkYwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ tEkynmyefwsmausmif;

(rEÅav;) wGif yef;csDynmudk qnf;yl;cJYonf/

OD;wifat;onf 1951 ckESpfrS pwifí uAsmESifYaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJY

onf/ 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf pHkaxmufr*¾Zif;ü ]vm;rm;bPfvlowfrIMuD;}

0w¬KjzifY pHkaxmuf0w¬KavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/

OD;wifat;onf A[dk&fpnfowif;pmESifY jrwf*kefr*¾Zif;wGif yef;csDq&mtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? rEÅav;ol&d,

owif;pmESifY a&Tref;aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? pHkaxmuf

r*¾Zif;pmwnf;tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkifcJYjyD; eDvm½kyf&SifpmapmifESifY

rEÅav;½kyf&SifukrÜPDrS pmapmifrsm;udk wm0efcHwnf;jzwf xkwfa0ay;cJYonf/

OD;wifat;onf ppfudkif;at;vGif? rif;aZ,sm? aZmfxGef;atmif? pHkaxmuf

pma&;q&mwpfOD;ponfY uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K½Snf? aqmif;yg;?

bmomjyef wdkYudka&;om;cJYonf/

½kyf&SifZmwfvrf;? AGD'D,dkZmwfvrf;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/ vHk;csif;0w¬Krsm;

udk ]]jym; (60) wefacwf}} rS pwifa&;om;cJY&m uG,fvGefonfYtxd vHk;csif;pmtkyf

aygif; (300) cefY xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;wifat;onf 1987 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufwGif ppfudkif;NrdKU aetdrfü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (1987) Ekd0ifbm pm -20/


OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)OD;wifatmif (Aef;armfwifatmif)

owif;pmq&m OD;wifatmif pma&;q&m Aef;armf

wifatmifudk tz ausmif;q&m? w&m;a[mq&m csif;trsdK;om;

OD;aeESifY trd armfwifvdef; *s'fqif ausmif;xGuf a':apmNrdKif

(yJcl;NrdKUol) wdkYrS 1920 jynfhESpf? ZGefv 9 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;NrdKUü

arG;zGm;cJYonf/ i,frnfrSm armifwifOD; jzpfonf/

OD;wifatmifonf yJcl;tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif 1926 ckESpfrS 1929

ckESpftxd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1932 ckESpfrS 35 ckESpfumvtwGif; Aef;armfNrdKU?

tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ckepfwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYonfudk pdwfpJG

,lum pma&;q&mb0ü uavmiftrnfwGif Aef;armfxnfY,lcJYonf/ 1935- 38

ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU [dkufpul;ausmif;ü q,fwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif,lcJY

onf/

OD;wifatmifonf q,fwef;atmifjyD;aemuf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif

tvkyfoifowif;axmuftjzpf tvkyfpwifvkyfcJYonf/ 1939-40 jynfYESpfwGif

pwD;b&m;om;ukrÜPDopf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1941 ckESpfrS 1942

ckESpftxd NAdwdoQppfwyf txufjrefrmjynf wyf&if;wyfpkrSL;? 1945-46 ckESpfwGif

pwD;b&m;om; opfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&GufjyD; 1946-49ckESpfwGif opf

ukefonf opft0,fawmfvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;wifatmifonf 1938 ckESpfwGif armifwifatmif uavmiftrnfjzifY

a&;om;aom ]bkef;arYEdkifbl;} 0w¬KjzifY pmayavmuodkY yxrqHk;0ifa&mufcJYonf/

xdkrSqufvufí ]jrefrmY½kyf½Sif} ]bm;rm;*sme,f} ]jrefrmYwm0ef} r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Krsm;

udk a&;om;cJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfü ]r[matmif} uavmiftrnfjzifY ]*sme,fausmf}

wGif ]ppfxGufa,musfm;} 0w¬KwkdYudka&;om;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf

]*sme,fausmf}wGifygaom ]aemfrla*;} 0w¬KwdkrSpwifí ]Aef;armfwifatmif} uavmif

trnfudk ,lcJYonf/

1949 ckESpfwGif ]wm&mr*¾Zif;}ü wJGzuft,f'Dwm wm0efudk,lum

vkyfaqmifay;cJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfü ]vif;,kef}*sme,fudk t,f'DwmESifY xkwfa0ol


tjzpf wm0ef,lum pwifxkwfa0cJYonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif ]vif;,kef}owif;pmudkyg

yl;wJGxkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;wifatmifudk ola&;aom ]olykefMuD;} ]jynfwGif;ppf} ]tar} ESifY ] jynfawmf

om cifcifOD;} 0w¬Krsm;twGuf zqyv tpdk;&u 1952 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 27 7ufaeYu

zrf;qD;í w&m;qJGum axmif'Pf (7) ESpf tjypfay;cJhonf/

OD;wifatmifonf axmifwGif;ü pma&;q&mrsm; rsm;jym;vmaomtcg vlxk

OD;vSESifh twlMuD;rSL;jyD; axmifwGif;pmqdkawmfaeYudk usif;yonf/ xdkaeYwGif axmifodkY

q&mMuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;tm; zdwfMum;í pma&;q&mrsm;u uefawmYMuonf/

vlxk OD;vSESifY OD;wifatmifwdkYu pmqdkawmfaeYtaMumif; a[majymMuonf/

axmifwGif;a&muf pma&;q&mrsm;u jyZmwfrsm;udk pDpOfujyMuonf/ xdkpOfu

pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m tusOf;om;rsm;rSm vlxkOD;vS? Aef;armfwifatmif?

a&T"m;? udkvScif (qef;ñGefYOD;vScif)? udkae0if; (pma&;q&m armifae0if;)? udkoef;apm

(t*Fvdyfvkyfom;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf)? udkaxG;jrifY? udkarmifarmif (vif;,kef

armifarmif)? udkoef;wif (rdk;[def;)? udkzkef;? Adkvfxdefvif; (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm

t,f'DwmcsKyf)? avxD; OD;tkef;armif (zsmyHk) wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;wifatmifonf zqyv tpdk;&acwfwGif pmayta&;tom;aMumifY

yxrqHk;tzrf;cH&í tusOf;usjcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ axmifrSvGwfjyD; vif;,kef

owif;pm xkwfa0cJYonf/ ]rkefwdkif;uxef} ]NrdKif} paom 0w¬Krsm;udka&;onf/

axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} axmiftwGif;a&;om;cJYaom ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;} udkxkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;wifatmifonf 1958ckESpf tdrfapmifYtpdk;& vufxufwGif axmifxJ

jyefa&mufcJYjyD;? 1960 jynfhESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif axmifrSvGwfajrmufcJhonf/

axmifrSvGwfNyD; ]cspftPÖ0gabG}? ]&Jabmfatmif'if} ? ]½dk;rwdkufyJG}? paom 0w¬Krsm;

udkvnf;a&;om;cJYonf/

1950-51 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif; trIaqmiftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1951-1963 ckESpfwGif urÇmYjidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)

trIaqmifvlBuD;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1957-1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;

a&;tzJGY twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0ifjzpfcJYonf/


OD;wifatmifonf 1963 ck? Edk0ifbmvxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifY

awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm; Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJG tysufwGif tzrf;cH&jyef

onf/ udkudk;uGsef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ udkudk;uGsef;wGif 'ku©rsdK;rsdK;awGUMuHK&ifqdkifcJY&NyD;

aemuf 1972 ckESpf rwfvxJwGif vGwfajrmufvmonf/ 1963 ckESpfrS 1964 ckESpf

txd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mor*¾Ouú| tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQOD;wifatmifonf tusOf;axmifESif h uGsef;wGif pkpkaygif; (13) ESpfrQ

aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/aexd ki fc J h&onf/

OD;wifatmifa&;om;cJYaom pmayvuf&mrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm bkef;armif

wpfa,mufxJ&,f? vGrf;&pfawmY oufvS,f&,f? a'gufwma&csrf;? rkefwdkif;xJuvl?

olykefMuD;? jynfawmfomcifcifOD;? a&ajrqHk;apawmYuG,f? twmESifYtnMw?

rkefwdkif;uxef? acsmuvufAdkvfMuD;? rrMuD;? armifvGrf;a0? iMo? ygarmu©tkef;ausmf?

cspftPÖ0gabG? &Jabmfatmif'if? rdat;? a&TjynfawmfarQmfavwdkif;a0;? a[0ef

yef;NrdKif? yk*Ha&Tjynf? olYZmwfaumif? olY0w¬K? olYpma&;q&m? jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;?

udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif;? qdk½S,fvpf#Dum? qdk&S,fvpftbd"mef? bmvifjyóem?

wwd,urÇmppfMuD;jzpfrnfavm? tPkpMum0VmESifh r[mpMum0Vm? tdefpwdef;ESifh

ol\"r®w&m;? ½kyfurÇm ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;wifatmif aemufqHk;jyKpka&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrSm vljzpfonf/ 1960

jynfYESpf pmayAdrmefqkwGif 0w¬K&Snfqktjzpf atmifvif;\ ]]t½dkif;py,f}} ESifh ]]rrBuD;}}

wdkYudk wJGzufay;cJhaomfvnf; qkvufcH&,ljcif; rjyKcJhay/

OD;wifatmifonf 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;ptcsdefrSpwifí ,aeYrsufarSmuf

umvwdkif acwfay: jrefrmpmayavmuü txl;xif½Sm;aom yk*¾dKvfMuD;jzpfonf/

OD;wifatmifonf 1978 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU

ü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 86-88/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? 4 - pm 270-273/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? (1) pm286-301/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm&mjynfhOD;pd k;nGef Y? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100? pm

103-105/103-105/103-105/103-105/103-105/


OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)OD;wifatmif (wuúodkvfeE´rdwf)

OD;wifatmifonf awmifukwfNrdKU wdkif;&if;jrefrmtv,fwef;ausmif;wGif

yÍörwef;xd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkYaemufoHwGJNrdKU t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtpkd;& txufwef;

ausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TUcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif oHwGJausmif;rSyif wuúodkvf0if

pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif &efukefwuúodkvfü

qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef; aemufqHk;ESpfpmar;yGJudk

rajzawmhbJ wuúokdvfrS xGufcJhonf/

OD;wifatmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifaepOfrSmyif wuúodkvf

pmayvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYum 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf

&efukefwuúodkvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif;wGif jrefrmu@ wGJzufpmwnf;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

&efukefwuúokdvf &cdkifausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf

wm0ef,lcJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf&cdkiftoif;u BuD;rSL;usif;yonfY 0w¬KwdkNydKifyGJwGif

]]uAsmwpfausmY}} 0w¬KwdkjzifY yxrqk&cJYonf/ wuúodkvf eErdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY

wuúodkvfxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;wifatmifonf *syefacwfwGif *syefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;udk uG,fvGefol

rEÅav;wuúodkvfygarmu©csKyf OD;ausmf&ifESifYtwl vufwGJvkyfaqmifcJYonf/

wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? 1953

ckESpfwGif 0g;c,frNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&m? 1954

ckESpfwGif jr0wDr*¾Zif;wdkufxkwf ]]a&mifjcnf*sme,f}} t,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf 1954

ckESpfwGif jr0wDr*¾Zif;ü wm0efcHpmwnf;rSonf 1960 jynfYESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyf

txdaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifya'omr*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? xdkpOfrSmyif e0a';r*¾Zif;pmwnf;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? pHkaxmuf

r*¾Zif;udk OD;pD;wnfaxmifolESifY pmwnf;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

wuúod kv f eE ´r dw ftrnfc H owif ;pmq&m

OD;wifatmifudk 1923 ckESpf? rwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif tz NrdKUydkif

OD;armifarmifBuD;? trd a':a&T wdkYu &cdkifjynfe,f awmifukwf

NrdKUüzGm;jrifcJYonf/


aemufydkif;wGif oHwGJNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufaexdkifcJYonf/ 1977 ckESpfwGif ppfjyefr*¾Zif;

t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;cJYonfrSm uG,fvGefonftxdjzpfonf/

OD;wifatmifonf wuúodkvfeE´rdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY aoG;aomuf?

wm&m? pmayopf? aMu;rHk? *sme,fausmf wdkYwGif 0w¬K&Snf? 0w¬Kwdk? aqmif;yg;?

jyZmwf? uAsm? bmomjyefrsm;udka&;om;cJYonf/

OD;wifatmifonf wuúodkvfeE´rdwfuavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;xkwfa0

cJYaompmtkyftcsdKUrSm eE´mykvJ? pma&;csifaomolrsm;odkY? jrefrmjynf ppfajrjyif?

tifzmwdkufyGJ? apmBudKvSnfhyg? rEÅav;udkjzwfí? jr0wDppfaMumif;? yef;0gppfaMumif;?

a&TjynfBuD;? AE¨KvcHwyf? ,HkMunfcsuftwGuf toufpGefYolrsm;? oifMum;ygavOD;

q&m? q,fjynfaxmifacsmYawmYrjyHK;? apmeE´m? axmifhukd;&m av;q,fhESpf?

jrpfBuD;em;wkdufyGJ ponfhpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/

OD;wifatmifonf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHESifYpyfqdkifaomppfyGJ

rSwfwrf; bmomjyefrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYao;onf/ xl;jcm;vSyqHk;ESifY ajymprSwf

tjyK&qHk;vuf&mrSm ]]eEýkvJ}} yifjzpfonf[k rSwfom;cJY&onf/

OD;wifatmifonf 1986 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 15 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)/ pm 198 209/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (2) pm 309/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&marmi fausm fom? wap Ywapmi f ; pma&;q&m

wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/wdk Y\taMumif;? pm 109-124/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif Ypma&;q&mrsm;? pm 338-340/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúod kvfeE´rdwf (od k Yr[kwf)

aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/aumif;uifESif Y ajrBuD;udkawmif;cHol (2004)/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987)? pm 171 172/

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñGef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/

pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/pm 118-120/


OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)OD;wifhaqG (*sme,fausmfwifYaqG)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif *sme,fausmf wifYaqG

trnfjzif Y xifay:ausmf Mum;cJ Yaom owif;pmq&m

OD;wifYaqGudk tz OD;omxdk (OD;omvl)? trd a':apmjrwdkYrS

1917 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? prf;acsmif;

&yfü arG;zGm;onf/

*sme,fausmf OD;wifYaqGonf &efukefNrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;ü 10 wef;

txd ynmoif,lcJ Yonf/ txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif &efukefNrdKU?

tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;r*¾Zif;? 0Ho,k0r*¾Zif;wdkYü aqmif;yg;rsm;? 0w¬Krsm;udk

a&;om;cJYonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif owif;pmavmuESifY pmayavmuodkY wpfNydKifwnf;

0ifa&mufcJYonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif wifav;jrifY uavmiftrnfjzifY uvJYpm;acsol

0w¬Kudka&;cJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;ü 0ifa&mufa&;om;&mrSpí

*sme,fausmfwifYaqG[laom uavmiftrnfudk cH,lcJYjcif;jzpfonf/

*sme,fausmfOD;wif YaqG\ tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;rSm ud kud kod?

armifwifYaqG? jynfolY[pfwdkif? wifYaqG? wifav;jrifY? wifav;atmif? ay:vGif?

a&T½dk;MuD; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

1937 ckESpfrSpí q,foef;? vrf;nTef? ol&d,? [Hom0wD? *g;'D;,ef;?

trsdK;om;ESifY jynfaxmifpkowif;pmrsm;ü owif;axmuf? owif;axmufcsKyf?

owif;t,f'Dwm? wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtxd tqifYqifYvkyfudkifcJYonf/ atyD? ,lyD

ponfY EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;wGif owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/

1952 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m toif;trIaqmiftzJGY taxGaxG

twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,lcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mrsm;toif;ESifY

jrefrmjynfowif;axmufrsm;toif;wdk YwGifvnf; trIaqmifwpfOD;tjzpf

wm0ef,lcJYonf/

*sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf a*smfvD aqm&D;? 'DvdIif;uav;rsm;ajc&m ponfY

0w¬Krsm;ESifY urÇmjzL (1950) trnf&dS odyÜH0w¬K? wdkif;jynfESifY vlrsdK;twGuf

(1966)? trnf&d S e,fcs J Uqef Yusifa&; ord kif;aemufcHjyK0w¬K ponfjzif Y


uG,fvGefcsdeftxd vHk;csif;0w¬K (15) tkyfcefY a&;om;cJYonf/

owif;pmavmuü ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg;rQ usifvnfcJYolyDyD owif;pm

ynmtajccH (1952)? uavmifppfom;ESifY tESpfESpfq,fausmfu [laom owif;pm

twwfynmqdkif&musrf;ESifY owif;pmavmutawGYtMuHK pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;

a&;om;cJYonf/

]]owif;pmtajccHynm}} pmtkyfonf 1952 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef pmya'om

qk&pmtkyfjzpfjyD;? ]]uavmifppfom;}}onf 1966 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk? pmya'om

pwkw¬qk&pmtkyfjzpfonf/ *sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf owif;pmq&mtoif;\

pwkw¬r@dKifqkrS taumif;qHk;owif;axmufqk &&dScJYolvnf;jzpfonf/

*sme,fausmfwifYaqGonf 1982 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif


ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 39-40/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)? pm 195-196/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k&mjynfYOD;pd k;;;;;ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100ñTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100

pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/pm 90-92/


OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)OD;wifhaqG (a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl)

owif;pmq&mOD;wifhaqGudk 1906 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 16

&ufaeYwGif tz pmawmfjyef0efaxmuf OD;zd k;jzL? trd

u0drsufrSef pmyHkESdyfwdkufydkif&Sif a':at;arwdkYrS &efukefNrdKUü

arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;wifhaqGi,fpOfu tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;íaecdkuf

1920 jynf hE Sp f ? yxrtBudr fausmif;om;oydwfBuD; ay:aygufvmojzifh

NrdKUrausmif;odkYajymif;a&TUum ynmqufvufqnf;yl;onf/ OD;wifhaqG aumvdyf

ausmif;odkUa&mufaomtcg yifeDtusÐ? csnfvHkcsnf0wfonfh 0HomEkausmif;om;

wpfOD;jzpfjcif;aMumifh t*Fvdyfq&mBuD;rsm;\ NidKjiifrIudkcH&onf/ aumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyfaumvdyf

ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?ausmif;wGifaepOf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf? oHwGJtrwfBuD; OD;ausmfcif?

td ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;umtd ki fp Dtufp fO D ;tke f ; tp&S donf h ausmi f ;om; BuD;rsm;E Si f h ñ§ dE d Ii f ;um

wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/wuúod kvfor*¾ud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf/

OD;wifhaqGonf 1927 ckESpf? ausmif;om;b0wGif&Sdaeckduf u0drsufrSef

r*¾Zif;wGif wmaw[laom uavmiftrnfESifh a&Tbkdarmifvwfwl[laom

uavmiftrnfwkdYjzifh vQdKU0SufpGm 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ wmaw

trnfjzifh pkef;? ua0? wapä paom emembm00w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;wifhaqGonf a&Tbkdarmifvwfwl [laom uavmiftrnfcH,l&jcif;rSm

py,fyif? a&Tjynfpkd;0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;jcif;jzifh pmaye,fwGif ausmfapmxif&Sm;

cJhaom a&TbkdtEG,ftquf OD;vwf\ wljzpfonf[laomt"dyÜm,fESifh xkduavmif

trnfudk cH,lvkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;&onf/

OD;wifhaqGonf &efukefwuúodkvfrS bDatbGJYudk 1930 jynfhESpfwGif&&SdcJhNyD;?

1933 ckESpfwGif bDt,fvfbGJYudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1935-37 ckESpftxd t*FvefEdkifiHü

ynmoif,lcJhNyD; D.T ESifh F.R.H.S bGJYudk tduúqDwmwuúodkvfrS &SdcJhonf/ aus;vuf

ynma&;twGuf Scotland Wales, tdkif,mvef? jyifopf? *smreD? bJvf*sD,H? a[mfvef?

'def;rwf? aemfa0;ESifh qGD'ifEdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfavhvmcJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfrS 1940


jynhfESpftxd? rEÅav;NrdKUtpdk;& aemfrefq&mjzpfoifausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;

tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1940-41 ckESpfwGif owif;ESifh owif;jzefYcsda&;0efuav;tjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJhonf/ xdktjyif 0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;a&; twGif;0efjzpfvnf;aumif;? jyefMum;a&;?

0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf

cJhonf/

1942-44 ckESpf *syefacwfwGif a'gufwmbarmf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifh

twl *syefEdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1945-48 ckESpftwGif; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh

xkwfa0cJhaom BURMAN owif;pmudkpwifwnfaxmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; t,f'DwmcsKyf

tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1945-49 ckESpftwGif; NrdKUrtrsKd;om;ausmif;wGif

ausmif;q&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH

pma&;q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiH\ txl;tmPmukefvTJtyfjcif;cH&aom jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m oD[dkVf

oHtrwfBuD;tjzpfxrf;aqmif&ef apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif (8) Budrf

ajrmuf ukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHodkY jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJh

onf/

OD;wifhaqGonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmudk rodao;olwdkY odMuavatmif arhae

olwdkY owd&Mu&avatmif qdkonfhapwemjzifh 1946 ckESpfwGif udk,fwdkifjyKpkcJhaom

]]'Drdkua&pDpdwfxm;}} [laompmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJhhonf/

OD;wifhaqGonf 1927 ckESpf? ausmif;om;t&G,fuyif wmaw? a&Tbdk

armifvwfwl trnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;0w¬Krsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ wmaw0w¬Krsm;jzifh

pmaye,fwGifausmfMum;cJholjzpfonf/

OD;wifhaqGonf oHtrwfBuD;wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1953 ckESpf? ZGefv

16 &ufaeYwGif oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm) ü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d

pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/pm-340-342/


pma&;q&m? t,f'Dwm owif;pmq&mOD;xifBuD;udk

1916ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYwGif tzOD;pHESifh trd

a':cifwdk; wdkYu jrif;jcHNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm

OD;wifarmifjzpfonf/ tbdk;rSm oDaygbk&if\ pmawmfzwf

OD;armifarmif<u,fESifh tbGm;rSm okoD&d*EmbGJYcH ,if;rmacsmif;

cifav; jzpfonf/

OD;xifBuD;onf 1927 ckESpfrSpí rEÅav;atbDtrftrsdK;orD;ausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfhESpfrSpí rEÅav;u,fvDatbDtrftrsdK;om;ausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif; ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1935 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD;? 1935

- 36 ckESpfrsm;wGif Oypmaumvdyfü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfü 0dZÆmbGJYudk

&efukefwuúodkvfrS &&SdcJhonf/

rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*¾ ESpfywfvnfr*¾Zif;ü

armifxifBuD; [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]ukoESifhuRefawmf}} [moaqmif;yg;udk

a&;NyD; yxrqHk;yHkESdyfpmvHk;jzifh azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ 1935-36 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;

Oypmaumvdyfausmif; r*¾Zif;? t*Fvdyfpm pmwnf;? rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf?

½kdAmpaumufacgif;aqmif? 1936 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;

or*¾nDvmcHowif;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;? 1936-37wGif e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm?

Oypmaumvdyfowif;axmufESifh rEÅav;ol&d,owif;pm owif;axmuftjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf Adkvfatmifausmfta&;tcif;wGif yg0if

vIyf&Sm;oltjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1937 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf bm;rm;*sme,fwGif

ygaom ]]tBuHaumif;vQifwcsuf}} 0w¬Kü wuúodkvfxifBuD; uavmiftrnfudk

toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf? vef'efpmay;pm,loifwef;NydKifyGJwGif yxrqk

&&SdcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfaemufykdif; rSpí ]]wuúokdvfxifBuD;}} uavmiftrnfudk

toHk;jyKcJhonf/

&efukefwuúodkvfwGif wuúodkvfjrefrmpmtoif;udk rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh jyefvnf

xlaxmifcJhonf/ xdkpOfu wuúodkvfrS pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh jyifyrS jrefrmpma&;q&m

rsm;udk &if;ESD;qufoG,frI&&SdatmifjyKvkyfay;cJhonf/

OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)OD;xifBuD; (wuúodkvfxifBuD;)


jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&ynmawmfoiftjzpf owif;pmynmr[m0dZÆmbGJ Yudk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? rifeDqdkwmwuúodkvfrS 1949 ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf/

rifeDqdkwmwuúodkvfrSm&SdpOf jrefrmEdkifiHtaMumif; a&mifeDtrnf&Sd owif;vTm

xkwfa0cJhonf/

1951 ckESpf pmayAdrmefwGif0ifa&muftrIxrf;onfrS pítrnf&if;

OD;xifBuD;jzpfvmcJ honf/ jrefrmEd kifiHodk Y jyefa&mufaomtcg News Pixowif;"mwfyHk|mewpfckudk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJhonf/ tdk;a0aeYpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf?

jyifopfowif;jzefYcsda&; (tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)? pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;xifBuD;onf 1956 ckESpf rS 1959 ckESpf txd jyifopfEdkifiH ,leufpudk

XmecsKyfü pDpOfa&;uRrf;usifyk*¾dKvf ( Programme Specialist) tjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfü vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfowif;pm wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ pmayAdrmeftzGJY ñTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJY&mrS 1976

ckESpf wGiftNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/

OD;xifBuD;onf 1976 ckESpfrS 1981 ckESpf txd jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzGJY

pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1985 ckESpfrSpwifNyD;

ynma&;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmpmtcsdefjynfYtzGJY0ifjzpfvmNyD;? 1991 ckESpfü jrefrmYordkif;

tzGJY? tcsdefydkif;tzGJY0iftjzpf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;xifBuD;onf 1992 ckESpftwGuf okwya'om (0dZÆm) trsdK;om;

pmayqkudk ]]jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmrsm;tñTef; (yxrwGJ + 'kwd,wGJ) jzifYqGwfcl;cJYonf/

1996 ckESpfwGif yckuúLOD;tHk;az wpfoufwmpmayqk csD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 2001

ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Spmayqk (S.E.A Write Award)

csD;jrSifYjcif;udkvnf; cHcJY&onf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmynmxl;cRefwHqdyf (yxrtqifY)

csD;jrSifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/

OD;xifBuD;onf Adkvfwpf&mESifY tjcm;0w¬Krsm; (1945) udkxkwfa0cJYonf/

bmomjyefpmay (1970) udk yl;aygif;a&;om;cJYonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxkwf

pme,fZif;? oHk;vwpfBudrfpmapmifrsm;wGif t*FvdyfbmomjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/


e,l;bm;rm;ü ]]pyufx&rf}} [laom t*FvdyfuavmiftrnfjzifYvnf;aumif;?

Ed kifiHjcm;pme,fZif;rsm;ü]]armf'efyvm'if}} uavmiftrnfjzifYvnf;aumif;

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/

wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif ]]armiftkef;wif}} uavmiftrnf

jzifYvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/ *sme,fausmfwGifrl ]]bacsm}} uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJY

onf/

OD;xifBuD;onf 2004 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 11 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) uefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tuefawmYcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ twwwww¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd¬KyÜwåd

(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/(1362) pm-108? 109/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye f^qufpmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frm

pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;? pm 89-91/


pma&;q&m ref;wif owif;pmq&mOD;xGef;wifudk

1916 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tz

OD;uHBuD;? trd a':zGm;BuD;wkdYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;xGef;wifonf 1937 ckE Sp fwGif q,fwef;

OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)OD;xGef;wif (ref;wif)

atmifjrifNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&mufonf/ 1939 ckESpf ausmif;om;

oydwfwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhí acwåausmif;xkwfjcif; cHcJh&onf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif

usdKu©rDNrdKUae e,fydkifBuD; OD;boef;? a':at;&ifwdk Y\orD; roef;wifESif h

vufxyfcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJYudk&&SdcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif

tcsdefydkif;enf;jyq&m? 1942 ckESpfwGif ajrmif;jrbDtdkifatrS jrpf0uRef;ay:

owif;pOft,f'DwmtzGJ Y0if? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;ESif h owif;jzef Ycs da&;udk

aqmif&GufcJ honf/ om,m0wDc½dkiftwGif; vufaxmufNrdKUyd kifESif h NrdKUyk dif

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vQKdU0Sufxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif

om&a0g? ppfuGif;? om,m0wDwdkYwGif vufaxmufNrdKUydkif? jrefrmhwufvrf; owif;pm

pmwnf;? 1948 ckESpfwGif rdk;ñdkNrdKUydkif? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;0efxrf;rSL;?

1951 ckESpfwGif or0g,rr*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm? 1951-52 ckESpfwGif rwå&me,fydkif?

1952 ckESpfwGif ausmufqnfNrdKUr0efaxmufESifh aiGwdkuft&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJhonf/ qdkAD,uf? ½k&SESifh w½kwfjynfwdkYodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/

OD;xGef;wifonf 1952-56 ckESpfwGifv,f,majr EdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;

trIaqmift&m&Sd? 1956-58 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1958-59 ckESpfwGif om,m0wD

c½dkif0ef? tar&duefESifhuae'gEdkifiHrsm;odkY v,f,majrtkyfcsKyfa&;ynmrsm;udk

ajcmufvMum oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/ 1960-61 ckESpfwGifv,f,mESifh opfawm

0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1962-64 ajraMu;&Sif; trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf? 1964-

69 jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,twGif;0ef? 1964 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH? 1966

ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;odkY avhvma&;tzGJYacgif;aqmif? 1967-72 ckESpfwGif

{&m0wDwdkif;rif;BuD;? 1972-74 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;

OD;pD;XmerSL;? 1974-75 ckESpfwGif pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif; OD;aqmifñGefMum;a&;rSL;?


1975-78 ckESpfwGif ygupöwefESifh tD&efEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwfBuD; wm0efrsm;udk

xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

OD;xGef;wifonf 1985 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpmayvkyfom;tzJGUOuú|?

EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf 1988 ckESpftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ pmayudk

txufwef;ausmif;om;b0rSpí pme,fZif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;?

aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ NrdKUydkifarmifNyHK;csKd? e,fydkifarmifNyHK;csKd? c½dkif0ef

armifNyHK;csdK? wdkif;rif;BuD;armifNyHK;csKd? oHtrwfBuD;armifNyHK;csKd pmtkyfwdkYudk a&;om;

cJhonf/ b0tw¬KyÜwådrsm;udkvnf; yxrt&G,f? 'kwd,t&G,f (1) ESifh (2) txd

a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;xGef;wifonf 1956 ckESpfwGif ]]armfpudkrS &efukefodk Y}}pmtkyfjzifh

pmayAdrmefpmya'omqk? 1966 ckESpfwGif ]]*sLvD,ufqDZm}}jyZmwfjzifh trsKd;om;

pmayqkwdkYudk &&SdcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrtqifh? 0PÖausmfxifbGJUESifh

jynfolY0efxrf;aumif;wHqdyf qkrsm;&&SdcJhonf/

OD;xGef;wifonf 1997 ckESpf? {NyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayqkrsm;/ pm-59/


OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)OD;xGef;az (xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az)

xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;aztrnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;xGef;azudk 1900 jynfhESpf Zlvdkif 21 &ufaeYwGif rdx¬dvmc½dkif?

rvdIifNrdKUe,f o&ufaumif;yif&Gmü tz ajrwdkif;pma&;?

½dk;uef&Gmtxl;tmPm&olBuD; OD;bdkvS? trd a':eef;at;

wdkYrSarG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf ½dk;uef&GmOD;ausmif;wGif udk&if wpf0g0wfcJhonf/ rdw¬Dvm

atbDtrfausmif;wGif twef;ynmqufvufoif,lcJhonf/ 1918 ckESpfwGif

rEÅav; Ak'ömoeEk*¾[ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifjrifí &efukefwuúodkvfodkY

qufvufwufa&mufcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGifaepOf tqdktu xl;cRef½Hk

omru ywåvm;? pE,m;? wa,mwl&d,mrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGmwD;Edkifojzifh *Dworm;

tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf txufwef;ynmoif,laepOf NAdwdoQAsL½dkua&pD,leDAmpDwD

tufOya'udkuefYuGufonfh 1920 jynfhESpf yxraumvdyfoydwfBuD; ay:ayguf

vmonfhtcg wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&Gufí oydwfacgif;aqmif 26 OD; aumfrwDü

a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/

OD;xGef;azonf 1921 ckESpfwGif a&TbdktrsdK;orD;ausmif;? bdkuav;

trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif

a,mu©rrdbrsm;\ tNidKtjiifcHí? tmrcHcsufr&Sdaom owif;pmavmuodkY

0ifa&mufcJhonf/ 1922 ckESpf touf 22 ESpft&G,fwGif ol&d,\ bm;rm;

atmhAfZm;Am;owif;pm (aemifaomtcge,l;bm;rm;) t*Fvdyfowif;pmwGif

owif;axmuftjzpf pwif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/

jrefrmhtvif; aeYpm;owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkif&m? *sDpDbDat ESpfjcrf;uGJ

owif; ta&;aumif;ojzifh ol&d,OD;vSazu ac:,líol&d,owif;pm owif;

axmuftjzpf cefYxm;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí ol&d,owif;pmowif;axmuf?

owif;axmufcsKyf? nt,f'Dwmtjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyfudkifcJhonf/ OD;xGef;az\

]]armif}} trnfjzifh a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfa0zefcef;rSm vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/


OD;xGef;azonf q&mpHruG,fvGefrD oGm;a&mufawGYqHk tvSLcHí q&mpH\

acR;ESD;pm aq;usrf;pmrlcaiGjzifh vuf0Jpmtkyfrsm;0,fNyD;? q&mpHyd#uwfwdkuf

wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf *syefacwfwGif Armhacwf owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1943 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 1 &ufaeYwGif *syefEdkifiH wdkusdKNrdKUüusif;yaom

r[mta&SUtm½Swdkuf owif;pmnDvmcHodk Y wufa&mufcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf

[Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf? 1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&m

toif;Ouú|tjzpf ta&G;cH&NyD;? owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf NAdwdefESifh tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf 1947 ckESpfwGif [oFmwtaemufydkif; rJqEé,frS trwf

tjzpf ta&G;cH&NyD;aemuf? 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif jyefMum;a&;|me0efBuD;

tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif a&Tbdkc½dkif 0ufvufrJqEe,frS trwf

tjzpf a&G;cH&NyD;? 1952 ckESpf? arv 16 &ufaeYwGif ,Ofaus;rI|me0efBuD;tjzpf

cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/

OD;xGef;azonf ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;tjzpf jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItzGJYudk OD;aqmifum

1952 ckESpfü w½kwfjynfolYorwEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufcJhygonf/

1953 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkESifh oabmuGJvGJí

0efBuD;tjzpfrS EkwfxGufvmcJhonf/ xdkESpfatmufwdkbm 27 &ufaeYwGif xGef;aeYpOf

owif;pmwdkufudkwnfaxmifum t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf oloGm;cJhonfhc&D;pOfrsm;wpfavQmuf rSwfpkpmtkyfudk tNrJ

aqmifavh&Sdonf/ jriforQ? awGUorQ? awG;rdorQ? cHpm;rdorQudk rSwfpkwGif ]]wdkY}}

xm;cJhonf/ ,if;wdkYudk 1954 ckESpfwGif]]xGef;aeYpOf}} ü oHk;veD;yg;rQ tcef;quf

aqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpfazmfjycJh\/

OD;xGef;az\ rSwfpkrsm;rSm taMumif;t&mtvdkuf touf0ifvSygonf/

owif;pmq&myDyD t&m&mudkpl;prf;onf/ jrifatmifMunfhonf? tar;tjref;

xlonf? ar;vGef;aomaMumifh tar;cH&olwdkY uoduatmufjzpf&aomtcg

rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/


OD;xGef;azonf owif;pmq&mtjyif pma&;q&mjzpfonfhtwGuf ol

jrifawGY&aom jrifuGif;rsm;\aemufuG,frS Zmwfvrf;uav;rsm;udk ]]pOf}} Munfhonf/

0w¬KzefwD;Munfhonf/ ypöKyÜefudk twdwfESifhqufpyfMunfhNyD; tem*wfudkyg

vSrf;arQmfMunfhwwfonf/ a½S;a[mif;pmay*DwwdkYwGif tuRrf;0ifoljzpfonfh

tm;avsmfpGm tcsdKUaomjrifuGif;rsm;udkMunhfí *DwoHaESmum a&;wwfygao;onf/

OD;xGef;azonf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfNyD;acwfü wynfhwyef;owif;

axmufrsm;twGuf ]],aeYowif;axmuftajccH bmawGvdkovJ}} [laom Mo0g'

pum;wpf&yfudk 1948 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom

jrefrmowif;axmufrsm;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vHk;uRwftpnf;ta0;ü tav;

teufajymMum;cJh&m xdkMo0g'xJwGif ]]rdrdwdkY\ trsdK;om;pmay? jrefrmpmESifhwuG

tjcm;bmompum;rsm;? txl;ojzifh t*Fvdyfpmudkyg uRrf;uRrf;usifusif

wwfajrmufMuzdkYvdkaMumif;}} yg0ifonf/

,if;tcsufudk pma&;jcif;twwfynm uavmifjzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

jyKaeolwdkif; em;vnfvG,fMuayvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ omreftm;jzifhMunfhvQif

cyfayghayghxifjrifp&m&Sdonf/ aphaphawG;vQif uRrf;uRrf;usifusif ESHYESHYpyfpyfjzpfzdkYrSm

rvG,fulvSyg/ OD;xGef;az\apwemrSm uRrf;usifESHYpyfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ oljzwf

oef;vmcJh&aom tawGYtBuHKt& wdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfayonf/

z?q?y?v tpdk;&acwfwGif 0efBuD;jzpfaepOf ]]0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol OD;Ektm;

b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;}} [lí pwifac:a0:wdkufcdkufcJholwpfOD; tjzpfxif&Sm;cJhol

wpfOD;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ektm; ,if;odkYac:a0:oHk;pGJwdkufcdkuf&if; wpfqufwnf;

0efBuD;tjzpfrSEkwfxGufNyD; owif;pmavmuodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJholjzpfonf/

OD;xGef;azonf ]]z?q?y?v tpdk;&tzGJYrS bmhaMumifhuRefawmfEkwfxGwf&

ovJ}} [laompmtkyfudkvnf; xkwfa0cJh\/ OD;Ek\tmPm&SifqefrIudk acgif;iHkYrcHvdkí

EkwfxGufcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu OD;EkudkjyefNyD; &J&Jajym&Jol z?q?y?v

tzGJY0ifrsm; enf;yg;vGef;vSaomtcsdeftcgjzpfonf[k rSwfom;&onf/ þtcsdef

tcgrsdK;wGif OD;xGef;azonf a&mrEdkifiHrS a&mrbk&ifudktmcHol]] pyg;wm;uyf}} uJhodkY

OD;Ekudk &ifqkdifpdrfac:NyD; EkwfxGufvmcJholjzpfonf/ OD;xGef;az\ toHk;tEIef;twdkif;


xdkpOfu owif;pmrsm;wGif ]]b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;}} [laomtoHk;tEIef;rSmvnf;

tawmfyifacwfpm;vmcJhonf/

wpfqufwnf; OD;xGef;azonf OD;Ektm;uyfí? ajr§mufpm;? nmpm;

aeMuolrsm;udkvnf; ]]azmfvHzg;}} rsm;[líac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhavonf/ ,if; azmfvHzg;

[laompum;rSm aemufydkif;üwGifus,fvmcJhonf/

OD;Ek\ ZeD; a':jr&DxHyg;ü uyf&yfajr§mufyifhaeMuol trsdK;orD;rsm;udkvnf;

]]azmfpdzg;}}[lí OD;xGef;azu oHk;pGJcJhao;onf/ raumif;rIbufwGif oa&mfaom

a0g[m&topftqef;udk oHk;pGJysuf&,fjyKouJhodk Y? aumif;onfhbufüvnf;

tm;ay;oHk;pGJcJhaom a0g[m&&Sdygao;onf/

xdka0g[m&pum;rSm ]]'Hk;ayuyfoyf}} [líjzpfygonf/ bDat (0dZÆm)bGJYudk

ratmifrcsif;ZGJeyJjzifh ajzqdkatmifjrifcJholrsm;udk OD;xGef;azu ]]'Hk;ay uyfoyfbDat}}

rsm;[k ac:a0:cJh\/ owif;pmavmurS wynfhwyef; owif;axmufESif h

t,f'Dwmrsm;tm; 'H k;ayuyfoyfbDatrsm;[lí tm;ay;ac:a0:cJ honf/

'Hk;ayuyfoyfbDatonf pmausí owif;axmufESifh t,f'Dwmrsm;onfvnf;

tiwftjywfcHNyD; wdkif;usdK;? jynfusdK;udkjyKaeol? wdkif;jynfa&;&muRrf;usifol

ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfayonf/

OD;xGef;azonf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&acwfwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&&mxl;0ef

tzGJYü Ouú|wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmpmed'gef;usrf;udka&;om;cJhNyD;? TheSun Over Burma'' pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;xGef;azonf 1974 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1978) pm184-185/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfñGef Y? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\

olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?olwd k Yb0? olwd k YtawGYtBuHK?

pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/pm - 33-41/


OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)OD;xGef;&D (a&T"m;)

pma&;q&m a&T"m;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;xGef;&Dudk

oxHkc½dkif? aygifNrdKU? uRJNcH&Gmü 1923 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/

i,fpOfuyif rdbESpfyg; uG,fvGefcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhudk,f'l;

udk,fcRefb0jzifh q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqdkcJhonf/

v,f,mvkyfcGif0ifcJh&onf/ e,fowif;axmufvkyfcJh&onf/

'kwd,urÇmppf twGif; armfvNrdKifc½dkif? rk'HkNrdKUodkUajymif;a½TUaexdkifcJhonf/ rk'HkNrdKU

wGifyif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vQKdU0Sufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh

[oFmuRef;? bD;vl;uRef;NrdKUbufodkU wdrf;a&Smifykef;atmif;aecJh&onf/

OD;xGef;&Donf 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;aomtcg &efukefNrdKUodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif pma&;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&if; wpfzuf

uvnf; yef;csDqGJonf/ pma&;onf/ jyZmwfynmavhvmonf/ jyZmwfavmuwGif

usifvnfonf/ xdkYaemuf owif;pHk*sme,f? jynfawmfopf*sme,f? vif;,kef*sme,fESifh

vif;,kefowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ udk,fydkifxkwfa0a&;

vkyfief; ]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}]]pHy,fjzef Ycs da&;}}udk xlaxmifcJhonf/ yk'fr-5 jzifh zrf;qD;cHcJh&NyD;

axmifxJwGif (2) ESpfausmfaecJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;wGif trIaqmif

wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ ouú&mZf 1313 ck? ewfawmfvqef; 1 &ufaeY (8) Budrfajrmuf

pmqdkawmfaeYtjzpf ujyonfh jr0wDjyZmwfwGif yg0ifcJhonf/

OD;xGef;&D\ a&T"m;uavmiftrnfjzifh opömyef;vnf; vef;ygap? uRefawmf

cspfcJhaomnwpfn? cspfaomcspfol? cspfjcif;onfomvQif? rrcspf? arwåmrdk;odkY

apGonfhtcg? tvSuav;rDrD? tp&Sdonfh jym; 60 wef 0w¬Kwkdrsm;udk wpfvvQif

wpftkyfrSonfESpftkyftxd jrefrmjynfpmtkyfwdkufESifh OD;wifatmif-rpef; pmay

xkwfa0a&;wdkufwdkYrS xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;xGef;&D\xif&Sm;aomvHk;csif;0w¬Krsm;rSm cspf0uFyg (1948)? jrvTm½Hkaw;

(1954)? cifOr®m (1956)? awmifyHeDausmfOD; (1956) wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;xGef;&D a&;om;onfh cifOr®monf oGufvufqGJaqmifjcif;vnf;&Sdonf/


OD;wnfcsufvnf; rSefuefaumif;rGefonf/ ]]a½T"m;\0w¬Krsm;wGif toGufvuf

qHk;ESifhtvSyqHk; 0w¬Kwpfyk'f[kajymEdkifonf/}} [lí jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;pmtkyfwGif

rvdcu rSwfcsufay;onf/

OD;xGef;&Donf atmifjrifaompma&;q&mwpfa,mufvnf;jzpfonf/

0w¬Kaygif;rsm;pGm a&;cJholjzpfonf/ 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm;udkvnf; trnftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh

a&;om;cJhonf/ t,f'Dwmaumif;wpfa,mufvnf;jzpfcJhonf/

OD;xGef;&Donf 1961 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYü &efukefNrdKUwGif uG,fvGef

onf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 1? pm-259-268/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwfv? 1961) pm-19/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomufci farmi f& D ? o lw d k Y E Sp fa,muf ? aoG ;aomuf

(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/(atmufwdkbm? 1961) pm-128-130/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) wi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& Dwi f hqe f ; ? o lw d k Y r & S d awm h N y D ? ai Gwm& D

(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/(rwfv?1963)? pm-57-59/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm?

1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/1966) pm-256/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) av;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&Dav;jrif h ? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&D

(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/(atmufwdkbm? 1967) pm-66-67/

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) &mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfh OD;pdk;ñGefY (20)&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/pm-120-121/


OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)OD;xGef;&if (rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if)

owif;pm q&m OD;xGef;&if udk 1895 ckESpfwGif

yef;wdrfq&mBuD; OD;at;yGifY ESifY trd a':zGm; wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU?

ykvJ aiGa&mif&yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;xGef;&ifonf rEÅav;aemfrefausmif;rS q&mjzpf

oifwef;wufcJhNyD;? pdefyDwm ausmif;wGif jrefrmpmq&mtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

1920 jynfYESpf yxrausmif;om; oydwfay:aygufaomtcg pdefyDwmrSEkwfxGufí?

trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif

½kyf&Sifuefx½dkuftjzpfe,fvSnfY½kyf&SifjycJYonf/

1933 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 20 &ufwGif &efukefol&d,wdkufcGJ? rEÅav;

ol&d,owif;pmwdkufudk0,f,lí rEÅav;ol&d,owif;pmtjzpf 1934 ckESpf?

Ekd0ifbm 30 &ufaeUwGif xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;xGef;&ifonf udkvdkeDacwf rEÅav;rSxifay:ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pm

q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/

OD;xGef;&ifonf 1942 ckESpf? arvwGif ppfrD;oifhí&yfpJcJY&aom owif;

pmtm; jyefvnfxkwfa0&ef BudK;yrf;pOf emrusef;jzpfí 1942 ckESpfrSmyif

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/ aexGwf? rEÅav; tbd"mef pm-135/


OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)OD;xGef;vS (wuúodkvf ae0if;)

pma&;q&m wuúodkvfae0if;trnfcH owif;pm

q&mOD;xGef;vSudk 1918 ckESpf? ar 25 &ufaeYwGif tz

autufpftrf? wD'Dtrfta&;ydkif OD;bdk;&if? trd a':trm

wdkYrS &efukefNrdKUüarG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;xGef;vSonf &efukefNrdKU pdefaygausmif;wGif 6 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYjyD;?

armfvNrdKifNrdKU? pdefYyufx&pfausmif;wGif qufvuf ynmoif,lcJY&m? 1936 ckESpfü

q,fwef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbJGUudk t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzifY

atmifjrifcJYonf/

OD;xGef;vSonf 1936 ckESpfwGif armfvNrdKif ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? 1937-38 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf Ak'bmomtoif;trIaqmif

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1938-39 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpf

vnf;aumif;? 1939-40 jynfYESpfwGif wuúodkvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; t*Fvdyfpmt,f'Dwm

wm0efudk ,lcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif ajratmufawmfvSefa&;wm0efudk,lcJYonf/

1942 ckESpfwGif bDtdkifatodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1942 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif tm½Svli,f

wnfaxmifolrsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGif bD'Dat

odkY0ifjyD; ppf0efMuD;½Hk;? ppf0efMuD;oD;oefYXmewGif wm0ef,lcJY&onf/ awmfvSefa&;

umvtxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifY wJGzufyg0ifcJYonf/

OD;xGef;vSonf 1945-46 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v tzJGYcsKyf Ouú| AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSpí

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tyg;awmfjrJ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf?

Zlvdkifvaemufydkif;ü jyefMum;a&;Xme ygvDreftwGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1949-

51 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0owif;pm t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1961-63 ckESpfwGif

ae;&Sif;t*Fvdyfowif;pmESifh EdkifiHopfowif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1964-65 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefpmtkyftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1966 ckESpfrSpí aqmufvkyfa&;aumfydka&;½Sif; OD;pD;t&m&dS (w) tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;

tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/


OD;xGef;vSonf 1936 ckESpfxkwf '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif ]]t>rmnDaemif}}0w¬Kudk

]]wuúodkvfae0if;}} uavmiftrnfjzifYa&;jyD; pmayavmuodkY 0ifvmcJYonf/

1940-41 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfjrefrmpmtoif;u usif;yaom jrefrm0w¬Kwdk

jydKifyJGwGif ]]jzpforQtaMumif;}} 0w¬KjzifY yxrqk&&dScJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrDu

ol&d,? MuD;yGm;a&;? '*kef? *E¦avmu? wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif

a&;om;cJYonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfaemufydkif;wGif pme,fZif;trsdK;rsdK;ü ]]wuúodkvfae0if;}}

uavmiftrnftjyif tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;udkoHk;í t*Fvdyfjrefrm ESpfbm

omjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;xGef;vSonf 1951-53 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm ½kyf½Sifcef;wGif

]]rif;'if}} uavmiftrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYonf/ 1951-73 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;

owif;pmü ]]cifarmifndK}}trnfjzifY ½kyf½Sifcef;udka&;om;cJYonf/ 1955-57 ckESpfwGif

r@dKifowif;pmü ]]owif;axmufbkef;Edkif}} trnfjzifY ½kyf½Sifaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;

cJYonf/

wuúodkvfae0if;trnfjzifY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; t*Fvdyfvdka&;cJYaom

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk bmomjyefjyD;? vGwfvyfa&;Adokum AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;? atmifqef;OD;wdkYtaz? ESpfudk,fopöm? arwåma&vdIif;? [m½dk;a&mfbif\

um;yufAuf*g;udkrSD;aom olvdkrif;orD;0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJYonf/ tar&duef

olykefMuD; *sufvef'ef? eef;pGefYbk&ifESifY urÇmYordkif;jzpf&yfBuD;rsm;wdkYudk bmomjyefcJY

onf/

OD;xGef;vSonf 1997 ckESpf? rwfv (7) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1998)/


OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)OD;xGef;0if; (r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if;)

owif;pmq&m OD;xGef;0if;udk 1917 ckESpf? 'DZifbm

v 31 &ufaeYwGif xm;0,fNrdKUü ukefonf OD;ydefESifY trd

a':a&TvefwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukef'D*&D

aumvdyfrS bDatatmifjrifcJYonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif &efukef

wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾b@mxdef;? yef;waemf Ak'¨bmomvli,frsm;

txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;ESifY

*syefawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGifyg0ifcJYonf/

1946 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tzJGU uaemif

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpfwGif zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;

tzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? jynfxJa&;ESifYw&m;pD&ifa&;Xme ygvDreftwGif;0ef

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmetwGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&Guf

cJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf qdk½S,fvpfygwD jyefMum;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYjyD;?

1951 ckESpfwGif r@dKifaeYpOfowif;pmudk xlaxmifum t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Guf

cJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf jrefatmufvTwfawmftrwfjzpfjyD;? 1952-56 ckESpfwGif

jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1956-58 ckESpfwGif or0g,rESifY ukefpnf

jzefYjzL;a&;Xme0efMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYjyD; 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 4 &uf

aeYwGif EkwfxGufcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrScsD;jrSifYaom o&zlwHqdyfudk

&&dScJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf zqyv trIaqmifaumfrwD0if? ArmYqdk&S,fvpfygwD0if

ESifY tm½SEdkifiHa&; OD;aqmiftzJGY0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tzJGUb@mxdef;ESifY or0g,ror*¾

aumifpDOuú|wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf 1960 jynfYESpfwGif jrefatmifawmifydkif; rJqEe,fygvDref


trwftjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&jyD;? pawmY[krf;NrdKUwGifusif;yaom EdkifiHwumor0g,r

uGefz&ifhodkU EdkifiHudk,fpm;jyKwufa&mufcJYonf/

1961 ckESpfwGif csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;? ta&SU*smreDESifY qdk½S,fvpf

jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;odkY avYvma&;c&D;oGm;cJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf ppfavsmfaMu; rpf&SiftzJGUESifYtwl *syefEkdifiH? wdkusdKNrdKUodkY

oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

OD;xGef;0if;onf 1970 jynfYESpfwGif trSwf 155? a&T*Hkwdkifvrf; &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 50/


OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)OD;ykuav; (owif;pmq&m OD;yk)

owif;pmq&m OD;ykuav;udk 1894 ckESpfwGif

arG;zGm;cJ Yonf/ a½S;0HomEkacwfupjyD; owif;axmuf

vkyfcJYojzifY ordkif;tpOftvmMuD;rm;aom 3owif;pm

q&mMuD;jzpfí jrefrmowif;pmq&m owif;axmufrsm;ESifY

tvGefoifhjrwfatmif aygif;oif;qufqHwwfoljzpfonf/

olESif Ytwl owif;,l"mwfyH k½d kuf&mwGif tqifrajyonfudk awGY&dS&ygu tqif

ajyatmif rodromtem;uyfí wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf vufawGY enf;ay;vrf;jy

oifay;wwfonf/ vla½SUola½SUwGif xifay:atmiform;*kPf jywwfolr[kwfyg/

udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfxGm;usdKif;MuHUcdkifjyD; toHredrfhrjrifhjzifh em;0ifcsdKatmifajym

wwfonf/ [movnf;aESmwwfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&;wGifru owif;pm

avmurSmyg 0g&ifY? orÇm&ifYaomfvnf; <um;<um;0ifY0ifYrvkyf? [dwf[efrMuD;ay/

xdkaMumifY olYudkvlwdkif;u cspfcifav;pm; MunfñdkMuonf/

OD;ykuav;onf owif;wefzdk;&dSatmif "mwfyHktaetxm; t,ltq

aumif;oavmuf? uifr&mcvkwfESdyfvnf; jrefvSonf/ owif;ESifY aqmif;yg; ta&;

tom; ½Sif;½Sif;ESifY xdxdrdrdydkifEdkifí oGufvufajymifajrmufpGm a&;avY&dSonf/

ynmtvif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufaeaom

OD;ykuav;onf q&moif vlowfrIudpöMuD;jzpfay:vmjyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD 4if;

owif;pmrS EkwfxGufí ]]Mu,fwHcGef}}trnfjzifY owif;pmwpfapmifxkwfa0cJY&m

tpdk;&tvdkawmf&drSeforQudk raxmufrñSma&;om;ojzifY vlzwfrsm;cJYonf/

odkY&mwGif 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY wdkif;cef;vSnfYvnf&mrS a&mufvmaom

a0vrif;om; (0ifqmNrdKUpm;MuD;) ESifYpyfvsOf;í tpdk;&tvdkawmf&dbufrS trsdK;orD;

uav;rsm;ESifY a0vrif;om;qufqHyHktaMumif;udk raxmufrñSma&;om;cJY&mrS

]]a0vrif;om;ESifY aq;za,mif;wdkif}} acgif;pOfjzifY aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fyg&dSojzifY

tpdk;&u t,f'DwmOD;ykuav;tay: npfnrf;aompmrsm; a&;om;rIjzifY tvkyfr&dS

axmif'Pf (2) v tjypfay;cJYavonf/ rsm;rMumrDumvtwGif; Mu,fwHcGef

owif;pmonfvnf; wdrfjrSKyfaysmufuG,foGm;avonf/


'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;pwGif eef;&if;0efaxmuf *VKefOD;apmu ol&d,

owif;pmvDrdwufrS tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk trsm;qHk;0,f,ljyD; cs,fvS,fvdkufí

ol&d,owif;pm NydKuJGoGm;aomtcg OD;ykuav;onf tpdk;&jynfolYqufqHa&;

XmeodkY0ifa&mufí owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/ tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;Xme

owif;axmuftjzpf OD;ykuav;tm; bk&ifcHtrIaqmifaumifpD 'kwd,obmywd

(tpdk;&tzJGU0efMuD;csKyf) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;oGm;av&modkY vdkufygí "mwfyHk½dkuf owif;

,l&ef wm0efay;xm;onf/

a½S;0HomEkacwf owif;pmq&mMuD;jzpfí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u c&D;oGm;&if;

OD;ykuav;xHrS 0HomEkacwf EdkifiHa&;taMumif;udk,fawGUrsm;udk ar;jref;í qnf;yl;

onfqdk\/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;oGm;í ocifEk (OD;Ek) wufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;

OD;EkoGm;av&modkYvdkufygí owif;,l"mwfyHk½dkuf&aom tpdk;&jyefMum;a&;wm0efudk

qufvufxrf;aqmif&onf/

vGwfvyfa&;&í jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jzpfvmaomtcgwGifvnf;

EdkifiHawmf0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek\owif;ESifY "mwfyHk&,l&ef OD;ykuav;tm; tjrJwm0efay;

xm;onf/

1950 jynfYESpf? {jyDv 28&ufwGif EdkifiHawmf0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek jrpf0uRef;ay:

rtlyifodkYc&D;xGuf&m vrf;c&D;oabFmay:ü 0efBuD;csKyf\ udk,f&HawmfAdkvfMuD;

pdk;jrifY\ aoewfusnfqef rawmfwqxGufoGm;í owif;pmq&mMuD; OD;ykuav;

tm; xdrSefojzifY &efukefaq;½HkMuD;odkY tvsiftjrefwifydkYvdkuf&onf/

aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd oefjrefpGm owif;wm0efudk xufxufjrufjruf

wm0efausatmifaqmif&GufcJYaom owif;pmq&m bdk;atMuD; OD;ykuav;onf

uHqdk;&Smí aemufwpfaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

OD;ykuav;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY vkyfMuHcH&jyD;aemuf rMumrDyif

vufoGufoGufjzifY ]]igwdkYAdkvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJYovJ}} qdkaomaiGwpfusyfwef

pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

c&D;xGufpOfu oludk,fwdkif"mwfyHk½dkuf,lvmcJYaom tpdk;&,lbDoabFmtjyifbufü


oabFmOD;udkrsufESmrlí tvHwdkifudkausmay;xdkifum vGwfvyfat;csrf;pGm

pmzwfaeonfY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\"mwfyHkudk azmfjyxm;onfrSm pdwf"mwfwuf<u

zG,fjzpfonf/ pmtkyftrnfudkvnf; owif;pmq&myDyD owif;acgif;wyfouJhodkY

&J0hHjywfom;pGmay;xm;onf/

xdkpmtkyfrSmtvGefa&mif;aumif;onfh pmtkyfjzpfaomfvnf; cifrif&if;ESD;

onfhtaejzifh &efukef&Sd owif;pmwdkufrsm;rS t,f'Dwmrsm;? t,f'DwmtzGJY0if?

vcpm; owif;axmuftm;vHk;tm; OD;ykuav;onf olYvufa&;jzifh emrnfa&;um

olYvufrSwfxdk;NyD; trSwfw&vufaqmifay;onf/

OD;ykuav;onf olruG,fvGefrDuav;wGif tpdk;&atmifbmavodef;xD

usyfwpfaxmifqk aygufaomtcg owif;pmq&m? owif;axmufrsm;tm; awGY&m

ae&mrSm wpfusyfwef qDcsufacgufqGJudk auR;arG;cJhonf/ olxDaygufaMumif;

rnfolrQrodvdkufbJ oluacgufqGJauR;rS odvdkuf&ygonf/

OD;ykuav;onf ]]touft&G,ftkdaomfvnf; owif;wm0efudk wufwuf

<u<uaqmif&GufoGm;onfrSm tm;usp&myif}} jzpfygonf/

OD;ykuav;onf 1950 jynfhESpf? {NyDv 29 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jre frm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aomjrefrm htvif;oef;ñGe f Y ? uRe fawmfqH kc J h&aom

owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;? pm 49/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) owif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmayowif;pmavmu? jrefrmEd kifiH bmomjyefpmay

toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/toif;? pm232/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/,lyDtd kif OD;boef;\b0tawGYtBuHK/


OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)OD;azodef; (a&TOa'gif;)

pma&;q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;trnfjzif h xifay:

ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m OD;azodef;udk 1889 ckESpf?

atmufwdkbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif tz OD;{&m trd a':a&T

wdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU at;csdKifY (0g;wef;) &yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/

zcifOD;{&monf a&Tbdkc½dkif? refusnf;wHk&Gm Zmwdjzpfí ukef;abmifacwf

oDaygbk&ifvufxuf vTwfawmfpma&;tjzpftrIxrf;í rdcif a':a&Tum;

oDaygbk&if\ pmawmfzwftjzpf trIxrf;cJY&onf/

OD;azodef;onf av;ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨bmomoDv&Sif

ausmif;ü pwifynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ ckepfESpfom;t&G,fwGif rEÅav;NrdKU tdrfawmf&m

bk&m;awmfbuf&Sd 'u©dP0Hwdkuf Nrdwfbkef;BuD;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJY

onf/ 1900 jynfYESpfwGif xdkausmif;rSyiftpdk;&ppf pwkw¬wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/

yÍörwef;odkYa&mufaomtcg ,if;Nrdwfbkef;BuD;ausmif;udk Ak'omoemYEk*¾[ausmif;

[lí trnfopfajymif;vdkufonf/

yÍörwef;atmifvQif atbDtrfac: tar&duefomoemjyKausmif;odkY

ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1908 ckESpfwGif umvuwåm;wuúodkvfrS BuD;rSL;

usif;ycJYaom 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJYonf/ xdkpmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD;aemuf

Ak'¨bmomausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? atbDtrfausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;?

ausmif;q&mtjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdkokdYausmif;q&mtrIxrf;NyD;aemuf a&TbkdNrdKU

ta&;ykdif½Hk;ü tulpma&;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;NrdKU opfawm½Hk;ü pma&;

tjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;azodef;onf 1910 jynfhESpfrS 1914 ckESpf {NyDvtxd rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd

pdkufysdK;a&;ESifYor0g,r rif;BuD;½Hk;ü pma&;tjzpfcefYxm;jcif;cHcJY&onf/ rif;BuD;

e,fvSnfY&mwGif vdkufyg&ojzifY OD;azodef;onf txufatmufjrefrmEdkifiH tESHYtjym;

a&muf&SdcJYavonf/ ,if;odkYvcpm;tvkyf vkyfudkifpOfrSmyif t*Fvdyf0w¬Kpmtkyf

trsm;tjym;udk zwf½IcJY&onf/


touf 26 ESpft&G,f 1915 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 8&ufaeYwGif ol\

yxrqHk;aom0w¦KjzpfonfY ]]&efBuD;atmif}} 0w¬Kudk pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ 1916

ckESpfwGif rpöuf[ife&D0k'fa&;onfY tdpfvif;0w¬KudkrSDjirf;jyKum &wemyHk0w¬Kudk

a&;om;cJYonf/ 1917 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D 1 &ufaeYrSpí ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwm

tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/

OD;azodef;onf &efBuD;atmifESifY &wemyHk vHk;csif;0w¬KESpftkyfa&;NyD;aomtcg

ol\uavmiftrnfudk a&TOa'gif;[lí a&G;cs,fcH,lvdkufonf/ 0w¬Krsm;a&;jcif;

omru ol&d,r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfrSmyif jrefrmYAsL[m*sme,f

udkvnf; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJYayonf/ 1926 ckESpf rwfvwGif e,l;bm;rm; t*Fvdyfowif;

pmwdkufwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/

1930 jynfYESpf? azazmf0g&D 1 &ufaeYrSpí yJcl;NrdKU&Sd c&pf,mefpmaytoif;

BuD;\ bmomjyefq&mtjzpf ajymif;ívkyfonf/ jyefqdkcJYaombmomjyefpmtkyf

rsm;rSm ,Ofaus;rI\rSwfwdkifrsm;? AGwfumwD0g&Sifwef\tw¬KyÜwåd 0w¬Kwdkuav;rsm;

jzpfonf/

OD;azodef;onf 1945 ckESpfrS 1953 ckESpftxd rEÅav;NrdKU vlxkowif;pmü

t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif Ak'äCmo (2)

trnfjzifY omoema&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? a&TOa'gif;trnfjzifY

]]A[kokw[if;av;tkd;}} tcef;udkvnf;aumif; a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;azodef;onf 1952 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif ocif

udk,fawmfrdIif; acgif;aqmifaom urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifY w½kwfjynfokdY

vdkufygoGm;cJYonf/ tjyefwGif ]]w½kwfjynfopfudk,fawGY}} pmtkyf udka&;om;cJYonf/

1962 ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;uvnf; tmaz½dkat&Sef (tm&Stz&du) cspfMunfa&;toif;rS

&S&Sm;EkdifiHokdYapvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

OD;azodef;onf 1963 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&

jyefMum;a&;XmerSxkwfa0aom vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOfowif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyf

tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;cHcJYY&onf/

OD;azodef;onf ]]arQmfwvifYvifY}} pmtkyfjzifY 1952 ckESpf pmayAdrmef bmom


jyefqk? ]]aoG;pkyfajr}} jzifY 1955 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefbmomjyefqk? ]]wpfoufwm

rSwfwrf;ESifY tawG;tac:rsm;}} jzifY 1961 ckESpf? pmayAdrmef okwya'omqkrsm;

&&SdcJYonf/ bmomjyef0w¬KESifY yifudk,fa&;0w¬Kaygif;rsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;azodef;a&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuf xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm

&wemyHk? ½lyeED? &wemyl&? cifpufar? *smr'gudkudkBuD; 0w¬Kwdkrsm;? &efatmifr*Fvm?

vrf;ESpfoG,f? 0oHk;vHk;? yxrHq&modef;? tkdifAif[kd? ol&Jaumif;oHk;a,muf?

aZmf[dwf0w¬Kwdkrsm;? udk,f&Hawmf? arQmfwvifhvifh? w½kwfjynfopfudk,fawGU?

OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;ESifY woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifY tawG;tac:rsm; pmtkyfwdkY

jzpfonf/

OD;azodef;onf 1973 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 40-42/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1978) pm - 267/


OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)OD;bausmf (*g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf)

owif;pmq&mOD;bausmfudk jynfNrdKUü tz OD;bdk;jr?

trda':aiGatmifwdkYu 1916ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 9 &ufaeYwGif

arG;zGm;onf/

OD;bausmfi,fpOfu arNrdKUatbDtrf rdef;uav;

ausmif;? jynfNrd KU OD;bd k;½H k ? tvGwfynmoifausmif;ESif Y jynfNrd KU tpd k;&

txufwef;ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef; atmifcJhjyD;aemuf? jynfNrdKU?

opfawmc½dkif0ef½Hk;wGif tulpma&;tjzpf pwiftrIxrf;cJYonf/ xdkYaemuf jynfc½dkifcJG

ukefpnfMuD;Muyfa&;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkifonf/ trIxrf;aepOftwGif;

jynfNrdKUta½SUtm&Svli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk; (ArmEdkifiH) wGiftoif;0iftjzpf yg0if

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

xdkYtjyif OD;bausmfonf jynfc½dkif½Hk;pma&;or*¾ 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;

aumif;? jynfc½dkiftrIxrf;aygif;pHkor*¾ 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? oydwf

MudK;udkiftzJGU twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/

1945 ckESpfwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcgü opfawmXme

jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkif&ef rSwfwrf;rsm;&Smay;EdkifojzifY trIxrf;aumif;vufrSwf

csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/

1950 jynfYESpf &efukefNrdKU jrefrmEdkifiHawmf opfawmrif;MuD;csKyf½Hk;odkY

ajymif;a½TUcJYí opfawm½Hk;toD;oD;wGif XmecJGpma&;MuD;? ½Hk;0efaxmufponfjzifY

trIxrf;cJYjyD;? opfawmXme Ak'bmomtoif;wGif 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJYonf/

1956-57 ckESpfwGif owif;pmynm 'Dyvdkrm (t*Fvdyf) bJGYudk &&dScJYonf/

1958-59 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf vlrIa&;odyÜHXmerS zGifYvSpfydkYcsaom pmMunfY

wdkufynm atmifvufrSwfudk&&dScJYonf/ 1959 ckESpf tdrfapmifYtpdk;&vufxufwGif

EdkifiHawmfor®w\ *kPfxl;aqmifvufrSwfESifY vufywfem&Dqkudk csD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/

1961 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfbmomjzifYxkwfa0aom *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmESifY r*¾Zif;

wdkufü t,f'Dwmtjzpf cefYxm;cH&onf/


OD;bausmfonf owif;pmq&mtjzpf jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&mufcJY&m

1966 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY owif;pmvkyfief;avYvm&efvnf;

aumif;? 1969 ckESpfwGif jrefrma[mifaumif avaMumif;zGifhyJGwuf&ef owif;pm

tzGJYudkOD;aqmifí a[mifaumifodkYvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif w½kwfjynfolY

or®wEdkifiHodkY owif;pmynmavYvm&efvnf;aumif;? 1976 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH

jcm;a&;0efMuD;Xme\ zdwfMum;csuft& owif;pmq&mtzJG Yudk OD;aqmifí

*syefEdkifiHodkY cspfMunfa&;c&D;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toD;oD;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

1973 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif qEćH,lyJG atmifjrifa&;twGuf tjcm;

tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESifYtwl csif;0daoowdkif;wGif pnf;½Hk;vIHUaqmfcJYonf/

1976 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGifusif;ycJYaom ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHESifY

1977 ckESpfwGif usif;yaom wwd,tMudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif qufoG,fa&;ESifY owif;

xkwfjyefa&;qyfaumfrwD tzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? bmomjyefqdka&;tzJGUcJGwGif

Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef,lcJYonf/

'kwd,tMudrf jynfolUvTwfawmfoufwrf;umvwGif ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f rJqE

e,ftrSwf (1) jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ tNidrf;pm;

,ljyD;aemuf owif;ESifY pme,fZif;aumfydka&;&Sif;wGif twdkifyifcH uRrf;usifolynm&Sif

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? qufvuf

wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJY&onf/

OD;bausmfonf t*Fvdyfjrefrmowif;pmrsm;? t*Fvdyfjrefrmr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif

aqmif;yg;rsm;udk trfbDauuavmiftrnfcHí t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifY

a&;om;cJYaom pma&;q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/

1984 ckESpfwGif '*HkNrdKUe,f pmayvkyfom;Ouú|tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJY&jyD;

uG,fvGefcsdeftxd ,if;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;bausmfonf owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&m? owif;ESifYpme,fZif;?

twdkifyifcH uRrf;usifynm&Siftjzpf aqmif&GufjyD;? 1986 ckESpf? arv 4 &ufaeYwGif


ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1987) pm224/


OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)OD;bcsKd ('D;'kwfOD;bcsKd)

pma&;q&m 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtrnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;bcsKdudk ajrmif;jrNrdKUorm;awmfBuD; OD;bdkpm? trda':jrpf wdkYrS

1893 ckESpf? {NyDv 23 &ufaeYwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKUü arG;zGm;

cJhonf/ OD;bcsKd\ tbdk;ESif htbGm;rsm;rSm OD;cdk? a':vHkwdkY

jzpfonf/ tbGm;a':vHkonf &mZm"&mZfrif;vufxuf ajrmif;jrNrdKUudktkyfcsKyf&ol

rGeftrwfBuD; a':uGefw,dk\ ajr;jzpfonf[k od&onf/

OD;bcsKdonf 7 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKU q&mOD;armifarmif

ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;&onf/ i,fpOfuyif vsifjrefxufjrufNyD;

tm*r,kwådESifhjynfhpHkí ynmyg&rD &ifhoefonf[k od&onf/ 14 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif

owårwef;udk txl;atmifjrifí paumhvm;&Spfac: ynmoifqkudk&&SdcJhonf/

xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU pdefaygausmif;odkYajymif;a&TU qufvufynmoifMum;cJh&m 10

wef;udk txl;atmifjrifjyefojzifh paumvm;&Spfynmoifqkudk &&SdcJhjyefonf/

OD;bcsKdonf &efukefaumvdyfodkYa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif touf 16 ESpf

omrQ&S dao;onf/ xdkpOfu&efukefaumvdyfonf umvuwåm;wuúokdvf

vufatmufcHjzpfonf/ ausmif;aepOfwGif udk,fvufBuHcdkifa&; udkvdkufpm;cJhonf/

touf 20 t&G,f bDattxufwef;odkYa&mufonfhtcg rsufpda0'emaMumifh

ausmif;rSxGufvdkuf&onf/ ausmif;rSxGufNyD;aemuf aygif;wnfNrdKU tpdk;&

txufwef;ausmif;ü wpfESpfcefYausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;onf/ xdkYaemuf

[oFmwNrdKUtpdk;&ausmif;odkYajymif;a&TUí ygVdq&mtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;bcsK donf jrefrmuAsmESif hpmayudk 0goemxHkonhftm;avsmfpGm

(aemufqG,facsmifu awmufwJharmif) trnf jzifhjrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;wGif pwif

a&;om;jcif;jzifh pme,fZif;avmuxJodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ESpfyg;Munf

*sme,fESifh AE¨Kv*sme,fwdkYwGifvnf; uavmif&nfaoG;cJhonf/ [oFmwNrdKUrSmyif

ausmif;q&mtjzpfrS ynmtkyf&mxl;tjzpfodkYajymif;í aqmif&Gufonf/ ,if;odkY

aqmif&GufaepOfwGifyif pme,fZif;rsm;ü qufvufuavmifaoG;cJh&m xdkpOfu


tpdk;&ydkif;rS MunfMunfjzLjzLr&SdvSaomaMumifh vGyfvyfpGm uavmifuGefYjrL;cGifh r&

ojzifh tpdk;&tvkyfrS EkwfxGufvdkufonf/

1920 jynfhESpfwGif ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; pwifay:aygufvmaomtcg

trsKd;om;ynma&;avmuodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ trsKd;om;aumvdyfBuD;udk wnfaxmif

Muaomtcg jrefrmpmjyq&mtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonfrSm 1924 ckESpf? trsKd;om;

aumvdyfBuD; ysufonfhwdkifatmifyifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf wuúodkvfoydwfBuD;rS

pí q&mOD;bcsKdonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ okp&dw,k0toif;

(tusifhaumif;&Sdaomvli,ftoif;) \ tusKd;aqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf jrefrm

trsKd;orD;toif;\ tusKd;aqmifjzpfol a':vSarESifhawGYqHkum 1920 jynfhESpfwGif

a':vSarESifh vufxyfcJhonf/

OD;bcsKdonf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif uavmifaoG;cJhNyD;aemuf (jrefrm&DAsL;*sme,f)

udk OD;pGmwnfaxmifxkwfa0cJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/ xdk*sme,fwGif ('D;'kwf) [laom

uavmiftrnfudk yxrqHk;pwifoHk;pGJí 'D;'kwf\ ypö,vufcwfusrf;[laom

tcef;udkzGifhcJhonf/ ta&;tom; tqdktrdefYaumif;ojzifh ]]'D;'kwf}} trnf

ausmfMum;vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh trsLd;om;aumvdyfBuD; ysufNyD;aemuf 1925 ckESpf

wGif ausmfMum;vmaomtrnfudk,lí ]]'D;'kwf*sme,f}} udk pwifwnfaxmif

xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;bcsKdxkwfa0aom 'D;'kwf*sme,fonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmausmfMum;í

vlBudKufrsm;aom *sme,fBuD;wpfapmif jzpfonf/ OD;bcsKdonfvnf; ]]'D;'kwfuavmif}}

trnf ]]'D;'kwf*sme,f}} trnfjzifhwGJí 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd[k xif&Sm;vmonf/

xdk*sme,fwGif ]]aps;a*Zuf? q,fvHtm0g;tcef;? 'D;'kwf pmwdkufcef;}} paom

tcef;rsm;pGmudk wpfOD;wnf; wm0ef,la&;om;cJhonf/ vlBudKufrsm;aom tcef;

rsm;vnf;jzpfonf/

OD;bcsKdonf 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif txufazmfjyygtcef;rsm;pGmudk a&;om;

EdkifcJhonfudk axmuf½Ií [mo<u,faMumif;od&onf/ aps;a*Zuf? q,fvHtm0g;

tcef;? 'D;'kwfpmwdkufcef;udk zwfzl;olwdkif; OD;bcsKd\ta&;tom; [mo<u,f0yHkudk

od&onf/ EIwf[mo<u,fyHkudk &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aezl;olrsm;odMuayonf/ yef;csD? yef;yk


paomtEkynmobm0udkvnf;aumif;? oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH? uAsmaw;*Dwpaom

*DwtEkynmobm0udkvnf;aumif;? vlwkdY\pdwfaepdwfxm; obm0udkvnf;

aumif;? ESHYpyfuRrf;usifí OD;bcsKdem;rvnfaomt&m tvGef&Sm;onf[k rSwfom;

&onf/ ]]pHy,f}} uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]abGoD[m}} eef;wGif;0w¬KBuD;udk a&;om;cJh&m

yif&if;jrefrm0w¬Kaumif;BuD;wpfyk'fyif jzpfonf/

OD;bcsKdonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm ygVdpmayrsm;wGif ESHYpyf<u,f0í jrefrmaq;usrf;?

aA'ifeu©wf? avmu"mwfynm&yfwdkYbufüvnf; tawmftwefaygufajrmuf

atmif avhvmvdkufpm;cJhzl;ol yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmoDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH?

tJtef? tdkifcsif;? {csif;? aw;xyf? abmv,f ponfhwdkYudkvnf; [ef? yef? &Sif?

armif;ususeeESifh t0iftxGufrSefuefpGm EIwfwuf&G&G &GwfqdkEdkifonff/ obifynm

udk qnf;yl;cJholwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ wl&d,m? uAsm? *DwwdkYudk jrwfEdk;ESpfoufpGmjzifh

avhvmqnf;yl;cJhí apmif;aumufudk ydkifEdkifusepGm wD;pGrf;Edkifonf/

OD;bcsKd\ *DwtEkynmqdkif&mA[kokw<u,f0rIaMumifh OD;bcsKdxHodkY

wu,fh*Dwynmonfrsm;? obifynmonfrsm; vma&mufenf;emcH,lMu&onf/

rdrdxHwynfhcHí ynmqnf;yl;vmolwdkYtm;vnf; rdrdwwfajrmufuRrf;usiforQudk

&Sif;vif;aocsmpGm pdwf&Snf? vuf&Snf ydkYcsoifMum;ay;onf/ 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;rsm;

udkyif jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/ oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cHrsm; rlrSeftwdkif;jzpfap&ef

]]*Dw0daom"eDusrf;}} udkvnf; wnf;jzwfokwfoifay;cJhonf/

OD;bcsKdonf 0g + *Depfobif ynmtzGJYBuD;jzpfajrmufa&;udkvnf; aqmif&Guf

cJhonf/ *Dwt&mwGif uRrf;usifESHYpyfoljzpfí OD;bcsKdtm; *DwzcifBuD;[k ac:qdk

Muonf/ pmayudkjrwfEdk;cspfcifoljzpfonfhtwdkif; jrefrmpma&;q&mtoif;

jzpfajrmufa&;udk txl;tm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhí pma&;q&mtoif;wGif Ouú|tjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/

1930 jynfhESpfwGif wGJa&;? cGJa&;udpörsm;½IyfaxG;aepOf ckdifausmfjrifh?

a'gufwmbarmf? OD;bcsK dwd k YoH k;OD;aygif;um ]]jrefrmaZ,smowif;pm}} udk

wnfaxmifxkwfa0cJhonf/ atmifjrifrIr&SdvSí &yfpJvdkuf&onf/

1936 ckESpfwGif ]]jrefrmEdkifiHawmfowif;pmq&mtoif;BuD;}} jzpfay:a&;udk


BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm 23 &ufaeYwGif ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOfowif;pm}}

udkpwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ OD;bcsKdonf pmayESifh EdkifiHa&;tay: oHa,mZOfBuD;rm;ol

wpfOD;jzpfí NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;? vlxkvlwef;pm;toD;oD;vIyf&Sm;rIta&;ponfwdkYudk

wGifwGifBuD;azmfjya&;om;avh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHk;vtwGif;ESpfBudrfjyif;xefpGm

owday;jcif;cH&onf/ tmrcHusyf aiGwpfaxmifhig;&m wifxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf/

1938 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 30 &ufaeYrSpwifí acsmufa&eHajroydwf? awmifol

v,form;oydwf? wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;oydwf ponfh oydwfaygif;pHk vIyf&Sm;

ay:aygufvmonf/ wuúodkvf*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;om; armifatmifausmf

aoqHk;cJh&onftxd jzpfvm&onf/

NAdwdoQt&if;&SifwdkY\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIaMumifh wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;,lusKH;r&

jzpfMu&onfudkodaom t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf 1938 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeYn

6 em&DcGJwGif &efukefc½dkif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;bkd;p\vufrSwfjzifh owif;pmwdkuf

tm;vHk;odkY ,ckjzpfyGm;aeaom ta&;tcif;qdkif&m "mwfyHk? aqmif;yg;rsm; rxnfh&ef

xkwfjyefcJhonf/ owif;pmwdkuftcsKdUudk ppfwyfESifh0dkif;NyD; pmazmif? bavmuf

ponfrsm; odrf;qnf;oGm;Muonf/

þtawmtwGif; t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;bcsKd OD;pD;xkwfa0aom 1938 ckESpf

'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeY ]]'D;'kwf aeYpOfowif;pm}}wGif ]]ñGefYaygif;&mxl;NrJ&eftBuH}}

[kacgif;wyfvsuf ]]yk'fr 144 ½kyfodrf;&ef? v,form;wyf? a&eHwyfwdkY &efukefvma&;

cGifhjyK&ef? þta&;awmfyHkESifhpyfvsOf;í axmiftusOf;csxm;olrsm;udkvTwf&efESifh

aoqHk;ol armifatmifausmftwGuf pHkprf;a&;cefY&efwdkYudk wdkif;jynfuod&efwifjy

a&;om;cJhonf/

t*Fvdyftpdk;& vkyf&yftay: tm;&p&mr&Sdaomtcg 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv

7 &ufaeYxkwf ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOfowif;pmwGif}} ausmif;om;rsm;u ]]bmudktvdk&Sd

oenf;}} [kacgif;pOfwyfuma&;om; owday;cJhjyefonf/ wpfzef 1939 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufaeY nae 3 em&DwGif armif*dkrm&Dvrf; (,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

vrf;) 'D;'kwfowif;pmwdkufü &efukefNrdKUvHk;qdkif&m owif;pmq&mrsm;tpnf;

ta0;udk usif;ycJhonf/


OD;bcsKdtrSL;jyKaom owif;pmq&mrsm;onf vuf&Sdjyóemrsm;udk ajyvnf

atmif rajz&Sif;Edkifaom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/

owif;pmrsm;onfvnf; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&wdkY\ owif;pmcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk

qufvufqefYusifvmMuonf/ (xdkpOftcgu ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&udkOD;aqmifaeolrSm

eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf jzpfonf/ 4if;aemufrS OD;yk eef;&if;0efjzpfvmonf/)

þodkYowif;pmrsm;rS qefYusifvmcJh&m 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 23 &ufaeY

eHeuf 5 em&D rdepf 40 tcsdefwGif ykZGefawmifXme tifpyufawmfESifhtwl

tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm; trIxrf;rsm;onf 'D;'kwfowif;pmwdkufa&SUESifh aemufaz;wGif

tapmifhrsm;toD;oD;csxm;um wdkufwGif;&Sd acsmifBudKacsmifMum;ygrusef olykef

pm&Gufrsm;&Sdonf[laomtaejzifh &SmazGMuonf/

xdkYodkY&SmqJtcsdefwGif OD;bcsKdrSm tdrfwGiftdyfaeqJjzpfonf/ n 9 em&DcGJ

tcsdefusaomtcg XmeodkYvdkuf&ef OD;bcsKdtm; t&m&Sdrsm;uac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/

OD;bcsKdu ]]NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d]] NyHK;&TifpGmESif hyif a&S;ya0oPDxJu ykvdyfrsm; usKyfud ktvdk&S d

aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}}aew,fqdkwm usKyfMum;NyD;ygNyD}} [kqdkum NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&Tifjzifhyif ykvdyfvufwGif;odkY

oufqif;vdkufygoGm;cJhonf/

þtaMumif;udk 1939 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYxkwf ]]'D;'kwfaeYpOf

ay;pm}} wGif ]]&efukefaxmifxJwGif bHk0g'wGifaeMujcif;}} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh

t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;bcsKdzrf;qD;cH&aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/

OD;bcsKdonf 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrD *syefwdkY tm&SwpfvTm; wefcdk;xGm;vmí

jrefrmrsm;uyif *syefwdkYtm; arQmfvifhtm;udk;cJhMuonf/ xdktcguyif tuif;yg;NyD;

tjrifus,faom OD;bcsKdonf *syefrsm;qdk;0g;yHkudk a&;om;cJhonf/ tcsKdUwynfhrsm;

ESifhyif oabmxm;uGJvGJcJh&onf/

*syefwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg OD;bcsKdtm;owf&efyif

vdkufvH&SmazGMuao;aomfvnf; wynfhtcsKdU\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh toufab;rS

uif;a0;cJh&aMumif;od&Sd&onf/

OD;bcsKdonf *syefacwftpdk;&vufxufwGif twdkifyifcHvTwfawmftrwf

tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/


NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm; jrefrmjynfodk Y jyef0ifvmNyD;aemufwGif z?q?y?v

tzGJYcsKyfudkzGJYpnf;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u OD;bcsKd\pdwf"mwfESifh t&nf

taoG;udkodí ,HkMunftm;xm;cJhonf/ OD;bcsdKuvnf; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;

,HkMunftm;xm;onf? ,if;twGufaMumifhyif jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;

&&SdrItwGuf z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfBuD;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom trIaqmif0efBuD;tzGJUwGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf

cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/

OD;bcsKdonf pdwfxm;El;nHhonf/ rmefrmeuif;onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf xufoef

onf/ aoqHk;onftxd a&S;qHxHk;jzifh ½dk;&mrysuf&SdcJhonf/ ÓPfxufjrufonf/

tuif;yg;onf/ A[kokw<u,f0onf/ apwemo'gw&m; &ufa&monf/ omoem

awmfudk,HkMunfonf/ bmomudkav;pm;onf/ omoemxGef;ajymifatmif BudK;yrf;

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ wdkkif;&if;om;wdkY pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk txl;vdkvm;onf/

vufawGUvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk

tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/

OD;bcsKdonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifhtwl 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY

eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif vkyfBuHcH&NyD; rGef;vGJ 1 em&D 45 rdepftcsdefwGif

uG,fvGefonf/ OD;bcsKdwGif orD; (6) a,mufxGef;um;cJhonf/ orD;tBuD; a':cifykrSm

trsKd;orD;vTwfawmftrwfjzpfcJhNyD; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; tkyfwGJ (8)/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå darmifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d

pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/pm-335-336/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;

'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/'D;'kwfOD;bcsK d/


OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)OD;baqG (r[maqG)

pma&;q&mBuD; r[maqGtrnfjzifh xifay:ausmf

Mum;cJ Yaom owif;pmq&mOD;baqGudk 1900jynfYESpf?

Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeYu OD;atmifNidrf; ? a':jr§if wdkYrS ppfudkif;NrdKU?

rif;pH&yfüarG;zGm;cJYonf/ Zmwmtrnf armifjroef; jzpfonf/

i,fpOfupí armifb&Sdef [kac:Muonf/ 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;&mü ]]armifbaqG}}

[laomtrnfudk ,lvdkufrdonfrStpjyKí oltm; ]]OD;baqG}} [kyifac:a0:

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cH,lvdkufonf/

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jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif trd ? tz wdkY\ csdKUwJYNidKjiifrIaMumifY pmayaumif;pGmroif&/

ausmif;aevdkuf? ausmif;xGufvdkuf? ausmif;ajymif;vdkufESifYyif touf 20 t&G,f

1920 jynfYESpfwGif ppfudkif;NrdKU? tpdk;&ausmif;rS 8 wef;atmifjrifum? rEÅav;NrdKU?

aemfrefausmif;odkY wufa&mufoifMum;cGifY&awmYonf/ q&mjzpfoifwef;udk

atmifjrifí ajrmif;jrNrdKU? 0ufvufNrdKU? [dkyifNrdKU? cifOD;NrdKU? a&TbdkNrdKU ponfwdkUudk

vSnfYvnfum q&mtjzpftrIxrf;aqmifonf/

xdkpOftwGif;ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]tmp&d,0ufvuf}} [laomtrnfjzifY

ynma&;aqmif;yg;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;? NrdKUa&;? &Gma&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk

pwifa&;om;onf/ ]]aMumY0ufvuf}} [laom trnfjzifY uAsmrsm;udk a&;om;cJY

onf/

OD;baqGudkk olYaqmif;yg;rsm;? uAsmrsm;? 0w¬Kwdkrsm;aMumifY vlodrsm;

vmonf/ vlcsif;rawGYzl;Muaomfvnf; pmcsif;&if;ESD;aeMuum aemufqHk;wGif

&efukefNrdKU&Sd owif;pmq&mESifYpma&;q&mtcsdKU\ tm;ay;wdkufwGef;rIaMumifY 1935

ckESpfwGif ausmif;q&mtvkyfrS EkwfxGufum &efukefNrdKUokdYajymif;a&TUvmonf/

OD;baqGonf r[maqGuavmiftrnfjzifY ]]axmifeef;pH}} ? ]]tusdK;

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]]ysdKUawmifNyHK;}} ? ]]0g0g0if;}} ? ]]apm&Av}} ? ]]apm&oufjyif;}} ponfY0w¬Krsm;udk


a&;om;cJYonf/ ]]aeol&def}} trnfjzifYvnf; pdwf"mwfjr§ifYwifa&;? pdwf"mwfBuHUcdkifa&;

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ ]]rGef;aomfwm}} trnfjzifYvnf; [mopmayrsm;udk

a&;om;cJYonf/ okawoepmaytjzpf ]]bdk;0ZD&}} tw¬KyÜwåddukdvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;baqGonf vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snfaygif; tkyfa& (60) ausmf? 0w¬Kwdkaygif;

(500) ausmf (600) eD;yg;? aqmif;yg;rsm; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;baqGonf ol&d,OD;odrf;armif\ ulnDay;rIqufoG,fay;rIt& xdkpOfu

]]&JAdkvfcsKyf}} OD;armifBuD;ESifY oduRrf;&if;ESD;&vmonfh OD;baqG &efukefodkYa&mufpOfu

]]&Jowif;pm}} ukd OD;odrf;armifOD;pD;í wpffBudrfrQ xkwfa0cJhavonf/ odkY&mwGif

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tcgü &JOD;armifBuD;? ol&d,OD;odrf;armifwdk Yonf wtm;wufvmMujyefum

OD;baqGtm; t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfxm;í &Jowif;pmudk 7 &ufwpfBudrf xkwfa0

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[lí oabmrxm;bJ &efukefNrdKUokdY rdrda&mufpESpfjzpfaom 1935 ckESpf ukefqHk;cgeD;rS

&Jowif;pm 1938 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf &Jowif;pm &yfpJonfhaeYwdkifatmif rem;

raeBudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJYonf/

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uRefb0rSvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vH I YaqmfcJ Yol? &[ef;wd k Y\cRwf,Gif;rI ?

ewfbdk;bkd;atmif udk;uG,frI,HkMunfrIrsm;udk &J0HYpGm jyKjyifay;aom aqmif;yg;0w¬K

rsm;udk a&;om;cJYolwpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;cJYonf/

OD;baqGonf r[maqG? aMumY0ufvuf? armifbaqG? tmp&d,0ufvuf?

aeol&def? rGef;aomfwm ponf uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifYa&;om;cJYonf/

OD;baqGonf 1953 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 5 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/

uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; a':MunfMunf? orD;pma&;q&mr cifaqGOD;ESifh cifaqGat;wdkY

usef&pfonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 338-

340/340/340/340/340/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frmjye fquf^pmwnf;tzG J Y ? E Sp fq,f&mp k jre frm

pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/pma&;q&mrsm;ESif Ypmpkpm&if;/


OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)OD;baz ([Hom0wD OD;baz)

owif;pmq&m OD;bazudk 1906 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm vwGif

vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f? 'g;ydefü ajrydkif&Sif tz OD;zdk;vl? trd a':a½TcsKH

wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;bazonf 1926 ckESpfwGif Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&

yxrvwfpmar;yJ G atmifjrifcJ Yonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif yxrMuD; pmar;yJG

atmifjrifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfynma&;wGifbDat (bD) wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/

OD;bazonf 1935 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefESifY owif;t,f'Dwm tjzpf

&efukefNrdKU qef;owif;pmwGif vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wD owif;pmü

bmomjyefESifY t,f'Dwm? 1958 ckESpfwGif t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif

cJYonf/

OD;bazonf jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtzJGU 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;

aumif;? oufBuD;NrdKUrtzJGUESifY r*FvmAsK[mtoif;0ifvnf;jzpfcJYonf/ 1955

ckESpfwGif ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf;odkY oGm;a&mufcJYaom owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwGif

tzJGU0iftjzpfvdkufygcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpku OD;aqmif

jyKvkyfaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGusif;y&mwGif a&mrNrdKUodkY udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfoGm;a&muf

cJYonf/

OD;bazonf 1987 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU? trSwf (93)? ajrmif;MuD;vrf;?

a&ausmf&yfuGufü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm 444/


OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)OD;bab (bBuD; bab)

owif;pmq&m OD;babudk BudKUyifaumufNrdKU?

ajrydkif½Siftb OD;tdk? trda':rSif wdkYrS 1883ckESpf? {jyDv 16

&ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;babonf touf 17 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif

tifx&ifYpmar;yJGudk paumvm;&SpfqkjzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1906 ckESpf touf

23 ESpfwGif bDatpmar;yJGudk atmifjrifcJYonf/ bDat atmifjyD; 0dkif?trf?bD?at

ac: Ak'bmomuvsmP,k0toif; pwifwnfaxmif &mwGif t"duta&;MuD;aom

yk*¾ d KvfwpfOD;tygt0if jzpfonf/ OD;babonf bDatatmif jy D;aemuf

e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&u NrdKUtkyf&mxl;vmay;onfudk r,lbJ pdefaygausmif;ü

ausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;babonf i,fpOfuZmwdrmefwuf<uap&ef tjzpfqef;wpfckESifY MuHKawGY

cJY&onf/ MuHKawGU&yHkrSm oli,fpOfu &efukef&dS [dkufpul;ausmif;ü ausmif;wuf

oGm;pOf qdkifu,fpD;vmaomykvdyfrif;MuD; tufa'geifa½SUrS uav;yDyD jzwfajy;oGm;

cJhrdonf/ rif;MuD;a½SUrS jzwfajy;oGm;&aumif;vm;qdkjyD; 'PfaiGoHk;usyf 'Pf½dkufcH

&onf/ vlcsif;wlygvsuf em;rvnfao;aomuav;t&G,fu rsufESmjzLt*Fvdyf

ykvdyfrif;MuD;a½SUrS jzwfajy;rd½HkjzifY 'PfaiG½dkufjcif;udk olrauseyfcJY? cHjyif;rdcJYonf/

þonfum; Zmwdrmefwuf<urI\ rsdK;apYyifjzpfonf/

1911 ckESpfwGif OD;babonf OD;vSazESifYwdkifyifí wpfa,mufvQif aiG

ESpfq,fYig;usyfpD rwnfum ]]ol&d,owif;pm}}xkwfa0&ef pdkif;jyif;Muonf/ jynfMuD;

r@dKifyHkESdyfwdkufrS aMumfjimrsm;udk ½dkufESdyfía0iSMuonf/ aMumfjimwGif ]]ol&d,

owif;pmMuD;}} xGufawmYrnf/ bmoma&;? EdkifiHa&;ygrusef rdrdwdkYoef&mudk zwf&

rnf[k yg&dSonf/ eD;pyf&m cifrif&myk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrSvnf; tpk&S,f,mrsm;yg0ifap

cJYonf/ wpfOD;vQif wpfq,fYig;usyfrQjzifY tpk&S,f,myg0ifapcJY&m tpk&S,f,m

aiGusyf ig;axmifrQ&&dScJYonf/ xdkusyfig;axmifjzifY rwnfí ol&d,owif;pmwdkufudk

pwifwnfaxmifjyD; ol&d,owif;pmBuD;udk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdkpOfu OD;bab\

toufrSm 28 ESpfom &dSao;onf/


OD;babonf owif;pmvkyfief;udkvkyfudkif&if; 0dkiftrfbDat ac: Ak'¨

bmomuvsmP,k0toif;udkvnf; pwifwnfaxmifonf/

OD;babESifYtwl OD;armifMuD; (qmarmifMuD;) OD;pdefvSatmif? OD;zdk;ajy? OD;rkef;?

OD;aratmif? a'gufwmb&if? OD;vSaz? OD;odef;armif? paom acwfynmwwf

vli,fvl&G,frsm; yg0ifcJYonf/

OD;babonf ol&d,owif;pmvkyfief;wGif t,f'DwmtvkyfrSpjyD;

atmufajcodrf; wHjrufvSnf;? owif;pmacgufvkyfief;ygrusef tyifyef;cH tvkyf

vkyfcJYonf/ tjcm;owif;pmrsm;xuf owif;xl;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay; a&;om;cJYonf/

0dkiftrfbDattoif;MuD;\ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk tom;ay; a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/

vIyf½Sm;rItoufygaom owif;pmjzpfí owif;pmapmifa& w&dyf&dyfwufvm

cJYonf/ xdkpOfu a&Twd*HkapwDawmfjrwfay:wGif rsufESmjzLrsm; zdeyfpD;jyD;wufaeMu

onf/ þonfudk rMunfY&ufEdkifaom OD;babonf umwGef;½kyfajymifjzifY owif;pm

wGif azmfjycJYonf/ xdkodkYazmfjyjcif;cHcJY&onfudk t*FvdyfrsufESmjzLrsm;ESifY tvdkawmf

&drsm; rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfcJYMuonf/

umwGef;\½kyfyHkrSm awmif½Snfykqdk;0wf bk&m;vlMuD;\ausmay:wGif

rsufESmjzLZeD;armifESHwdkYu zdeyfrcRwfbJcGpD;xm;&if; apwDawmfjrwfudk vSnfYvnf

MunfY½IaeyHkjzpfonf/ xdkrsufESmjzLZeD;armifESHwdkYuyif ]]tckvdkzdeyfrcRwfbJ bk&m;ay:

vnfMunfY&ojzifY aus;Zl;wifygw,f}} [laompum;udkyif azmfjyvdkufao;onf/

xdkumwGef;udk a&Twav;ac: OD;buav;u a&;qJGay;onf/

xdkumwGef;aMumifY ykvdyfrif;MuD; rsufESmjzL&SyfwJ(vf) 0yf(of)u OD;babESifY

OD;vSazwdkYudk ac:ar;avonf/ OD;babwdkYudkac:aomfvnf; ykvdyfrif;MuD;

pm;yJGa&SUwGif xdkifp&m[lí bmrQrxm;? zsmuav;wpfcsyfrQom cif;xm;avonf/

OD;babwdkYurxdkifbJ rwfwyf&yfvsufuyif ]]*Gwfarmeif;rpöwm&SyfwJ(vf)0yf(of)[k

EIwfqufvdkufonf/ rsufESmjzLykvdyfrif;MuD;u rsufESmxm;cyfwif;wif;jzifY umwGef;

bmaMumifY xnfY&ovJ[k ar;avonf/

OD;babu ]]ykvdyfu ykvdyftvkyfyJvkyfyg? owif;pmtvkyfudk 0ifr½IyfygeJY?

'Dr,f a[Yaumif rif;[m wdkYudk wrifac:NyD;npfwm? wdkYxdkifzdkY ae&mawmifray;bl;?


'Dvdkrapmfum;eJY? aemifudk 'Dvdk apmfum;&ifawmY igaer,fr[kwfbl; jyefaqmfrSmyJ}}

[kajymvdkufonf/

xdktcg ykvdyfrif;MuD;u olYudkjyefajym&rvm;qdkjyD; pdwfqdk;um ukvm;vdk

qJqdkarmif;xkwfavonf/ OD;babuvnf; acgif;iHkYrcHbJ jyefqJNyD;? pm;yJGay:&dS

rsOf;vHk;jzifY qJG½dkufrnftjyK twlygvmaom OD;vSazu qJGxm;vdkuf&onf/ OD;bab

ykvdyfrif;MuD;ESifY &efkjzpfcJYonfqdkaomowif;aMumifY 0dkiftrfbDattoif;wGif

tawmf yGufavm½dkufoGm;onf/ OD;babudk txl;yifcsD;usL;Muonf/

1919 ckESpfwGif atmY(cf)zkef;aumfr&SifwGif jrefrmwdkY\ epfemcsufudk

azmfxkwfwifjy&eftwGuf t*FvefodkY udk,fpm;vS,foHk;OD;vTwf&ef a&G;cs,fMuonf/

xdkoHk;OD;rSm OD;bab? OD;yk? OD;xGef;½Sdef? wdkYjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu ]]abyk½dSef}} [k trnf

ausmfMum; vlodrsm;cJYonf/

1920 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif yxrqHk;wuúodkvfoydwfudk jyifyEdkifiHa&;

acgif;aqmifwpfOD;taejzifY tm;ay;axmufcHcJYaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;rSm OD;babyif

jzpfonf/ pD-tif-tD; ac: trsdK;om;ynma&;tzJGYcsKyf aumfrwD0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;

yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/

1920 jynfYESpfüyif t*FvefodkY 'kwd,tMudrf jrefrmjynftwGuf ta&;qdk&ef

oGm;&jyefonf/ OD;babESifYtwl OD;yk? OD;odef;armifwdkYvnf; yg0ifcJYMuonf/

oGm;&jcif;taMumif;rSm jrefrmjynfudk tdEd´,jynfESifY wef;wltkyfcsKyfa&; tqifY

twef;ay;&eftwGuf ajymqdkzdkY oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;babwkdY ZJGaumif;aumif;ESifY

trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk MudK;pm;aqmif&GufrIaMumifY rGefaw*luzdwfac:jyD; tdEd,ESifYwef;wl

tkyfcsKyf&ef 14 &uftwGif; jyKvkyfay;rnf[laom uwdudk &&dScJYonf/

xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHjzpfolrSm ordkif;wGifxif&Sm;cJYaom bk&ifcH

u&ufa'gY (cf) jzpfonf/ OD;babonf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk 21 OD;jzifY

vufcHcJYonf/ 1929 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGwGif &efukefta&SUydkif;rS 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&m

tEdkif&&dScJYonf/ xdkYaemufvTwfawmf'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1300

jynfYESpf a&eHajroydwfMuD;wGifvnf; OD;babonf 21 OD;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ wJGa&;? cJGa&; 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfwGifvnf;


opfawma&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkpOfu usyfig;axmif vpm&cJYonf/

acwftac: opfawma&;0efMuD;csKyff[k ac:Muonf/

OD;babonf 1936 ckESpfwGif jynfxJa&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;bab (ac: ) bMuD;babonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ,m,DMum;jzwftpdk;&

tzJGUwGifvnf; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efMuD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ oD[dkVf

(oD&dvuFm) &dS uEDéNrdKUwGif oGm;a&mufjyD;? uEDépmcsKyfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifYtwl

csKyfqdfkcJYonf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvefodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifYtwl ta&;

qdk&ef oGm;pOfuvnf; bMuD;babonf tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJY&

onf/

OD;bab (ac:) bMuD;babtaMumif;udk a&;&rnfqdkvQif tawmfyif

½Snfvsm;us,fjyefYrnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;oufwrf;rSm t½SnfqHk;ESifY tMumqHk;

yk*¾dKvfMuD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/

OD;babonf jrefrmEdkifiHa&; Edk;Mum;prS vGwfvyfa&;&onftxd ae&m

toD;oD;? u@toD;oD;? tcef;toD;oD;? aqmif&GufrItoD;oD;rsm;jzifY yg0if

aqmif&GufcJYaom yk*¾dKvfxl;MuD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;tjzpf trsdK;om;

a&T&wkobifusif;ya&; A[dkaumfrwD\ em,uMuD;tjzpf yg0ifa&mufaqmif&Guf

cJYonf/

OD;babonf 1971 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 8 &uf? paeaeY? aeYv,f2 em&D

rdepf20 tcsdefwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmayESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m (bmomjyef pmay

toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/toif;) pm 180/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15.11.1971) pm-21/


OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)OD;bdk;oif; (ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;)

pma&;q&m ppfudkif;OD;bkd;oif;trnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;bdk;oif;udk 1890 jynfhESpf? Zlvdkifv 31 &ufaeYwGif

o&ufc½dkif rif;wkef;NrdKU? NrdKUopfukef;ta½SUydkif;ü tz OD;bdk;om?

trd a':a½Ttdwf wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/

OD;bdk;oif;onf ayyifausmif;ac: bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü pwifynm

oifonf/ ausmif;raerDuyif zcif\oifMum;rIaMumifh pma&;wwf zwfwwf

ojzifh ayyifausmif;wGif yxrwef;udk0ifajz&m yxr&onf/ twef;tqifhqifh

xl;cRefpGmatmifjrifNyD; owårwef;wGifvnf; o&ufNrdKUe,fü yxr&onf/ xdkYaemuf

rEÅav;aemfrefausmif; (q&mtwwfoifausmif;) ü qufvufynmqnf;yl;&m

1907 ckESpfwGif q&mjzpfatmifonf/ xdkYaemuf jrpfBuD;em;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? Aef;armfwGif ausmif;tkyftjzpfvnf;aumif; trIxrf;cJhonf/ xdkpOf

ynmtkyfESifh pum;rsm;ojzifh tvkyfrSEkwfxGufonf/

OD;bdk;oif;onf tvkyfrSEkwfxGufNyD;aemuf pme,fZif;avmuodkY 0ifa&muf

onf/ rEÅav;wGif owif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ &efukefodkYoGm;NyD; ul;oef;

a&mif;0,fa&;owif;pmwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ xkdpOf ynmrif;BuD;uac:,lNyD;?

rauG;wGif ynmtkyftjzpf cefYxm;onfhtwGuf ynma&;|meodkY jyefa&mufvm&onfh

OD;bdk;oif;onf ynmtkyftjzpfjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYa&mufcJhonf/

OD;bdk;oif;onf pmayavmuxJodk Y touf 19 ESpf t&G,fupí

0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;tajrmuftjrm; a&;om;cJhonf/ ]]a&T*sdK;jzL}} [laom

uavmiftrnfcGJjzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/ ppfudkif;wGif tajcwus aexdkifonfh

twGuf ]]ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;}} [kxif&Sm;onf/

OD;bdk;oif;a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm udkudk ? udkodef;armif? zmwpfvHk;

acgif;usm;? udk;odef;&Sif? Mum0wf&nf? cifBuD;r[mNrdKif? acgifjrifh? yef;&nf? cspfyef;&nf?

iwkef;? iywfvnf? ijzLxD;eef;wGif; 0w¬KawmfBuD;? irnf;acgif? apmxD;armif?

pdwfwdrf;armif? aqmif;trD? wu,fha,musfm;? wifhrsdK;acgif? wdkYaus;&Gm? eDwdrmvm

awmf0if0w¬KawmfBuD;? eDwdtjrLawaw;? aersdK;EG,feef;wGif; 0w¬KBuD;? ivHk;r,f?


yk*Hacwft&nf;rm,m? yifjrifhyef;? yifv,faysmfoDoD? ysdKUarmif? jynfBuD;rsuf&Sif?

jynfBuD;rSeful? jynfBuD;&wem? jynfwGif;vJhvJh? irJuRef? pav;rif;acG;? c&D;onfBuD;?

olUtjrifolUtawG; (q,fwGJ) ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;bdk;oif;\ 1938 ckESpfwGif a&;om;aom zmwpfvHk;acgif;usm; 0w¬Konf

xif&Sm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfNyD;? ½kyf&Siftjzpf ½dkuful;cJh&onf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif

irJuRef0w¬Kjzifh pmayAdrmefumvay:0w¬Kqk csD;jrSifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/

OD;bdk;oif;\ irJuRef0w¬Konf a½S;a[mif;0w¬KBuD;jzpfonf/ 1953 ckESpf

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü vpOftcef;quf0w¬K&SnfBuD;tjzpf xnfhoGif;a&;om;NyD;rS

vHk;csif;xkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf/ a½S;vlBuD;rsm;\ ta&;tom;xHk;enf;wpfrsdK; jzpfonfh

tjyif? rSwfom;zG,ftrsm;yg&Sdonf/ ]]rjypfrSm;xdkufoltm;jypfrSm;rdí? aemufqHk;wGif

taoqdk;jzifhaoqHk;&onf}} udkwifjyxm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/

OD;bdk;oif;onf wynfhrsm;\ wdkufwGef;csuft& udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk

1978 ckESpfwGifa&;om;NyD;? 1979 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefu xkwfa0onf/ i,fpOfu

pí ppfNyD;umvtxdyg0ifonf/

OD;bdk;oif;onf 1973 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm44- 45/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/ppfud kif;OD;bd k;oif;? ud k,fwd kifa&;tw¬KyÜwå d/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2/ pm115-116/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;? pm 99-100/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm - 364

- 365/- 365/- 365/- 365/- 365/


ynmpoifNy D; pwkw¬wef;r Spí tpd k ;&[d kufpul; (,ck vomtpdk;&trSwf

(1) t-x-u) ausmif;odkYajymif;um umvuwåm; wuúodkvfvufatmufcH

rufx&pf 10 wef;txd oif,lonf/ 10 wef; pmar;yJ Gatmifjrifí

&efuke faumvdyfwGi f 1917 ckE Sp fr Spí ynmqufvufoif,lc J honf/

bDatatmufwef;wGif ynmoif,laepOf 1920 jynfhESpfwuúodkvfoydwfü

acgif;aqmifydkif;rS yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ 1921 rS 1930 jynfhESpftxd trsdK;om;

ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfaomtcg ppfudkif;NrdKESifh c&rf;NrdKUtrdsK;om;txufwef;ausmif;

rsm;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfrS

EkwfxGufNyD;? &efukefNrdKU? ol&d,owif;pmwdkufü 1946 ckESpftxd owif;axmuf?

nt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; pwifjzpfyGm;aom

tcg 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeYnwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u umuG,fa&;yk'fr

26 jzifh zrf;qD;í tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif 1942 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeY

txd csKyfaESmifxm;onf/ xdkaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfrsm;qkwfcGmoGm;í

vGwfajrmufcJhonf/

OD;boef;onf 1946 ckESpfwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrSEkwfxGufNyD;

jyefMum;a&;XmecGJwGif owif;pm qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf 1953 ckESpftxd

trIxrf;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf 1954 ckESpf rS 1956 ckESpftxd jrefrmowif;pmwdkufydkif

&Sifrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifaom ( Burma Press Syndicate ) wGif tkyfcsKyfrI

t,f'Dwmtjzpf urÇmhaMu;eef;owif;rsm; jzefYcsdcJhonf/

1956ckESpfwGif ,if;vkyfief;&yfqdkif;oGm;ojzifh xdkESpfrSmyifzGifhvSpfaom

OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)OD;boef; (,lyDtdkif OD;boef;)

owif;pmq&m ,lyDtkdif OD;boef; udk &efukefNrdKU

vrf;rawmf&yfuGuf? 16-vrf;wGif 1899 ck? rwfv 23

&ufaeYü tzOD; tkef;? trd a':zGm;wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;boef;onf i,fpOfujrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif


(United Press International ) (U.P.I) ,lyDtdkifEdkifiHjcm;owif;jzefYcsda&; XmewGif

tkyfcsKyfrIrefae*smtjzpf 1937 ckESpftxd vkyfudkifcJ honf/ xkdESpfrSmyif

tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

,if;tcsdefrSpí owif;pmESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;onf/

txl;ojzifh 1975 ckESpf rS 1979 ckESpf txd aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif ]]b0tawGU

tBuHK}}tcef;quf aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJhonf/

OD;boef;onf owif;twdktxGmrsm;pkaqmif;&mwGif i,fpOfuyif0goem

ygvmonfhtavsmuf a&S;acwfowif;pmrsm;taMumif;odaumif;p&mrsm;udkvnf;

pkaqmif;cJ hojzif h 1947 ckESpfwGif ]]a&S;acwfjrefrmjynfowif;pmrsm;}}[k

a&;om;jyKpkí pmayAdrmefrSpmtkyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/ ]]jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pm

q&mtoif;}}[laomtrnfjzifh ppfNyD;acwfaemufydkif; 1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 23

&ufaeYwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkuftkyf OD;buav; (uG,fvGef) Ouú|? ,lyDtdkif

OD;boef; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfyg0ifcJhaom ]]owif;pmq&mtoif;}} udk zGJUpnf;

wnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1956-1957ck ESpfwGif OD;boef;onf Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&Guf

cJhNyD;aemuf pmayvkyfom;tzGJUtpnf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pm

q&mtoif;udk zsufodrf;vdkufaom 1965 ckESpftxd toif;em,utjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;boef;onf 1949 ckESpf? arv 14 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pm

q&mtoif;rSBuD;rSL;í yxrqHk;owif;pmynmoifwef;udk zGifhvSpfcJhNyD; owif;

axmufb0udk,fawGUA[kokwrsm;udk oifwef;wGifa[majymydkYcscJhonf/ EdkifiHjcm;

wdkif;jynfrsm;jzpfaom tdE´d,? ,dk;',m;? *syef? jyifopf? tD*spf? vufbEGef?

w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? AD,uferfEdkifiH? rav;&Sm;? pifumyl? tif'dkeD;&Sm;paom

EdkifiHrsm;odkY oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;\ zdwfMum;csuft& rdwfqufcspfMunfa&;c&D;rsm;

vSnfhvnfcJhonf/

owif;pmq&mBuD; ,lyDtdkifOD;boef;onf 1980 jynfhESpf pmqdkawmfaeYwGif


usif;yaom touf 80 ausmf yxrtBudrf tuefawmhcHpmayynm&SifBuD; (10) OD;

teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJhNyD;? ESpfpOftuefawmhcHcJh&mrS 1990 jynfhESpf? arv

19 &uf? paeaeY nae 3 em&D? rdepf 30 tcdsef touf 92 ESpft&G,fwGif

4if;\orD;tBuD; aq;wuúodkvf (1) tNidrf;pm;ygarmu© a'gufwma':MunfMunfar\

aetdrf trSwf 65âu? urÇmat;bk&m;vrf;? r&rf;ukef; NrdKUe,fü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf(1991)? pm-279/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/,lyDtkdif OD;boef;\ b0tawGUtBuHK/


OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)OD;baomif; (ocifbaomif;)

pma&;q&m ocifbaomif;trnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;baomif;udk 1901 ckESpf? azazmf 0g&Dv 7 &ufaeYwGif

rauG;wdkif;? ewfarmufNrdKUe,f? zHkukef;&Gmü tz OD;jrpf trd

a':av;cifwdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/

OD;baomif;onf NrdKUopfq&mOD;pkd;rif;\ wdkif;&if;jrefrm rlvwef;ausmif;?

awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKU? t*Fvdyfjrefrmtpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;? rEÅav;NrdKU?

Ak'ömoemEk*¾[ txufwef;ausmif; 1920 jynfhESpfwGif q,fwef;ausmif;om;

b0ü yxrausmif;om;oydwfwGif rEÅav;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f

tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1921 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;xGufNyD; 0dIufaumfrwDudk

uefYuGufojzifh axmifuscJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkkifiHodkYa0vrif;om;

vma&muf&m xdkodkYrvma&mufrD rEÅav;? ppfudkif;? ausmufqnfe,fwdkYrS e,fESif

cHcJh&onf/

trsKd;om;ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif rEÅav;? a&Tbdk? ykodrf trsKd;om;ausmif;

rsm;ü apwemh0efxrf;q&mtjzpfvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/

OD;baomif;onf 1924-25 ckESpfwGif jrefrmydkif e,l;bm;rm;t*Fvdyfowif;

pmü vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf vnf;aumif;? uif;0efrif;BuD;yd#uwfwdkufwGif

vufaxmuf yd#uwfwkdufrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuú

odkvfjrefrmpmXmewGif bmomjyefenf;jyq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;baomif;onf 1928 ckESpfwGif ociftrnfudk pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ 1930 ckESpf

ar 30 &ufaeYwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ aMunmpmwrf;? EdkkifiHjyKpmpktrSwf (1)

udk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ EdkifiHjyKpmpktrSwf (2)

aMunmpmwrf;udk xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif a&TbdkNrdKU? 'dkiftmcDOa'jyK

vTwfawmftrwfavmif;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ e,fcsJUw&m;rsm; a[majymcJhojzifh

axmifuscJhonf/ axmifxJwGif tpmiwfcHqE´jycJhonf/ wdk YArmowif;pOf

rSwfwrf;udk pmayvufeuftjzpf toHk;jyKcJhonf/


OD;baomif;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;XmetoHvTifh½Hkü trIxrf;

onf/ jyefMum;a&;Xme pmaypdppfa&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vlrIqufqHa&;wyfrS

xkwfa0aom jrefrmESifh urÇmpmapmifwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf

cJhonf/

OD;baomif;onf yef;omrpmO? a&eH? tazhtarGjyZmwf? tarav;0w¬K?

uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm? uGefjrLepfordkif;? wpfaxmifh

wpfn? Ak'¨\pMum0Vmw&m;? wdkif;jynf&efoljyZmwf? olcdk;tmruf pmtkyfrsm;

a&;om;cJhonf/ 1959 - 60 jynfhESpfwGif urÇmywfvnf &uf&Spfq,fpmtkyfjzifh

,leufpudkbmomjyefqkudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf? ZGef 7 &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHh

*kPf&nfbGJYyxrqifhudk csDjr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/

OD;baomif;onf ocifbaomif;trnfjzifhvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;

cJhonf/

OD;baomif;onf 1981 ckESpf? {NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;'*kefa&TrQm;????? jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm;????? pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/ pm-9-10/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)jrefrmhpG,fpk Husrf;ESpfcsKyf (1982)????? pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248 pm-247-248

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) armifokarmifokarmifokarmifokarmifokwwwww ? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå d? pm-382-

384/384/384/384/384/


OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)OD;baomif; (armifokw)

owif;pmq&m OD;baomif;(armifokw) udk 1914

ckE Sp f ? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGi f tbv,f0efaxmuf

OD;xGef;vdIifESifY trda':cifwdkYrS o&ufNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;baomif;onf &efukefNrdKU rufo'pf trsdK;om;

ausmif;ESifY tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYjyD;? 1930 jynf YE Sp fwGif

&e fu ke fwuúo d kv fü qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJ Yonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif

&efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆmjrefrmpm*kPfxl;bJGU &&dScJYonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZÆmbJGU

&&dScJYonf/

1933 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;cJYonf/ yxrwGif 0efaxmuf? xdkYaemuf

pHkaxmufrif;MuD; ½Hk;pmawmfjyef? *syefacwf tapmydkif;wGif pmayESifYpmMunfhwdkufXme

ñTefMum;a&;0ef? xdkYaemuf *syefEdkifiHodkY wdkusdKNrdKU tjynfjynfqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rIXme

bmomjyeft&m&dStjzpf oGm;a&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;jyD;p 1946

ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'Dwm? Z0e*sme,fwJGzuft,f'Dwm? &efukef

wuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmeenf;jyq&m? rEÅav;wuúodkvf jrefrmpm vufaxmuf

uxdutjzpf trIxrf;cJhjyD;? 1950 jynfYESpfwGif wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/

1952 ckESpf wyfrawmft&m&dStjzpf jr0wDr*¾Zif; OD;pD;t,f'DwmESifY

ppfESvHk;*sme,f t,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf arNrdKU (jyifOD;vGif) ppfwuúodkvfvufaxmuf

pmayñTefMum;a&;rSL;? rEÅav;wuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmetcsdefyd kif;uxdu?

jrefrmpmayjyKpka&;ESif Y bmomjyefaumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL; ponfjzifY trI

xrf;cJYonf/

OD;baomif;onf wuúodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;pOfuyif ]]wuúodkvfrif;vGif}}

]]oD&darmif}} ]]aomif;xdkuf}} ]]armifokw}} ponfhtrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬K? uAsm?

aqmifyg;rsm; pa&;cJ Yonf/ Ad kvfrSL;baomif;? OD;baomif;trnfwdk Y jzif Y

vnf;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;baomif;jyKpkcJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsdKUrSm bl&DS'dkac:ZmenfaoG;?


wpfuGsef;odk Y? olwdk Yvufaqmif? pmayvufaqmif? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdå?

jrefrmpmjr§ifYcsifvGef;vdkY? rarhwJhEkdif;? ArmYawmfvSefa&;ordkif;? owdå? ajryHkzwfenf;?

ArmYwyfrawmfordkif;? pmayaus;Zl;? pmayta&;tom;? þvnf;w'ku©ESifY

0w¬Kwdkrsm;jzpfí wnf;jzwfcJYaomusrf;rsm;rSm aoe*FAsL[mysdKU? AsL[pudúysdKU?

eEDaoeysdKU? tp&dSonfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;baomif;onf 1962 ckESpf pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdå pmtkyfjzifY trsdK;om;

pmayqk (pmya'omqk) &&dScJYonf/

OD;baomif;onf 1968 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEd kifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm107-

109/109/109/109/109/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) wuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp kwuúo d kv fwi fc ? jre frmpm jre frmr Iu d k jy Kp k

ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?ysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJ Yolrsm;? pm 55 - 65?

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/pm 71-73/


OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)

owif;pmq&m OD;bd k ;cs de fud k 1904 ckE Sp fwGif

awmifilc½dkif? ZD;jzLaomifaus;&Gmü tz OD;armifBuD; trd

a':rSefwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ awmifiltxufwef;ausmif;rS

wuúodkvf0ifwef;atmifjrifNyD; jzL;ae&Sife,ftxufwef;

ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;bdk;csdefonf 1930 jynfYESpfwGif owif;axmuftjzpf owif;pmavmuodkY

0ifa&mufcJY&m qef;aeYpOfowif;pmwGif 1945 ckESpftxd t,f'Dwmtjzpf

vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk owif;pmvkyfief;odkY

0ifa&mufcJYonf/ Tribune owif;pm pwifwnfaxmifonfY 1946 ckESpfrSpí

t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH owif;axmuf

tzGJYOuú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947-51 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYum,BuHUcdkifa&;tzGJY aiGxdef;

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1955-58 ckESpfwGif ½kyf&Sifwnf;jzwfa&; bkwftzGJU0iftjzpf

vnf;aumif;? jrLeDpDyg,faumifpD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;bdk;csdefonf 1951 ckESpfwGif tdEd,ESifY ygupöwefodkYvnf;aumif;? 1953

ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif; 1954 ckESpfwGif ukvor*¾pD;yGm;a&;ESifY vlrIa&;

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;nDvmcHokdYwufa&mufcJYNyD;? O½ka*G;? rGefwDAD'dk awmiftar&du

EkdifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

1957 ckESpfwGif uae'g? taemuf*smrPDESifY jyifopfEdkkifiHrsm;okdY oGm;a&muf

cJYonf/

OD;bdk;csdefonf 1993 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm - 100/


owif;pmq&m OD;bdk;csdef (ac:) trfckdifNrJ bdk;csdefudk

&efukefNrdKU vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,fwGif tz OD;bdk;csdef (trfbdk;csdef)

trd a':zDwdkYrS 1926 ckESpf? ZGefv 17 &ufaeYü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

1931 ckE Sp fü uefawmfuav; xD;wef;"r®m½H k

jzwfvrf;&Sdq&mBuD; OD;vSazausmif;wGif oli,fwef;rSpí ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/

pwkw¬wef;udk paumvm;&SpfjzifY atmifjrifchJonf/ xdkYaemuf NrdKUrausmif;okdYajymif;í

ynmqnf;yl;cJYonf/

1940 jynfYESpf q|rwef;ta&mufwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfonf/ ppfNyD;

aemufydkif; a&ausmfrufo'pfausmif;wGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJY&m 1947 ckESpf

wGif 10 wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/

10 wef;atmifjrifNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;pOf

1950 jynfYESpfü wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾wGif trIaqmiftzGJY0ifjzpfcJYonf/

1951-52 ckESpfwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ tdk;a0

r*¾Zif;wGif wuúodkvfzdk;ysdKuavmiftrnfjzifY aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/

xdkYaemuf ausmif;rSxGufí acsmufNrdKUtxufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jy

q&mtjzpftrIxrf;onf/ q&ma':qifenf;jyausmif;wGif ordkif;bmomjy q&m

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? OD;vlaz0if;wuúodkvfwGif tcsdefjynfYq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;

oifMum;ydkYcscJYonf/

xdkYaemufausmif;xGufí orm"d? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkufrsm;wGif

t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;aqmifNyD; e,l;wdkif;owif;pm? [Hom0wDowif;pm?

ae&Sif;? wkd;wufa&;? ol&d,owif;pmwkdufrsm;wGif owif;axmuftjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ owif;pmwkdufrsm; jynfolydkifodrf;onfYtcgü owif;pm

vkyfief;rS&yfem;NyD; awmifOuúvmyNrdKUwGifaexdkifum q&mOD;cdkifNrJtrnfjzifY

ausmif;zGifYum oifwef;rsm;ydkYcscJYonf/

OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)OD;bdk;csdef (trfcd kifNrJ bdk;csdef)


1969 ckESpfwGif trSwf 163? tcef; (18) ql;avbk&m;vrf; ausmufwHwm;

NrdKUe,fwGif udk,fydkifenf;jyoiffwef;zGifYcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf oifwef;tm; ½kyfodrf;NyD;

rdom;pkESifYtwlaps;a&mif;csí toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKcJYonf/

wpfacwfwpfcsdefuausmfMum;cJhonfY orm"dowif;pmwGif owif;?

owif;aqmif;yg;ESifY acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm; *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&;om;cJYol owif;pmq&m? t,f'Dwm OD;bdk;csdef (trfcdkifNrJbdk;csdef) onf 1992

ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1994) pm - 325/


a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)a':rrcif (a':rrcif)

owif;pmq&mrBuD; a':rrcifud k rtlyifNrd KU

,pfrsdK;0efaxmufMuD; OD;qkom ESifY a':ñSmwdkYrS 1906

ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ i,fpOfu armfvNrdKif MunfYjrifwdkif

ESifY rEÅav;atbDtrfwdk YrSynmoif,lcJYjyD; wuúodkvfodk Y

roGm;rD armfvNrdKif armfwifvdef;rS q&mjzpfatmifcJYonf/ ausmif;q&mrvkyfjyD;rS

*syfqifaumvdyfodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/

a':rrcifonf i,fpOfuyif ynma&;ü jyKjyifvdkpdwfjzifY urÇmYynma&;

pmayrsm;udk rsufjcnfrjywf avYvm cJYoljzpfonf/ jyifopfpma&;q&mMuD;½l;ql;\

tDrDvD (Emile) ynma&;usrf;MuD;udk zwfonf/ a':rrcifonf tqdkygusrf;MuD;udk

1928 ckESpfrS pwifbmomjyefcJY&m 1931 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefqdk jyD;pD;oGm;onf/

tDrDvD\ ynma&;oDtdk&DrSm ]]uav;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;udk azmfxkwf

Edkif&rnf? vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmMuHqap&rnf? usyfusyfwnf;wnf;jzpfatmif

tESD;ESifYyif rxkwf&? El;nHYvGef;aom tdyf&mykcuf taEG;xnf rsm;ESifY csnfrxm;&?

vGwfvGwfvyfvyfvIyf½Sm;cGifhjyKxm;&rnf/}} [laom oabmrsm;ygonf/

1931 ckESpf? EdkifiHaygif;csKyf tpnf;ta0;MuD;rS yxrzJGYpnf; ac:,laom

*seDAmwGif usif;yrnfY urÇmYtrsdK;orD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef a&G;cs,f

onfYtzJGUüvnf; a':rrcifyg0ifcJYonf/

1937 ckESpf? qm-ay:xGef;vufxufwGif tar&duefodk Y tm[m&

okawoetwwfoifMum;&ef yxrqHk; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoiftjzpf a':rrcif

onf apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ a':rrcifonf yifv,f&yfjcm;rS vma&mufynm

oif,l&onfjzpf&m tcsdefrjzKef;EdkifbJ neufoef;acgiftxd pmMunfYwdkufwGif

MudK;pm;yrf;pm; pmzwfcJhjcif;aMumifha':rrcifrSm (trftufpD) csDum*dk [laombJGYudk

xdkufxdkufwefwef &,lcJYonf/


a':rrcifonf t*FvefodkYa&mufonfYtcg ynma&;pdwf"mwf ppfqifa&;

ESifY uav;oli,ft&G,ftvdkuf zGYHNzdK;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk 1938 ckESpfrS 1939 ckESpf

txd oif,lavYvmcJYonf/ odkY&mwGif tpdk;&u a':rrcifoif,lavYvmcJYaom

ynm&yfrsm;udktoHk;jyK&ef r&nf&G,fbJ tvkyfray;EdkifaomaMumifY 1940 jynfYESpfwGif

udk,fydkif ]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}}]]ausmif;om;owif;pm}} udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;

owif;pmudk 1940 jynfYESpf? Zefe0g&DvrSpwifí t*FgaeYwdkif; wpfywfwpfMudrf

xkwfa0cJYonf/

ausmif;om;owif;pm qdkonfYtwdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifYqdkif&m ynma&;

wdk;wufzG,ftcsufrsm;? taMumif;t&moifcef;pmyHkjyifrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;?

ausmif;owif;rsm;? ynma&;qkay;yJG? NydKifyJG? jyyJGrsm;? usef;rma&;oifcef;pm

enf;ay;vrf;ñTefcsuf? odrSwfzG,f&mrsm; ponfjzifY ausmif;ESifYausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

qdkifonfY ynm&yftaMumif;t&m tcef;u@rsm;om yg0ifa&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf apwem &nf&G,fcsuf aumif;aumif;oefYoefYjzifY xdktcsdefu

xkwfa0cJYonfY wpfckwnf;aom ausmif;om;owif;pmwpfapmif jzpfonf/

a'gufwmbarmfu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrS EkwfxGufvdkufí 4if;\ae&m

(&rnf;oif;awmifydkif;) rJqEé,ftwGuf a':rrcifudk trwftjzpfta&G;cH&ef

wdkufwGef;&mrS EdkifiHa&;wGif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ a':rrcifonf EdkifiHa&;ü

pdwfwuf<uvmcJYonf/ ygwDtoD;oD;rS 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifrnfY trwfavmif; (6)

a,mufESifY ,SOfNydKifcJY&m a':rrcifu ta&G;cHcJh&onf/ EdkifiHa&;onf tjrJwap

pdwfcsrf;omrIudk zefwD;ay;aomtvkyfr[kwf? uefYuGufvTmawGu wpfrsdK;? aiGukef

aMu;uscH&onfu wpfzHkjzpfonf/

t*FvdyfjyefvmjyD; qma':refprpf bk&ifcHvufxufwGif bk&ifYtwdkifyifcH

tzJGY zJGYpnf;&m a':rrcifudk qmay:xGef;u twdkifyifcHtzJGY0iftjzpf 2 ESpfcefYtyf

jcif;cHcJY&onf/

a':rrcifonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJGU? cd kudk;&mrJ YtrsdK;orD;rsm;

apmifYa½Smufa&;tzJGUwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? a':jrpdef MuD;rSL;aom


trsdK;orD;aumifpDwGif trIaqmiftzJGY0ifwpfOD; tjzpfyg0ifcJYonf/ 1954 ckESpfrS

1958 ckESpftxd ½kyf½SifqifqmbkwftzJGY0if wpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJYonf/ a':rrcif

bDattrftufpD (csDum*dk) \ ausmif;om;owif;pmyHkESdyfwdkufrS ,leD,H a*Zuf

bm;rd(p) x&dAsL;(ef)a'vDESifY jynfolYtoH &efukef0DuvDrsm;udk ½dkufEdSyfcJYonf/

a':rrcifwnfaxmifcJYaom ausmif;om;owif;pmwGif ouf&G,fEke,fol

uav;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;owif;pmMuD;rsm;\ &TifaysmfzG,f qnf;yl;&efrsm;udk

vnf;aumif;? avmu"mwfynmtcef; tar;tajz? usef;rma&;? yx0D? uAsm?

a'oEÅ&A[kokw? ya[Vd? wdkif;jynftwGufpGefYpm;vdkpdwf Mo0g'rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;rS

tm;uszG,f xif&Sm;aomausmif;om;rsm;? csdef;bmvdefausmif;? e,l;a,mufrS yJ&pfodkY

yxqHk;jzwfoef;oltaMumif; pojzifY vli,frsm;pGefYpm; tm;usatmif vrf;ñTefay;

a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif t*Fvdyfpmapmifudk xkwfa0cJYonf/

a':rrcifonf trsdK;orD;uavmiftzJ GU\ vufa[mif;yxrrlv

trIaqmifvlMuD;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ udk,fcE¨musrf;? tdrfwGif;rIodyÜHusrf;ESifY vlrIa&;

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; jyKpkcJYonf/

a':rrcifonf yxrqHk; trftufpfpD (csDum*dk) ausmif;q&m? owif;pm

t,f'Dwm? trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwf jzpfcJhjyD; &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;? pm 156-158/


1922 ckESpfwGif zsmyH k NrdKUatbDtrfausmif;ü ausmif;pwifaecJhonf/

bdkuav;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS 1927 ckESpfwGif owårwef;atmifjrif

cJhonf/ xdkUaemuf &efukefNrdKU trsdK;orD;ausmif;wGif 1932 ckESpftxd aecJhNyD;

e0rwef;txd ynmoif,lcJhonf/

a':rrav;onf owiff;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif pdwf0ifpm;olyDyD

]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}}]]rdef;uav;rsm; xdkacwfu Muufawmif½d kufonfudk}} owif;pmwpfapmifu

uJh&JhavSmifajymifonfhtwGuf 1936 ckESpfwGif a':rrav;u jyefvnfacsy&Sif;vif;

aomaqmif;yg;a&;cJhonf/ ]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}}]]trsdK;orD;rsm; PBuD;owfÓPf&SdMu&ef}} aqmif;yg;

jzifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif ]]&a0vIdif}} trnfjzifh azmfjyjcif;cHcJ h&mrS

t,f'DwmOD;cspfarmifESifh pwifoduRrf;cJhonf/

a':rrav;onf bdkuav;NrdKUwGifpmMunfhwdkufxlaxmifcJhonf/ 1935-

1936 ckESpfwGif bdkuav;NrdKU wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif

jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf OD;cspfarmifESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ 1939

ckESpfwGif *sme,fausmfxkwfa0aomtcg xkwfa0oltjzpfwm0ef,lNyD; ]]*sme,fausmf

rrav;}}trnf pwifcH,l í0w¬Krsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfESifh

jynfolY[pfwdkifowif;pmrsm;\ t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif &GufcJhonf/

1941 ckESpf*syefacwfwGif xdyfwef;vQdKU0SufzufqpfqefYusifa&;? ajratmuf

vkyfief;t00udk cifyGef;jzpfolOD;cspfarmifESifhtwl aqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefacwfwGif

yxrqHk;0w¬K&Snftjzpf ]]tjzL}} udka&;om;cJhaomfvnf; ppfNyD;acwfrS xkwfa0cJhonf/

olr 1944 0w¬Kudk t&ifxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 3 &ufaeYwGif

cifyGef;onf *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif uG,fvGefonf/ OD;cspfarmifuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf

a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)a':rrav; (*sme,fausmfrrav;)

pma&;q&mrBuD; *sme,fausm frrav;trnfcH

owif;pmq&mr a':rrav;ud k bd kuav;Nr d K Ue,f ?

urmuvlaus;&Gmü tz a':qifbPf refae*sm OD;jym;csdK

ESifh trd a':uGDwdkYrS 1917 ckESpf? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYwGif

arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm a':wifvIdifjzpfonf/


*sme,fausmfr*¾Zif;acgif;BuD;ydkif;udk trsm;qHk;a&;om;cJhonfhtjyif tywfpOfrjywf

xkwfa0cJhonf/

1947 ckESpfwGif trsdK;orD;uavmif&Siftoif; 'kwd,Ouú|ESifh uavmif&Sif

r*¾Zif;wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948-1949 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH

pma&;q&mrsm;toif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1955 ckESpf e,l;a'vDNrdKUtm&Swdkuf pma&;q&mrsm;uGefz&ifhodkY wufa&muf

cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif tPkjrLqefYusifa&;uGefz&ifhudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf *syefEdkifiHodkY

oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf? arv 14 &ufaeYwGif OD;atmifaZ,sESifh tdrfaxmif

jyKcJhonf/ xdkESpfrSmyifurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&ufwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;oltjzpf yg0if

cJhonf/

a':rrav;onf 1961-1962 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mpmayuvyf

twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHü

jyKvkyfaom EdkifiHwumbmomjyefpmayNydKifyGJwGif EdkifiHaygif;pHkrS0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&m

pmtkyfa& (2000) ausmf&Sdonfhteuf aoG;0w¬K 1973 bmomjyefpmtkyfonf

yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf*syefEdkifiHtpdk;&u rl&if;pma&;q&mudk *kPfjyKonfh

taejzifh pmayoHwreftqifhjzifh *syefEdkifiHrS zdwfMum;ojzifh 1980 jynfhESpf?

atmufwdkbmv 2 &ufaeYrSpí 15 &uf oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

a':rrav;onf ]]vSwpfcdkif}}trnfjzifh r*¾Zif;? aqmif;yg;a&;cJhNyD;?

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGifrl bdkuav;r wifvIdif? &a0vIdif? vSwpfcdkiftrnfwdkYjzifh

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfxkwfa0aomtcg *sme,fausmf rrav;

trnf pwifcH,lí 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ aemiftcg*sme,fausmf

rrav;[laom uavmiftrnfwpfckwnf;udkom qufvufoHk;pGJcJhonf/

a':rrav;onf pmayavmuüomru wdkif;&if;jrefrmaq;ynmavmu

wGifvnf; xif&Sm;cJh\/ wdkif;&if;jrefrmaq;ynmaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;

cJhonf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhaq;ynmpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJhonf/

1955 ckESpfwGif ]]rkef;ír[l}}pmtkyfjzifh 0w¬K&SnfpmayAdrmefpmrlqk&&SdcJhonf/

1963 ckESpfwGif ]]awG;wpdrfhpdrfh}}pmtkyfjzifh 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyftrsdK;om; pmayqk&&Sd

cJhonf/


a':rrav;\ ]]rkef;ír[l}}0w¬K&SnfrSm toGifrwl? p½dkufrwlaom

ZmwfaumifwdkYjzifh Zmwfvrf;qifxm;aom0w¬Kjzpfonf/ þ0w¬KwGif b0avhvmrI?

todtjrif&SdrIwdkYudk &oay:vGifatmif o½kyfazmfxm;onf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/

*sme,fausmfrrav;trnfjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm-

urÇmajr0,f? pdwf? awG;wpdrfhpdrfh? ewfa&;i,fa&Tpm? rkef;ír[l? &ifeifhatmifarT;?

&ifrSwuf? a&Tvif;,kef? ½IrNiD;? avmuD&wem? olr? olvdkrdef;r? aoG;? [D½dk &SD;rm;?

tjzL? ta&SUESifhtaemuf? rmvm&D? olvdkvl? jrufuav;wpfyif? uRefrwdkU om;orD;

arG;pm;NyDqdkMuygpdkY ponfhpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/ a':rrav;onf pma&;q&m?

owif;pmq&mtjzpfomru wdkif;&if;aq;ynm&Siftjzpfvnf; xif&Sm;onf/

a':rrav;onf 1982 ckESpf? {NyDv 6 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

onf/

uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/uk d;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-

48-49/48-49/48-49/48-49/48-49/

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1)? pm-266-

267/267/267/267/267/

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1)? pm-136-151/

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/'*kefwm&m? ½kyfyH kvTm (1955)? pm-293-311/


OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)OD;armifarmif (a'gufwmarmifarmif)

owif;pmq&m OD;armifarmif a'gufwm armif*rfukd

1925 ckESpf? Zefe 0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü

tza&SUaeBuD; OD;qifY ESifh trd a':at;wifwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf bDwDtefausmif;rS q,fwef;

atmifjrifcJYonf/ rEÅav;OypmaumvdyfrS OypmodyÜHpmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? ocsFm?

½lyaA'ynmrsm;jzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ ppftwGif; wyfrawmfodkY0ifa&mufcJYNyD;?

r*Fvm'Hkppfwuúodkvf pwkw¬ywfAdkvfoifwef; wufa&mufcJYonf/

[oFmwc½dkifESifY rsdK;cspfArmYwyfrawmfwdkif; (1) wdkYwGif awmfvSefa&;wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ &efukefwuúokdvf rS 1946 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJUudk&&SdcJhonf/ 1949

ckESpfwGif bDt,fvfbGJUukd&&SdcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf t*FvdyfpmXmewGif o½kyfjy

q&m? ArmYYacwfowif;pmwGif t,f'Dwm? ArmYrD;&xm;vufaxmuftwGif;0ef

wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;armifarmifonf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif t*FvefEkdifiHodkY ynmawmfoif

apvTwfjcif;udkcHcJh&onf/ The Hgve NrdKU vifuGef;wnf;cdkcef;wGif zGifvSpfxm;aom

a&SUaetoif;odk Y 0ifa&mufcJ honf/ EdkifiHwum Oya'ynmoifausmif;odk Y

wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpf ZGefvwGif a[mfvefEdkifiH Utrecht wuúokdvfrS

L.L.D EdkifiHwumOya'bGJUudk &&SdcJhonf/ 1953 - 55 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&a&SUaetjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; Oya'ynmudk qnf;yl;avYvmcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif Oya'

owif;axmufwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1958 ckESpfwGif vufaxmufa&SUaecsKyf

tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif EkwfxGufcJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf &efukefwuúodkvfOya'r[mXmewGif EdkifiHwum Oya'

o½kyfjyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;odyÜHESifY

ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;avYvma&;ynm&yfudk a,;vf wuúodkvfwufa&muf

avYvmqnf;yl;cJYonf/ &efukefa&SUaeaumifpDtzGJY0if? 1957 ckESpfwGif London

Daily, The Forgothen Army, Burma in the Family of Nations, Burma's Constitution

ponfY pmtkyfrsm; a&;om;cJYonf/


OD;armifarmifonf 1960 jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif armfuGef;0if 'kwd,

tqifYudk csD;jrSifYjcif;cHcJY&onf/ 1962 ckESpfrSpí jrefrmYqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf tjrKaw

ygwDwGif ynma&;&maumfrwD0if? yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDpnf;urf;

xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDOuú|? 'kwd,tBudrfwGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if

tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif w&m;½Hk;csKyfw&m;olBuD;?

w&m;olBuD;csKyf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if? awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tzGJY0if? w&m;a&;Xme

0efBuD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

1974 ckESpfrSpí jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if?

1988 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 27 &ufaeYwGif jynfolYOya'tusdK;aqmiftzGJYOuú|tjzpf

xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf 1988 ckESpf? Bo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf

vrf;pOfygwDOuú|? EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuú|? EdkifiHawmfor®wtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhNyD;?

1988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif tem;,lcJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf 1969 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif uavmif

trnfjzifYa&;om;cJYaom ]]jrefrmEdkifiHa&;c&D;ESifY AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;}} pmtkyfjzifY

EdkifiHa&;bmom&yfwGif trsdK;om;pmayqk&&SdcJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf 'dkYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk? EdkifiHawmf

vkyfBuHrI? aoG;eD (1946)? ouf&Sd&mZ0if (1956) ESifY om;armifppfonfodkY (1973)

wkdYudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;armifarmifonf 1994 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 2 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ?

pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/pm 337-338/

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1995)/


OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)OD;armifarmifBuD; ('*kefewf&Sif)

pma&;q&m '*kefewf&SiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;armifarmifBuD;udk 1898 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif

tz OD;&Sdef;? trda':ciftkdBuD;rS rEÅav;NrdKU atmifeef;&dyfom

&yf? ,Gef;wef;vrf;üarG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1904 ckESpfwGif ousoD[bk&m;ajrmufbuf&Sd

q&miHk\ausmif;ü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1907 ckESpfwGif ]]ÓPfus,ftkef;az}}0w¬K

udk pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif arNrdKU (jyifOD;vGif) tpdk;&aMu;eef;

tif*sifeD,m½Hk;ü pma&;vkyfcJhí aemifwGif tvkyfxGufNyD; &efukefodkYajymif;a&TUcJhonf/

OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1926 ckESpfwGif '*kefewf&Sifuavmiftrnfudk pwif

toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif ]]rif;uawmf}}Zmwfum;twGuf yxrqHk;

ZmwfñTef; a&;ay;cJhonf/ 1936ckESpfwGif ]]arm&d,aeYpOfowif;pm}} t,f'DwmcsKyf

tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/

xdkYaemuf tvkyfrSxGufNyD;ynmqufvufqnf;yl;&if;? armf'ifbm;rm;

wdkif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? xdkYaemuf ysOf;rem;trsdK;om;ausmif;-

ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefodkYjyefvmNyD; '*kef

r*¾Zif;? A[dkodyÜHr*¾Zif;? wuúodkvfodyÜHr*¾Zif;? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;? q,foef;*sme,f?

arm&d,aeYpOfowif;pm? &efukefaeYpOfowif;pmESifh pwl;'ifh0g;t*Fvdyfowif;pm

wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/

OD;armifarmifBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUAk'bmomESifh urÇmhqufqHa&;tzGJUBuD;\

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpfvnf;

aumif; wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;armifarmifBuD;jyKpkcJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm- tdrfaxmifOD;½IbG,fusrf;?

jcaoFhpdwf? jrefrmpmjyK pmqdkyk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwdåaygif;csKyf (1955)? jrefrmh½dk;&m

qifwefqm (1964)? pmay0wfqH (1964-1971)? okwaMu;rHk (1966)?

udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwåd? '*kefewf&Sif\ b0c&D;pOf (1974) wdkYudkjyKpkcJhonf/


OD;armifarmifBuD;onf '*kefewf&Sifuavmiftrnfjzifh 1983 ckESpf okwya'

om (0dZÆmynm)bmom&yfwGif jrefrmh½dk;&m udef;*Pef;ocsFmpmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;

pmayqk &&SdcJhonf/

1955 ckESpfu jrefrmpmjyK pmqdkyk*¾Kdvfausmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfjzifh pmay

Adrmef okwya'omqk &&SdcJhonf/

OD;armifarmifBuD;onf 1989 ckESpf? arv 12 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm-53-54/

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef/ pm-141-142/


OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)OD;armifvGif (jrrsK d;vGif)

pma&;q&m jrrsKd;vGif trnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;armifvGifudk rEÅav;NrdKU? oD&da[rm&yfuGuf? yvdkif;&yfü

tzOD;rTef; (OD;&Tef;) trd a':qdkifwdkYrS 1902ckESpf? 'DZifbm

2 &ufaeYwGifarG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm armifvGifjzpfonf/

OD;armifvGifonf pdefYyDwmausmif;wGif rlvwef;ynm pwifoif,lcJhonf/

1919 ckESpfwGif owårwef;atmifjrifNyD; u,fvDausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TU ynm

oif,lcJhonf/ ausmif;rSxGufNyD; opfukefonfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf

OD;av;awmfol ausmufukefonfxHaexdkifNyD; ausmufukefonf0ifvkyf&if;ESifh

ausmufaoG;&onf/ OD;armifvGifonf t*Fvdyfpm a&;wwfzwfwwfaomaMumifh

OD;av;\ ausmufta&mif;t0,fESifhywfoufonfh jyifopfrSvmaompmrsm;udk

zwfay;&jcif;? jyefpm a&;ay;&jcif;udkyg wGJzufvkyfudkif&onf/

OD;armifvGifonf 1920 jynfhESpfwGif oHawmfqifhowif;pmü aqmif;yg;rsm;

pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif aomfur,f0w¬Kjzifh uavmiftrnfudk

jrrsKd;vGif[k cH,lum pmaye,fxJodkY ajcpHkypf0ifvdkufonf/ xdkESpfrSpNyD; 'kwd,

urÇmppfrjzpfrDumvtxd av;yJwef0w¬Krsm;udk ta&;tom;aumif;aumif;?

a&;tm;aumif;aumif;jzifh av;yJwef0w¬Kacwf xlaxmifol[kqdk&avmufatmif

atmifjrifcJhonf/

OD;armifvGifonf 1930 jynfhESpfwGif NAdwdoQbm;rm;ukrÜPDü ZmwfñTef;rsm;

a&;om;cJhonf/ 1950 jynfESpfwGif [pfwdkifowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfESifh txufArm

EdkifiH pma&;q&mrsm;toif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;armifvGifonf wpfvdrfESpfvdrf? a0hv,fv,f? vGrf;wajrUajrU0w¬Krsm;tm;

udk,fwdkif'g½dkufwmvkyfum ½dkuful;cJhonf/

OD;armifvGifonf 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfaygif; (700) ausmfudk uavmiftrnf

cGJaygif; (100) ausmfjzifha&;om;cJhonf/

OD;armifvGif\ uavmiftrnftcsKdUrSm jrrsKd;vGif? ycef;om;? ykn? zdk;ref;?

rif;pEm? rif;wkef;armifynm? a&TpGefñdk? 0dZ,? omajAm? okawoD ponfjzifhjzpfonf/


OD;armifvGif a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsKdUudkazmfjy&vsif u½kPm?

auoD? umrydkif? udkrmC? udk;em&D? udk,fydkifvif? udk,f&Edk;? udk,fa&mpdwfyg?

usrsuf&nf? aus;Zl;&Sif? ausmf0buGef;? ausmif;olav;? apmifhawmfrl? cifvif&NyD?

cspfMupdkY? cspfpdkYvm;? cspfpcifp? cspforQudk? ajcmufjypfuif;? pmwdkpmp? apmifhawmfrl?

ppfaoG;[kef? pGJayghpGJaygh? q&mr? wckvyf? wpfnvHk;? wpfywf&pf? wa,moH?

awmfygwefyg? awmif;ñdkurdIif;? wdkYrsufvHk;? 'gtysKdwJh? 'kdYaumvdyf? 'dkYESpfudk,f? 'kdYzl;pm?

ea0wdrfawmif? aemifb0? EGJYqkd;? ESpfudk,fawGY? ESpfwpf&m? yvDtdk;r? ysKdatmufarh

w,f? Armr? bHkypönf; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;armifvGifonf 1970 jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;

NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd?

pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/pm 351-354/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?odrSwfzG,f&mud k,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;?

pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/pm-302/


OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)OD;rsK d;ñGef Y (&efukefrsK d;oefY)

owif;pmq&m OD;rsKd;ñGefY (&efukef rsKd;oefY) udk 1928

ckESpf? pufwif bmv 5 &ufaeYwGif BudKUyifaumufNrdKUe,fü

OD;bdk;xGef;? a':jrpf wdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/ trnf&if;rSm OD;rsKd;ñGefY

jzpfonf/

OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf &efukefNrdKU? aomfrqifvrf;? bDtD;wDausmif;wGif pwif

ynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1945-46 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU? uHbJhwuúodkvf0ifausmif;rS

10 wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1946-47 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif yxrESpf

Oypmwef;udkvnf;aumif;? 1947 - 48 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef;udkvnf;aumif;

oif,lcJhonf/

OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf 1946-1951 ckESpftxd &efukefNrdKU? a&0ef½Hk;wGif pma&;

tjzpftrIxrf;cJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpftxd &efukefNrdKU tar&duef

jyefMum;a&;XmewGif ,Ofaus;rIt&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tBuHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf

vnf;aumif;trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1968 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftxd pmaya&;om;jcif;?

ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfjcif;wdkYudk vkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdkaemuf 1975 ckESpfrS 1992

ckESpf uG,fvGefcsdeftxd *syefEdkifiH? ,dkrD,l&Dowif;pmESifh tDwvDEdkifiH tefqm

owif;Xmeudkudk,fpm;jyKaom owif;pmq&mtjzpf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKcJh

onf/

OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf jynfolYtusKd;jyKaqmif;ygrsm;udk owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;

rsm;wGif tajrmuftjrm;jyKpka&;om;cJhonf/ vlopf jynfopf? urÇmwpfywf? usef;rm

&Tifvef; jynfhwufvrf;? *syefjrefrmcspfMunfa&;twGuf OD;wnfa&;om;aom

*syefb0"avh? udk,fawGY*syefrsufESmpmponfjziffh pmtkyf (11) tkyfjyKpka&;om;

cJhonf/ 1967 ckESpftwGuf trsKd;om;pmayqkudk ]]usef;rm&Tifvef;jynfhwufvrf;}}

pmtkyfjzifh (okwya'om) qk&&SdcJhonf/

OD;rsK d;ñGefYonf 1957 ckESpf tar&dueftpdk;&\ zdwfMum;csuft&

tar&duefodkY av;vMum avhvma&;c&D;oGm;cJhonff/ 1982 ckESpfwGif ,dkrD,l&D

owif;pm\ zdwfMum;csuft& *syefEdkifiHodkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/


OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf ruG,fvGefrD a&SUwef;a&mufwyfrawmfom;rsm;udk *kPfjyK

aomtm;jzifh trSwf (2) wyfrawmfaq;½HkBuD;wGif wufa&mufukoaeMuaom

vlemrsm;toHk;jyK&ef wefzdk;aiGusyf av;aomif;cefY&Sdaom aq;½HkoHk;ypönf;rsm;udk

vSL'gef;cJhonf/

OD;rsKd;ñGefYonf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1993) pm-276/

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;?

pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/pm-284-285/


OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)OD;jroef; (jroef;wifh)

pma&;q&m jroef;wif htrnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;jroef;udk 1929ck? arv 23 &ufaeYwGif yckuúLc½dkif? NrdKifNrdKUü

tz OD;aygwifhESifh trd a':vdIif wkdYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;jroef;onf NrdKifNrdKU? wdkif;&if;jrefrm txufwef;

ausmif;ESifh yckuúLNrdKU jrefrmt*Fvdyf Ak'bmom txufwef;ausmif;wk d YwGif ynm

oif,lcJ honf/ 1947 ckESp fwGif wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJatmifjrifcJhNyD; 1948

ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY &&SdcJhNyD;?

1956 ckESpfwGif Oya'bGJY&&SdcJhonf/

OD;jroef;onf 1943 ckESpfwGiftm&Svli,ftzGJYodkYvnf;aumif;? 1944-45

ckESpfrsm;wGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rI? rEÅav;c½dkif txuf

jrefrmjynf zqyvtzGJYcsKyf? rEÅav;c½dkifuGefjrLepfygwDESifh? jrif;NcHc½kdif tvkyform;

or*¾? v,form;or*¾wdkYwGif tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf 1945 ckESpfrS 1947

ckESpftxdaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif yckuúLc½dkif? ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú|

tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1950jynfhESpf pmayopfr*¾Zif;udk OD;aqmifxkwfa0

olrsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/

OD;jroef;onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) tvkyftrIaqmif

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif; tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf

vnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mtoif;\]]pmayr*¾Zif;}} wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;

aumif;? jynfawmfopf*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1952 ckESpfwGif ]]wdk;wufa&; owif;pm}} EdkkifiHjcm;a&;t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumiff;

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; A[dkaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1958 ckESpf udkudk;uRef;wGif txdef;odrf;cHb0jzifhaecJh&onf/

1960 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&muvyf trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1962 ckESpfwGif

pma&;q&mor*¾trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1963 ckESpf jynfolYwdk;wufa&;

ygwDay:vpfAsL½d ktzGJ Y0if jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ Y0ifESif h jynfolYaumfrwD


tzGJY0ifwdkYtjzpf yg0ifcJhNyD;? 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf txdef;todrf;cHb0jzifh udkudk;uRef;

wGif 1963 ckESpfrS 1972 ckESpftxd aecJh&onf/ OD;0if;OD; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf

pEmr*¾Zif;wGif acwåvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif qGD'ifEdkifiH? qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh

w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

OD;jroef;\ uavmifcGJrsm;rSm jroef;wifh? jroef;? armifopfwnf? apm,Grf;?

xufatmif? ararvdIif? rif;eE´m? &JatmifaZ? tkwfvSi,f? aZmwdu ponfwdkY

jzpfonf/ pmrsKd;pHkpmtkyfaygif; (100) cefY jyKpkcJhonf/ xif&Sm;aomvuf&mtcsKdUrSm

arwåmtoacsF? vdkufcJhawmhjreE´m? "m;awmifudkausmfírD;yifv,fudkjzwfrnf?

uRefawmfqufía&;csifaom0w¬Krsm;? arSmf½Hk kawmrSmarmvSNyD? yg&DusqHk;cef;?

a&TjynfawmfarQmfwdkif;a0;? avvGifhol? a&yGufyrm? acwfay:EdkifiHwum uAsm&Snf

oHk;yk'f? ESpfq,f&mpkEdkifiH&yfjcm;uAsmrsm;? ordkif;xJurEÅav;-rEÅav;xJuordkif;?

awmiforefa&Ttif;u avn§if;aqmfawmh wdkYjzpfonf/

trsKd;om;pmay bmomjyefqk& pmtkyfrsm;rSm ppfESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; (1972)?

av½l;okefokef (1978)? cef;aqmifeD tdrfruf (1988)? okcNrdKUawmf (1992)? tcspf

rdk;aumif;uif (1995) wdkYjzpfMuonf/

OD;jroef;onf 1998 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 18 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU

jynfolYaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; - 2? pm - 323 - 341/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif h pma&;q&mrsm;/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1999)? pm-241-243/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm - 29 - 32/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk? jrefrmpma&;q&m (100)?(100)?(100)?(100)?(100)?

pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/pm-154-156/


OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)OD;jrifY ('g½kdufwmq&mjrifY)

owif;pmq&mOD;jrifYudk tz OD;omaAsmESifh trd

a':a&T&D wdkYrS wGHaw;NrdKUü 1898 ckESpf? {NyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif

zGm;jrifonf/ i,frnfrSm armifpHjrifhjzpfNyD; trnf&if;rSm

OD;jrif Y jzpfonf/ uavmiftrnfrSm 'g½d kufwmq&mjrifY

jzpfonf/

OD;jrifYonf wGHaw;NrdKU? vTpifydkif; OD;apmvdIifausmif;rS ckepfwef;atmifjrif

NyD;aemuf &efukefNrdKU ul&Sifausmif;wGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;onf/ i,fpOfuyif

tEkynm0goemxHkcJYNyD; qufvufynmqnf;yl;onf/ i,fpOfuyif tEkynm

0goemxHkcJYNyD; tpfr0rf;uGJ rdef;rrif;om; a':pdefrdk;ZmwfobifodkY0ifa&mufum

vufaxmufrif;om;b0rS tysdKawmfrif;orD;txd oif,lavYvmcJYzl;onf/

uAsmvuFmq&mBuD; bdkuav; OD;ouf&SnfxHwGif uAsmvuFmqnf;yl;cJYonf/

1921-22 ckESpf wpfrwfwef0w¬KacwfwGif OD;wkdif;ausmfuavmiftrnfjzifh

0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif a&TOa'gif;½kyf&SifukrÜPDwGif 'g½dkufwmtjzpf

0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;jrifYonf ½kyf&Sife,frSxGufNyD; 1929 ckESpfwGif rEÅav; wkdif;cspfowif;pmü

vufaxmuft,f'DwmESifh rEÅav;r*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;

aumif;? 1931 ckESpfwGif oDaygNrdKUrS 15 &uf wpfBudrfxkwfa0onfY &wemoD[

*sme,fwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifaepOf NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&SifukrÜPDu jyefac:

ojzifY ½kyf&Sife,fokdY jyef0ifcJhjyefonf/

OD;jrifYonf 1938 ckESpfwGif w½kwfjrefrmvrf;rBuD;azmufvkyfcsdefwGif

jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm\ e,fjcm;c&D;oGm; owif;axmuftjzpfwm0ef,lcJY&onf/

1940 jynfYESpfwGif yJa&mYukrÜPDü 'g½dkufwmvkyfí 'dkYvlrsdK;ESifhewfaygif;pHk trnf&Sd

pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh&m tpdk;&\ odrf;qnf;jcif;cH&onf/

OD;jrifYonf ½kyf&SifavmuwGif&SdpOf ]]&*HkaAG}}? ]]aiGawmifol}} ponfY

&Srf;jynfe,faemufcHZmwfum;rsm;udk ½dkuful;cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u


jrefrmYtvif;? ol&d,? ArmYacwfowif;pmrsm;twGuf zsmyHkowif;axmuf vkyfcJh

avonf/ ppftNyD; 1945 ckESpfwGif &efukefokdYvmí NrdKifjyZmwftzGJYü 'g½dkufwm

vkyfonf/ ol\xif&Sm;aomvuf&mrsm;rSm vlysdKUtdwfaqmif? tysdKacsmYenf;

edó&nf;? ewfESifY 0dZÆm? 'kdYvlrsdK;ESifh ewfaygif;pHk? &Srf;jynfaMu;rHk? ajrjrifYqDrS

aoG;csif;rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;jrifYonf OD;wkdif;vHk;ausmf (OD;wdkif;ausmf) ? [HomjrifY? 'g½dkufwmq&mjrifY

uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY pmtkyfrsm;tjyif? aqmif;yg;aygif; (75) yk'fausmfa&;om;

cJYonf/

OD;jrifYonf &Srf;jynfaMu;rHkpmtkyfjzifY 1963 ckESpf tEkynmpmayqdkif&m?

jrefrmY,Ofaus;rIESifY tEkynmqdkif&m pmaypwkw¬qk&&SdcJYonf/

OD;jrifYonf 1970 jynfYESpf? arv 20 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;?

pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/pm 158-159/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef?

pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/pm 238-240/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?100?100?100?100?

pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/pm 23-24/


OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)OD;jrifhvdIif (rif;aqG)

owif;pmq&mOD;jrifhvdIifudk armfvNrdKifNrdKUü 1910

jynfhESpf? ZGefv 8 &ufaeYwGifarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfuyif rdb

ESpfyg;uG,fvGefcJhonf/ zcifrSm yef;yJq&mBuD;jzpfonf/

i,frnfrSm armifcspfvdIifac: armifjrifhvdIifjzpfonf/

OD;jrifhvdIifonf yDrdk;eif;\ ]]yifeef;&HaqG i,fuRrf;aqG}} udk zwfrd&mrS

pma&;q&mjzpf&ef &nfpl;cJhonf/ 1935 ckESpf0ef;usif '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif ]]a&TNrdKifñGefU}}

uavmiftrnf,lNyD; ]]wpfoHk;vHk;}}pHkaxmuf0w¬Kudk pwifa&;cJhonf/ ]]&efolYarwåm}}

pkHaxmuf0w¬K? tdkifaq;a,mufz? tdkifv(zf),l? vlyg;0wJhtaumif ponfh[moESifh

tjcm;aom 0w¬Kwdk&Snfrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJhhonf/

1935 ckESpf? {NyDv 5 &ufwGif&efukefodkYajymif;cJhonf/ &efukefa&ausmf

&yfwGif oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtdrfiSm;í pkaeMuonf/ t&if;EDS;qHk;pmayrdwfaqGrsm;

xJrSm &JxGwf ( OD;aomf)? &Jordef (rCukefpHkqdkif&SifOD;bBudKif)? rif;atmifwdkY

jzpfMuonf/ &efukefa&mufprSmyif ]]c,frysKd}} vHk;csif;pmtkyfudk ODbqef;tif

qef;wdk;wufa&;0w¬Kwdkufu xkwfa0vdkufonfrS emrnf&vmNyD; tjcm;0w¬Kwdkuf

rsm;uvnf; tvkyftyfESHvmMuonf/

OD;jrihfvdIifonf AEKvowif;pmwGif q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;t,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfpOf

wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/ wpfcgaomf q&mBuD;yDrdk;eif;a&;onfh

owif;pm tcef;quf0w¬K&SnfBuD;wpfyk'fwGif q&mBuD;½kwfw&ufrusef;rmcdkuf

0ifa&mufa&;om; ay;cJhzl;onf/

*syefacwfwGif yJcl;ausmufwef;? uGrfaygif&GmwdkYwGifaecJhonf/ armfvNrdKif

tpdk;txufwef;ausmif;&efyHkaiGwGif jyZmwf'g&dkufwmvkyfcJh&mrS vlBudKufrsm;NyD;

armfvNrdKif0ef;usifodk Y vSnfhvnfajzazsmfcJ h&onf/ Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h

tmZmenfBuD;rsm; usqHk;NyD;ptcsdefcefYü ol&d,owif;pmwdkufwGif vcpm;tjzpf

0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ rMumrD EkwfxGufvdkufNyD; udk,fydkifMu,feDpmtkyfwdkufudk

wnfaxmifonf/ olbk igabmuf? vlcsif;rwl? "m; ('kwd,tBudrf) ESifh eifhuvJhpm;

wdkYudkxkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkumvrSmyif rusef;rrmjzpfvmonf/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;

vdkvdkyif t&if;ESD;qHk;pma&;q&m &JxGwfuG,fvGefoGm;jcif;? tcspfqHk;wl OD;atmifjrifh


(usdKu©rD qm;zdkydkif&Sif) &efukefrSarmfvNrdKifodkYtjyef (14-3-49) wGif av,mOf

ysufusuG,fvGefjcif; xkdYaMumifh pdwfESvHk;txl;xdcdkufaMuuGJcJh&onf/ odkYjzifh ]]1949

ckESpf? Zlvdkif 26 &ufaeYwGif aq;ukvmonfhq&mtwGuf aq;vdyf0,f&ef

aetdrfrSxGufoGm;&m ,aeYtxdaysmufqHk;}} cJh&awmhonf/

1935 ckESpfrS 1946 ckESpfxd xkwfa0cJhonfh pmayvuf&mrsm;teuftcsKdUrSm

c,frysKd? vlyg;0wJhtaumif? uRefruH? trm? &nf;pm;xm;csdef? tysKdav;eJYwl?

xdkoP²mef? ajzvnf;rajy? tdkifvyf(A),l? cspfEdk;a,mif? olcspfudk&Sm? odef;xD?

armifyGifhaumif; oef;oef;? vGrf;ydkatmif? tdkifaq;a,mufz? rEdkifiH? cspfwJhn?

paer? olbk igabmuf? aus;Zl;&Sif? yGifhcsdefwef? tydk;cHr? vif? aoG;? ppfajy;r? "g;?

tcspfESifhwdkif;jynf? uvJhpm;ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

1946 ckESpf rS olaysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtxd aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif

tzufrwef? pma&;q&m? tazsmufr? pGJvrf;ol? MuHKavbHkabG? (vlcsif;rwl)

aphpyfa&;? olrodav? rdkuf½l;&J? rESif;qDponfjzifh0w¬K (36) yk'fa&;om;cJhonf/

,if;wdkYteuf "m;0w¬Kudk rsdK;jrifh&efaemif (1950)? vif (1951)? rEdkifiH0w¬Kudk

pGJpGJNrJNrJ (1952)? vlcsif;rwl0w¬Kudk MuHKavbHkabG (1953)? cspfwJhn0w¬Kudk

uBuD;a&u trnfrsm;jzifh ½kyf&Sif½dkufcJhMuonf/ "m;0w¬Konf jrefrmouú&mZf 1305

ckESpf? pma&;q&mtoif; 0w¬Kqkudk&&SdcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-

442-443/442-443/442-443/442-443/442-443/

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?jynfhpH k ? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m?

aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)? pm37-39ESif h69/

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) armifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomufarmifoef;Ed kif? azaz rif;aqG? aoG;aomuf

(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/(pufwifbm-1954) pm-69-73/

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?armifoef;Ed kif? &JxGwfESif hrif;aqG?

aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D-1957) pm-42-44/

(5) (5) (5) (5) (5) atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ?

½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/½Ir0(ar-1960) pm-83-85/

(6) (6) (6) (6) (6) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y? 20&mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m

100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/100? pm-45-47)/


owif;pmq&mOD;,karmifud k om,m0wDc½d ki f

MudKUyifaumufNrdKU? vSnf;wef;ü 1913 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 25

&ufwGif tb OD;om&ESifY trd a':rrMuD;wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/

1932 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodk Y wufa&muf

ynmoif,lcJ Yonf/ uGsefynmpepfuay;aombJGUud k r,lcsifawmY[kqdkum

1935 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrSxGufcJYonf/

1931 ckESpfwGif '*kefr*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;? 1938 ckESpfrS

1947 ckESpftxd jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmt,f'DwmtzJGUwGifvnf;aumif;

t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/

1947 ckESpf *syefacwfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufrS *syefwdk Y

zGifYvSpfaom *&dwfwm;at½Sowif;pmodkYa&TUí t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/

ppfMuD;jyD;p 1945 ckESpfwGif bm;rif;t*Fvdyfowif;pm? pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm

t,f'DwmtzJGYwdkYü t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfrSpí 1960 jynfhESpf

txd &efukefowif;pmwdkufwGif wm0efcHyHkESdyfxkwfa0olESifY wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf

vkyfudkifcJYonf/

wpfcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifY OD;,karmifwdkY tMuD;tus,f pum;rsm;

cJYonf/ xdktcgu z.q.y.v taejzifY vuf½Hk;armfawmf,mOfESifY tjcm;

armfawmf,mOf vdkif;aygif;pHkwpfzJGYwnf; nDñGwfa&;twGuf wm0gvdef;&dS AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;tdrfü aqG;aEG;csdefjzpfonf/

AdkvfcsKyfu ]]cifAsm;wdkYr[kwfr[wfwmawGa&;w,f}} qdkum pwifjyD;

qlylawmYonf/ xdktcg OD;,karmifu ]]bmudkqdkvdkovJ}}vdkYar;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfu

]]rdrddudkvkyfMuHzdk Y MuHcJYw,fqdkwJYowif;udk cifAsm;a&;w,f? tJ'g[mrrSefbl;?

usKyfvdkwdkif;jynfeJY vlxkucspfwJYacgif;aqmifudk b,folu vkyfMuHzdkY MuHrvJ}}

ponfjzifYajymonf/

AdkvfcsKyfþuJYodkY ajymqdkjcif;rSm OD;,karmifvkyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;owif;pmrS

OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)OD;,karmif (&efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif)


]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyfMuHzdkYMuHpnfcJYonfY}} owif;udk azmfjycJYaomaMumifY

jzpfonf/ OD;,karmifu t*Fvdyfvdkjyefajymonf/

]]uRefawmfwdkY[m b,fawmYrS rSm;wJYowif;udk ra&;bl;? rSefwmudk a&;w,f?

rSefwJYtaMumif;udkvnf; wpfaeYxGufay:vmygvdrfYr,f/ ray:vmcJh&ifvJ rSefwJY

twdkif; zGifhjyD;ajymygYr,f}} ajymí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ESpfodrfYapcJYonf/

OD;,karmifonf '*kefr*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtzJGYwGifvnf;aumif;? at0rf;½kyf½Sif

toHzrf;? toHoGif;? ZmwfñTef;a&;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifjyD;aemuf

jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmodkY a&muf&dScJYonf/ OD;,karmifonf ½kyf½SifavmuESifY

qdkifonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk xl;jcm;pGmaqmif&GufcJYonf/

&efukefowif;pmwdkufwGif vkyfudkifaepOf 1952 ckESpfwGif OD;,karmifonf

tif'dkeD;½Sm;odkY wpfveD;yg;ESifY tar&duefEdkifiHodkY jrefrmEkdifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf av;vMumrQoGm;a&muf vnfywfcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfrSmyif

tar&duefrS t*FvefodkYa&mufcJYonf/ pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif jyifopfEdkifiH

yg&DNrdKUodkYa&mufonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif ½k½Sm;EdkifiHodkY owif;pmq&mtzJGYESifY

vdkufygcJYonf/

OD;,karmifudk 1959 ckESpfwGif ta&;ay:pDrHrI ,m,Djyifqifcsuf tufOya'

yk'fr 5u (1) ct& zrf;qD;ta&;,lcJYonf/ &efukefowif;pmwdkufudkvnf; csdwfydwf

vdkufonf/ OD;,karmif arv 8 &ufaeYnwGif bm;vrf;tcsKyfaxmifüaecJYNyD;?

arv 9 &ufaeYwGiftxl;wef;&í &efukefaxmifBuD;odkY ajymif;aecJY&onf/

xdktcsdefu OD;,karmif\ axmifeHygwfrSm (1916) jzpfonf/

axmifwGif;ü trsd K;om;atmifyJ GaeYud kusif;ycJ Yonf/ axmifwGif;

trsdK;om;atmifyJGaeYudk Edk0ifbmv 24 &ufaeYwGifusif;y&m OD;,karmif obmywd

tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJY&onf/ usif;y&mtaqmifrSm &efukefaxmifMuD;

twGif;½dS tdyfaqmifeHygwf (5) wGifjzpfonf/ OD;,karmifu urÇmppfrsm;ESifY

jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk oHk;oyfa0zef ajymqdkcJYonf/ vli,fOD;pdk;rif;? &cdkif&HjzL

udkomxGef;? vli,fudkpdefvSESifY AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;wdkYuvnf; rdefYcGef;ajymonf/


Edk0ifbmv 27 &ufaeYwGif axmifwGif;trsdK;om;aeY usif;yonfY trIudk

axmifydkif0efrsm;uppfjyD; avQmY&ufjzwfum rdk;MudK;wdkuf wpfv? wdkufydwf&uf

trdefYcsojzifY? OD;,karmif? OD;pdk;rif;? udkomxGef;? udkpdefvS? AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;? udkodef;ZH

wdkY wdkufydwfcH&onf/ OD;,karmifwdkYu axmifrif;MuD;xH pmwif&efcGifYawmif;onf/

axmifydkif0efu jiif;onf/ xdkYaMumifY 'DZifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif wdkufydwfcH&olwdkYu

vdkvm;csuf r&í tpmiwfcH qEjyumawmif;qdkMuonf/ xdkodkY tpmiwfcH&mwGif

OD;,karmifu t"duyg0ifcJYonf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfrSL; cspfaumif;

½H k;wuf&aomaeYjzpfonf/ Ad kvfrSL;cspfaumif;u &efukef ta&;yd kifc&d kif

&mZ0wfw&m;olMuD;tm; trsdK;om;aeYusif;yí axmifwGif;ü t,f'Dwm

OD;,karmifESifY olwdkYwdkufydwfcH&onf/ þodkYvkyfjcif;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwfudk csdK;ESdrf&m

a&mufaMumif; avQmufxm;um vTwf&ef ta&;qdkxm;onfYowif;udk owif;pmrsm;ü

zwf½I&onf/ 4if;aeY nae 5 em&D 15 rdepfcefYwGif OD;,karmifwdkY wdkufydwfcH&rIrS

vGwfMuaom owif;udk Mum;&onf/

OD;,karmif 'DZifbm 19 &ufaeYwGif axmifrSvGwfonf/ OD;,karmif

axmifxJwGif 7 vESifY 11 &ufMumcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? rwfv 30 &ufaeYwGif

&efukefowif;pm jyefvnfxGufvmonf/ t,f'DwmESifY yHkES dyfxkwfa0olrSm

OD;,karmifyifjzpfonf/

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY wyfrawmfrS tmPmodrf;,laomaeYwGif

&e fuke fowif;pmud k av;rsufE Sm naeowif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJ Yonf/

xdkESpfpme,fZif;aumifpDudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufwGif zJGYpnf;&m

OD;,karmifrSm aumifpD0ifvlMuD; jzpfcJ Yonf/ pme,fZif;aumifpD Ouú|rSm

OD;xGef;azjzpfonf/

1962 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif urÇmat;ukef;ajrü usif;yaom

owif;axmufrsm; &ufwdkoifwef;wGif OD;,karmifu owif;pmxkwfvkyfjcif;

taMumif;udk oifwef;ü ydkYcscJYonf/ aemifaomtcg OD;,karmifrSm pme,fZif;

aumifpD Ouú| jzpfvmcJYonf/ aemufqHk;wGif pmayvkyfom;tzJGYudk MudKqdkaomtm;jzifY

pme,fZif;aumifpDudk zsufodrf;cJhjyD; pmayvkyfom;tzJGYodkY0ifcJYonf/


OD;,karmiftm; owif;pmwdkufMuD;wpfwdkufwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef

,lyg&ef wm0efay;tyfcJYaomfvnf;? &efukefowif;pmwdkuftay:ü oHa,mZOf

MuD;rm;vSaom OD;,karmifonf &efukefowif;pmwdkufydkif½Sif OD;atmifjrifESifYrcJGbJ

at;twl? yltrQ vkyfudkifvsuf&dScJhonfrSm &efukefaeYpOfowif;pm ydwfodrf;csdef

txdjzpfonf/

OD;,karmifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\ cspfMunfa&;MunfñTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD;rsm;\

olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/ olwdk Yb0? olwdk YtawGYtMuHK? pm 119-169/


OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)OD;a,m (aZ,s)

pma&;q&m aZ,strnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;a,mudk

1900 jynfYESpf? Zlvdkifv 1 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;wdkif;? ZD;ukef;NrdKUü

usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f& opfawm0efaxmufMuD;

OD;cv,fESifh trd a':a&TMudK;wdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/ OD;cv,frSm

ZD;ukef;? c&pf,mefESpfjcif;toif;awmfOuú|vnf; jzpfonf/

OD;a,marG;ptcsdefwGif ZD;ukef;NrdKUodk Y udkzdk;uGef;? raxG;av;wdkYZmwf

vma&muf ujyonf/ xdkZmwfudk tpJGjyKjyD; ]] zdk;uGef;}} [kac:a0:Muonf/

toufav;ESpf&dSygrS ]]armifa,m½I}} [laom trnfudk ay;onf/ armifa,m½Iudk

pmwwfapcsifvGef;tm;MuD;aomaMumifY toufav;ESpft&G,fuyif (ig;ESpftxd

rapmifYbJ) ausmif;xm;onf/ ZD;ukef;NrdKU? atbDtrftv,fwef;ausmif;ü jzpfonf/

armifa,m½Ionf yxrwef;wGif oHk;ESpf? 'kwd,wef;wGif q&mruvufrcH

ojzifY? wwd,wef;odkYausmfwufcJY&onf/ wwd,wef;wGif oHk;ESpfaejyD; pmar;yJG

0ifrajz? ausmif;emrnfysufrnfpdk;í pwkw¬wef;odkY wifay;cJYonf/ pwkw¬wef;wGif

oHk;ESpfaejyD;vnf; ratmif? av;ESpfajrmuf0ifajzrS atmifonf/ ig;wef;wGif

ESpfESpfae&onf/

ig;wef;wGif ESpfESpfaejyD;rS ajcmufwef;a&mufonf/ xdkYaemufwGifum;

om,m0wDtxufwef;ausmif;wGif wpfESpf? jynfNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif

ESpfESpfae&onf/ 1920 jynfYESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJGudk t*Fvdyf? yx0D?

usef;rmjcif;? oHk;bmom*kPfxl;jzif Y atmifjrifonf/ ausmif;aepOfuyif

ausmif;vufa&; pmrlr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkpOfu

armifa,mtrnfoHk;cJYonf/ 10 wef;ratmifjrifrDuyif jrefrmpmayudk txl;

avYvmvdkufpm;onf/

xdkYaemufynmqufoifcGifYr&bJ zciftvkyfXme opfawmbufwGif

0ifvkyfrnfMuHpOf? jynfNrdKUwGif ausmif;aezufjzpfcJYaom OD;armifarmifuav;

(jrefrmtaqGukrÜPD) vmac:í '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif pwifvkyfudkifcJYonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;


yxrpmapmifrSmyif Adkvf&efatmif0w¬Kudk a&;onf/ xdkYaemuf jrwfav;a&T"m;Adkvf?

vdkufawmfrIcJY? a&T*sdK;jzL0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;atmifjrifcJYonf/ pma&;q&mb0

a&mufatmif qHk;roGefoifenf;vrf;ñTefMum;cJYolrsm;um; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;?

v,fwDy@dw OD;armifMuD;? yDrdk;eif;? ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;bdk;opfwdkYjzpfonf/

'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif aZ,suavmiftrnfjzifY pwifa&;om;onf/ aZ,s

uavmiftrnfa&G;yHkrSmvnf; pm;yJG&Sd tbd"mefpmtkyfudkrMunfYbJ vSefjyD; pmtkyf

tay:vufaxmufum us&mpmvHk;udk uavmiftrnf[k t"d|mefjyKcJYonf/ xdktcg

(Victory) pmvHk;ay: vufaxmufrdjyD;? jrefrmrIjyKum]]aZ,s}}[k trnfa&G;cJYygonf/

'*kefr*¾Zif;udk tpJGjyKí '*kefaZ,s[k oHk;cJhjyD; xdkYaemufrS aZ,sjzpfvmonf/

'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif av;ESpfcJGtvkyfvkyfjyD;aemuf EkwfxGufcJYonf/ aZ,s

owif;pmudk udk,fwdkifxkwfonf/ owif;pm[k trnfay;xm;aomfvnf; wpfywf

wpfMudrfxkwf av;yJwef (wpfrwfwef) *sme,fjzpfonf/ udk;vavmuftMumü

&yfvdkuf&onf/

xdkYaemuf vef'eftwfr*¾Zif;? NAdwdoQbm;rm;r*¾Zif;? "l0Hr*¾Zif;? "l0H*sme,f

wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf tqifhqifhaqmif&GufcJYzl;onf/ aZ,sonf 1947 ckESpfwGif

jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;XmeodkY 0ifa&muftrIxrf;jyD; ñTefMum;a&;0ef&mxl;jzifY tNidrf;pm;

,lcJhonf/ tNidrf;pm;,ljyD;aemufydkif;wGif ordkif;aumfr&Sif? ,Ofaus;rIaumifpD jrefrm

pmayjyKpka&;ESifY bmomjyefaumfr&Sif? pmayAdrmef qka&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY ponfwdkYwGif

yg0ifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&; q&mtoif;Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJY

onf/

1930 jynfYESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xmeu xkwfa0aom olMuD;a*Zuf

owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1939 ckESpf?

olMuD;a*Zuf&yfqdkif;oGm;onfYtxd tptqHk;vkyfudkifcJYonf/ a*Zufowif;pmwGif

0w¬Kwdkig;&mcefY a&;om;cJYonf/ aZ,suavmiftrnftjyif rif;vusfm? oDv0if?

'dk;uav;? uavmiftrnfwdkYudkvnf; oHk;cJYonf/

aZ,sonf tapmydkif;umvrsm;u 0w¬Krsm;udkom txift½Sm;a&;om;cJYol

jzpfonf/ ½kyf½SifZmwfñTef;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; emrnfrcHbJ a&;om;cJYonf/


aZ,s\aqmif;yg;rsm;onf pum;ajyt&majrmufonf/ uAsmt&omudkvnf;

cHpm;Mu&onf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif bif[m&m\ ]]edyGefpdwf"mwf}} pmtkyfudk

bmomjyefqdkcJYonf/

1924 ckESpfwGif q&maZ,sonf ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;\ orD;MuD;a':jr&D

ESifY tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif 0PÖausmfxifbJGYudkvnf;aumif;? 1955

ckESpfwGif oD&dysHcsDbJGYudkvnf;aumif;&&dScJYonf/ t*FvefEdkifiHESifY w½kwfjynfolYor®w

EdkifiHrsm;odkY cspfMunfa&;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmef

pmya'omqkudk ]]jrefrmhrsufyGifY}} (&Gm"avY? vl"avY) pmtkyfjzifY &&dScJYonf/ 1966

ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf pdwfMudKufjrefrmpmtwGuf jy|mef;cH&onf/

q&maZ,sjyKpkcJYaom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm pmwdkayp? pmawGUigawGY? pmobif?

aZ,spmwrf;? aZ,s0w¬Kwdkrsm;? aZ,s\pm? awmMuD;rm,m? edyGefpdwf"mwf?

ArmYta&;ESifY tEkynmtaoG;? ArmjynfwdkufyJG? rdef;r? jrESif;EG,f? jrefrmhrsufyGifh

(pm"avh)? jrefrmhrsufyGifY (&Gm"avY? vl"avY) rSwfwrf;0if ArmYta&;tcif;rsm;?

vl? odef;av;q,f? tPkjrLwdkYjzpfMuonf/

OD;a,m (q&maZ,s)onf 1982 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 4 &ufaeYwGif

&efukefNrdKU prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? csrf;omvrf;? tdrftrSwf (5) ü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;

pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/pm 93-95/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1983)

pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /pm 188-189 /

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef-2? pm 199-200/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef;-2? pm29-31/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?armifokw?pmqkdawmfrsm;twåKyÜwå d ?

pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/pm 378-380/


OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)OD;a&T (vif;,kefarmifarmif)

pma&;q&m vif;,kefarmifarmif trnfcH owif;

pmq&m OD;a&Tudk rHk&GmNrdKUü tz OD;atmifodef;ESifh trd

a':vSMunfwdkYu 1925 ckESpf? {NyDv 7 &ufwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;a&Tonf rHk&Gmq&mvS jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif

rlvwef;? rdw¬Dvm trsdK;om;ausmif;? a&TbdkNrdKU? csrf;omBuD; tvGwfynmoif

ausmif;ESifh &efukef pdefaygvfausmif;wkdYwGif tv,fwef;? &efukefNrdKUrausmif;wGif

txufwef; (1945-46 ) atmifcJhNyD;? &efukefwuúodkvfodkY wufa&muf ynm

qnf;yl;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu z-q-y-v tzGJ YcsKyfrS OD;aqmifcJhom taxGaxG

oydwfBuD;wGif oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/

odkY&mwGif oydwfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfojzifh wuúodkvfOypmtxufwef;rS

tNyD;tydkif ausmif;xGufcJhonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrDu rHk&Gmc½dkifwdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif ]]ocifa&T}} tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? *syefacwf 1942-45 wGif rHk&Gmc½dkiftm&Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk;

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947 - 57 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;

tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1939 ckESpf eef;&if;0efOD;yk rHk&GmodkYwdkif;cef;

vSnfhvnfvmpOf oydwfxm;onfhta&;aMumifh 14 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif tzrf;cHcJh

&onf/ odkYaomf xdktrIudk axmif'PfpD&ifcsuf&mwGif toufrjynfhojzifh axmifus

rcH&bJ vGwfcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif yk'fr 5 jzifh rHk&Gmaxmif? rEÅav;axmifrsm;ü

aecJh&onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif awmcdkzl;onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif &efukefaxmifrS

vGwfajrmufcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf EdkifiHa&;avmurS vHk;0tem;,lum pmayavmu

wGif;odkY ajcpHkypf0ifcJhonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&mAef;armfwifatmif OD;pD;

xkwfa0aom ]]vif;,ke f*sme,f} } ü t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lc J h&mrS

]]vif;,kefarmifarmif]] [lí uavmiftrnf&vmcJhonf/ 1958 - 59 ckESpfwGif

oruf? owif;q&mr ponfh qdkAD,uf0w¬Krsm; bmomjyefjcif;jzifh pmaye,fwGif

ajccscJhonf/


OD;a&Tonf vif;,kefowif;pm (1959)? vrf;pOfowif;pm (1960)?

Adkvfwaxmif owif;pm (1961)? armfuGef;owif;r*¾Zif; (1962)? csif;wGif;*sme,f

(1964)? ½Ia'gifh*sme,f (1968)? ½kyf&Sifowif;pOf (1979)? vHkrav;r*¾Zif; (1985)?

ponfwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf 10 ESpfausmfrQaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;a&Tonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (jrefrmEd kifiH)? jrefrmEd kifiH

pmayjyefYyGm;a&;toif; (1960) ESifh trsdK;om;pmaynDñGwfa&;tzGJY (1962) ponfh

tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonf/

OD;a&Tonf vHk;csif;pmtkyf (50) ausmffcefYa&;om;cJhonf/ xif&Sm;aom

pmtkyftcsdKUrSm tdkufcref;\ i&Jcef; (1965)? [pfwvm (1965)? uyfpx½dk (1966)?

aoG;pGef;aomaeY&ufrsm; (1966)? ,aeYurÇm (1967)? acsa*GAm;&m; (1967)?

[dkcsDrif; (1970)? arSmifrdkufaomaeY&ufrsm; (1971)? tufzfbDtdkifrIcif;rsm; (1971)?

wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;a&Tonf 2002 ckESpf? arv 25 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUaetdrfü uG,fvGef

cJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2003)? pm - 279 - 280/

(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?(2) &mjynfh OD;pd k;ñTef Y? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/ pm-127-129/


OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)OD;a&TMuL; (a&TMuL;)

olvnf;jzpfonf/ pmayta&;tom;wGif txl;0goemxHkolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf jrefrmpmayESifhpme,fZif;avmuwGif ajymprSwf jyKavmuf

atmif tqef;xGifolvnf;jzpfonf/ a'gif;zwfpmudk pwifwDxGif xkwfa0olvnf;

jzpfonf/

]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}}]]u-unpfayrSmjcpf}} paom pmrsm;ray:rD ]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}]]bl;oD;EkEkrcl;&}}paom

a'gif;wHqdyfjrefrmpm (oli,fwef;rS owårwef;txd a'gif;wHqdyfygzwfpmtkyf)

udk wDxGifolrSm OD;a&TMuL; jzpfonf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf a'gif;wHqdyfjrefrmpmopfudk pwifxkwfa0&efBuHpnfcJhol

jzpfonf/ ta&;tom;tm;vHk;twGuf t*¾r[my@dw q&mBuD;OD;vif;u wm0ef

,lcJh&onf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf yxrurÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrDuyif &efukefNrdKUwGif vma&muf

zGifhvSpfaeaom *smrefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;bufwGif tawmftweftawGUtBuHK

A[kokwrsm;&&SdcJhonf/ 1271 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKYbm;vrf; trSwf (50) wGif

]]a&TMuL;ukrÜPD}}[laomtrnfjzifh ukrÜPDzGif hvSpfcJ honf/ ,if;ukrÜPDonf

xD;vkyfief;? puf,ufuef;vkyfief;? ajrMoZmvkyfief;? t*Fvdyfpmudk pmay;pm,ljzifh

oifMum;jcif; ponfrsm;udkvkyfudkifcJhonf/

1273 ckESpf OD;a&TMuL;? q&mNrdKU? OD;a&TavS;wdkYoHk;OD;awGUqHkaqG;aEG;í

]]yd#uwfoHk;yHk jrefrmjyefrIudkoabmwlNyD;}} ]]yd#uwfoHk;yHkxkwfa0a&;ukrÜPD}}

wnfaxmifí a&TMuL;ukrÜPDudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf&Sdoljzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkif;jynf\?

todÓPf? ynmÓPfwdk;wufrIwdkYudkvnf; zGHUNzdK;apvdkoljzpfonf/ OD;a&TMuL;onf

owif;pmq&m? OD;a&TMuL;udk 1883 ckESpfwGif tz

OD;cifESifh trd a':*Grf;wdkYrS armfvNrdKifNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf &efukefaumvdyfwGif 0dZÆmwef;txd

wufa&muf ynmoif,lcJhzl;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf xufoef


]]a&TMuL;yHkESdyfwdkuf}}[laomtrnfjzifh yHkESdyfwdkufxlaxmifcJhonf/ 1912 ckESpf

ZGefvwGif ]]jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;}}onf a&S;,cifuxGufcJhaomr*¾Zif;rsm;ESifh rwlay/

a&S;,cifuxGufcJhaom r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm bmoma&;ESifhqHk;rpmrsm;? a&S;a[mif;

usrf;*efrsm;rS rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;udkom xnfhoGif;apcJhonf/ OD;a&TMuL;\

]]jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;}} rSmrl acwfopfÓPfopfrsm; yg0ifonfhtjyif? acwftajc

taeudkvnf; tenf;tusOf;xnfhoGif;yg&Sdaom r*¾Zif;jzpfojzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/

wpfvvQifESpfBudrfrQ xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf/ 1914ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif

yxrurÇmppfBuD;jzpfyGm;av&m OD;a&TMuL;onf jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;tjyif ]]jrefrmh

tvif; ppfaMu;eef;owif;}} [laomtrnfjzifh &ufjcm;owif;vTmwpfapmifudk xdkESpf

Edk0ifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ wpfEkdifiHvHk; 0,f,lzwf½IcJhMuonf/

1915 ckESpf? rwfv 15 &ufaeYrSpí ppfaMu;eef;owif;udk ]]jrefrmhtvif;

owif;pm}} [ktrnfajymif;í xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk &ufjcm;

xkwfa0NyD;aemuf wpfESpfwGif ]]ar 15 &ufaeYudk owdjyKyg}} [laom aMumfjimtwGuf

tpdk;&utmrcHaiG ig;axmifusyf awmif;qdkjcif;cHcJh&onf/ aMumfjim&SifrSm pma&;

q&myDrdk;eif;jzpfí aMumfjim&Sifudk,fwdkifu rdrd\pmtkyfwpftkyfudk xdkaeYwGif

xkwfa0rnfhtaMumif; aMumfjimjcif;jzpfygonf[k &Sif;jyaomfvnf; ajz&Sif;r&jzpfNyD;

tmrcHaiG qHk;½HI;í owif;pmudk &yfpJxm;vdkuf&onf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf 1916 ckESpfwGif ausmufyHkESdyfynmoif&ef *syefEdkifiHodkY

xGufcGmoGm;onf/ vrf;c&D;wGif qdkif*HkNrdKUü pHaeawmfrlaom jrifuGef;rif;om;BuD;xH

0ifa&mufí jrefrmEdkifiHudk jrefrmrif;qufrsm;\vufodkY jyeftyfESHa&;twGuf wdkifyif

aqG;aEG;um *syefEdkifiHodkY c&D;qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf/

OD;a&TMuL;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm xdkpOftcgu t*Fvdyf- jyifopfwdkYuwpfzuf?

*smref-MopaMw;vswdkYuwpfzuf? ppfjzpfaeMuav&m jrefrmrsm;onft*FvdyfwdkY

bufrS aiGtm;? vltm;jzifhulnD½dkif;yif;vdkufvQif jrefrmjynfudkaus;Zl;wifaom

oabmjzifh jrefrmrif;rsm;vufodkY jyefay;aumif;&JU[k oabmydkufum jrif;uGef;

rif;om;BuD;xHrS udk,fpm;vS,fvTJ pmcRefawmfudk,laqmifNyD; *syefEdkifiH&SdNAdwdoQ

oHtrwfMuD; avmhurfeif[HESifh pum;qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/


OD;a&TMuL;\&nf&G,fcsufudk jrefrmjynf&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkYonf t"dyÜm,f

wpfrsdK;aumufum OD;a&TMuL;tm; *syefEdkifiHrSjyefydkY&ef trdefUxkwfcJhonf/ *syef

EdkifiHrSjyefvmí puFmylEkdifiHta&mufwGif jrefrmjynfodkYjyefrvm&ef jynfESif'Pf

ay;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ OD;a&TMuL;onf pumFylwGif&SdpOf ]]pBwdwdkif;}}owif;pmwGif owif;

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJh&m t,f'Dwmjzpfol at'AsLpwD;u t*Fvdyfpmta&;

tom; aumif;aMumif; csD;usL;jcif;cH&onf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf 1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifh&cJhonf/

rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefolyDyD jrefrmjynfodkYjyefa&mufonfESifh avbmwDac:

vGwfvyfa&;owif;pm wpfapmifudk BudK;pm;xkwfa0cJhjyefonf/ tajctaeray;

ojzifh wm&SnfrcHbJ &yfpJoGm;cJh&onf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf 1924 ckESpfü &efukefjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif vufaxmuf

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/ &Hzef&HcgtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;

aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;a&TMuL;onf rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefum pmayjrwfEdk;olyDyD pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

tjyif ]]jcaoFhwHqdyf}} jrefrmzwfpmESifh ]]a&TMuL;toHxGuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef}}

wdkYudkvnf; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/

urÇmESif htquftoG,fr&Sdaom jrefrmaus;vufawmolawmifom;

rsm;onf a&TMuL;jrefrmhtvif; ppfaMu;eef;owif;\ aus;Zl;aMumifha&S;OD;pGm urÇmESifh

qufrdMu&ayonf/

jrefrmpmayESifhjrefrmowif;pmavmudk tarSmifcGif;ítvif;aqmifay;cJhol

OD;a&TMuL;onf wGHaw;NrdKUodkYacwåoGm;a&muf&m oabFmay:wGif cvkwfwdkufí

ajczsm;wGif&&Sdaom'Pf&mrS tem0ifNyD; 1935 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;wuúod kvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIud k jyKp kys d K ;

axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/axmif acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;/ pm-114-126/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/ pm- 318-

320/320/320/320/320/


OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)OD;av;armif (tmvHOD;vmb)

owif;pmq&m OD;av;armifud k o&ufc½d ki f ?

atmifvHNrdKU (,ciftmvHNrdKU) ü tz OD;ydkESifh trd a':yef;

wdkYrS 1899 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;av;armifonf atmifvHNr d K UwGif 10 wef;

atmifjrifcJYjyD; 1923-24 rSpí atmifvHNrdKU A k' ömoemjyKtrsdK;om;ausmif;

(B.T.N) wGif ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ *sDpDbDat tzJGYBuD;rS

(21) OD; EkwfxGufuGJjym;oGm;csdef taxmuftyHYrcHaom trsdK;om;ausmif;tjzpf

&yfwnfcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefodkYa&muf&dSvmjyD;? 0HomEk *sDpDbDattzGJUBuD;\

0HomEkowif;pmwGif wdkuftkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;aemuf *sDpDbDattzJGYrsm; tpdwfpdwfuGJjym;Mu&m

OD;pdk;odrf; *sDpDbDatwGif ½Hk;tkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? xdkYaemuf *sDpDbDat XmecsKyf

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf 14 ESpf wdkifwdkif aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;av;armifonf *sDpDbDatodkY a'gufwmbarmf 0ifvmí arm&d,

owif;pmxkwfa0&mwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? XmecsKyftwGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpfjzifYvnf;aumif;? 1938 ckESpftxd aqmif&GufcJYonf/ arm&d,owif;pmwGif

t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1924 ckESpfrSpí tmvHOD;vmbtjzpf

xif&Sm;cJYonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif t,f'Dwm

tzJGY0ifwpfOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;av;armifonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif 1956

ckESpf? ZGefv 16 &ufaeYrS pufwif bmv 29 &ufaeY txdumvtwGif; aqmif;yg;

½SnfMuD;taejzifY &ufjcm; a&;om;azmfjycJYonf/

OD;av;armifonf tpdk;&omoema&;XmewGif vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;0ef

tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifjyD; tNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/


OD;av;armif jyKpka&;om;cJYaom ]]jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;}} udk 1973 ckESpfu

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpJGpmpOftjzpf xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;av;armifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ / OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwf

jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/ jynfolYvufpJGpmpOf/


OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)OD;vGif (bdk;0ZD&)

jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif a&S;tusqHk; xifay:

ausmfMum;cJYaom owif;pmq&m OD;vGifudk 1849 ckESpf (1210

ckESpf aESmif;wefcl;vqkwf 4 &uf) tr&yl&NrdKU? ykxdk;awmfMuD;

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vlxGufí &efukefodkYqif;vmum tvkyf&Sm&onf/ OD;vGef;onf a&S;OD;pGm ql;av

bk&m;teD; ZrÁLusufoa&pmyHkEdSyfwdkufü pmpDtvkyfudk&avonf/ xdkYrS wpfp

wpfpjzifh pmjyift,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf/ ZrÁLusufoa&wdkufü tvkyfvkyfaepOf

olwwfuRrf;aomynmjzifh uavmifprf;pjyKcJhonf/ xdktcsdeftcgrSm pyg;aps;

wufonfh acwftcgESifh BuHKBudKufaeojzifh jynfoljynfom;wdkY aiGp? a&Tp &Tifaeaom

tcgvnf;jzpfonf/ ZmwfyGJrsm;vnf; tvGefacwfpm;aeav&m OD;vGef;onf


uavmifprf;onfhtaejzifh jyZmwfpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;avonf/ oD&d"r®maomuZmwf?

ra[mo"Zmwf? Oyuqm0gZmwf paomjyZmwfaygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJhonf/

uavmiftrnfrSm ]]a&TawmifNrdKU q&mvGef;}} trnfjzpfonf/ OD;vGef;a&;aomjyZmwf

rsm;udk ½kyfao;OD;zl;ñdkESifh Zmwfq&mpdefuwkH;? OD;atmifAv? OD;bdkcefYwdkYu cif;usif;

jyoMuonf/ OD;vGef;a&;om;cJhaomjyZmwfrsm;teuf ]]a&Twd*Hkbk&m;trSL;udk

usm;tzl;wufjcif;}} jyZmwfonf ta&mif;&twGifqHk; jyZmwfpmtkyffjzpfonf

[kod&onf/

OD;vGef;onf ZrÁLusufoa&wdkufü vkyfudkifaepOf Munfhjrifwdkifolr&SifESifh

taMumif;ygcJhonf/ ZrÁLusufoa&wdkuf ydwfvdkuf&aomtcg OD;vGef;onf

&efukefwdkif;owif;pmwdkufodkYajymif;a&TUum jrefrmpmt,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/

,if;odkYvkyfudkifaepOf tpdk;&pmawmfjyefXmeü tvkyf&Edkifaomfvnf; pmawmfjyef

NrdKUtkyfrsm;\vufpG Jrvkyfvdk[kqdkum jiif;y,fcJ honf/ OD;vGef;vkyfcJ haom

&efukefwdkif;owif;pmwdkufonf tpdk;&xHrS uefx½dkuf,lxm;aom ykvdyfa*Zuf

owif;pmudk &yfqdkif;vdkufaomtcg OD;vGef;onf armfvNrdKifodkYajymif;a&TUum

jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmvkyfjyefonf/ OD;vGef;onf ]]armiform"d}}[laom

trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm? uAsmrsm;udka&;pjyKvmcJhonf/ ,if;uAsmaqmif;yg;

rsm;onf xl;jcm;rI[lír&Sdao;bJ a&;½dk;a&;pOf ewfawmfvbGJU? uqkefvbGJYpaom

orm;½dk;usuAsmrsKd;? aqmif;yg;rsKd;omjzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif armfvNrdKif&mZ0if0w¬K?

uAsmom&? rOÆLusrf;? armfvNrdKifewfvrf;ñTefponfhwdkYudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh

ao;onf/

1911 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUol&d,owif;pmwpfapmif ay:vmcJhonf/

xdktcsdefwGif q&mvGef;onf jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmrS tvkyfxGufí Zif;usKdufawmifü

rdrd0goemBuD;vSaomt*¾d&udk twefMumxdk;aecJhonf/ ,if;aemufrSZmwdjzpfaom

a&TawmifNrdKUodkYjyefa&mufí aexdkifcJhonf/ xdktcgol&d,owif;pmudkwnfaxmifol

wpfOD;jzpfol OD;vSazu q&mvGef;tm; ol&d,owif;pmwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf

0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef ac:,lcJhonf/ ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkY a&mufaomtcg

tpwGifq&mvGef;[laom trnf&if;jzifhyif jrefrmenf;jzifhvkyfaom vufrIynmudk

azmfxkwfonfh ]]vufrIynm#Dum}} udka&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/


ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkYa&mufaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;

vIyf&Sm;pjyKcsdefjzpf&m ZmwdrmefrsKd;cspfpdwfonf q&mvGef;ü jyefvnfay:ayguf

vmcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí q&mvGef;onf þpdwf"mwfrsKd;jzifh uavmifudk

NrJNrHpGmudkifvsuf &yfwnfawmhtHh[k &nf&G,fcsufxm;&SdcJhonf/

q&mvGef;touf 40 t&G,f 1277 ckESpfü ZeD;jzpfola':&Sif uG,fvGeftedpö

a&mufcJh&m om;orD;ig;a,mufusefcJhonf/ tBuD;qHk;rSm 11 ESpft&G,fforD;jzpfNyD;?

ti,fqHk;rSm 11 vt&G,forD;jzpfavonf/ xdktcgrSpí pma&;&onfuwpfzuf?

om;orD;rsm;udk xdeff;odrf;&onfuwpfzufESifh yifyef;pGmb0udk ½kef;uefcJhonf/

odkY&mwGif pmta&;EdkifqHk;tcdkuftwefYumvjzpfí b0a&mifh&JrIudkauseyfESpfodrfh

cJhrdonf/ Mum#Dum? Adkvf#Dumaqmif;ygrsm;ESifh rSmawmfyHk0w¬Kqef;wdkYonf xdkumv

wGif ay:aygufvmcJhaompmrsm;jzpfavonf/

q&mvGef;onf Adkvf#Dumaqmif;yg;? uAsmrsm;rSpí]]rpöwmarmifrdIif;}}

[laomuavmiftrnfudk pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ ]]rpöwm}} trnfwyfíoHk;pGJ&jcif;

rSmvnf; xdktcsdefu ynmwwfjrefrmtrsKd;om;tcsKdUonf rpöwm[laom t*Fvdyf

toHk;tEIef;udk rdrdwdk Y\jrefrmtrnfa&SUwGifwyfí *kPfwifac:a0:Muaom

aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ q&mvGef;onf xdktjyKtrludk&GH&Smonfhtavsmuf csOfaygif

&Gufonf armifrdIif;0w¬KrSZmwfvdkufjzpfol vlvdrf? vlayG? vl,kwfrmarmifrdIif;\

trnfudk,lí oa&mfonfhtaejzifh rpöwmwyfum ]]rpöwmarmifrdIif;}} [laom

uavmiftrnfudk cH,ljcif;jzpfonf/

q&mvGef;onf ol&d,owif;pmwdkufü 1921 ckESpftxd jrefrmbufqdkif&m

t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;xGufaomtcgüvnf; q&mvGef;

onf EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;? pD;yGm;a&;aqmif;yg;? ynma&;aqmif;yg; tp&Sdaom

aqmif;yg;rsm;pGmudka&;om;cJhNyD; EdkifiHa&;½kyfajymiffqHk;rcef;ü av;csKd;BuD;rsm;jzifh

a&;pyfoDuHk;cJhavonf/ yxrurÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif ]]ab? yk? ½Sdef}} ac: OD;bab?

OD;yk? OD;xGef;½Sdefwdk YEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfjzifh [kr®½l;&rItwGuf bdvyfac:

t*FvefodkYoGm;Muaomtcg q&mvGef;onf a'gif;#Dumopfaqmif;yg;rsm;udk

a&;om;cJhonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jrefrmwdkYawmif;xm;aom [kr®½l;udkray;bJ?


'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk twif;xkd;ay;vdkufaomtcg q&mvGef;onf NAdwdoQ

t*FvdyfwdkYtay: ,HkMunfrIuif;vsuf pdwftysufBuD;ysufum ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmef

ydkrdkwuf<ujyif;xefvmcJhonf/

1920 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfyxrausmif;om; oydwfBuD;

ay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDudkzG J Ypnf;um A[ef;&yf?

a&Tusifausmif;wdkufwGif &efukefwuúodkvfESifhpifNydKif trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;udk

wnfaxmifcJhonf/ xdktrsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;wGif jrefrmpmayESifh jrefrm&mZ0if

udk ydkUcs&ef q&mvGef;tm; yifhac:aomtcg q&mvGef;onf ol&d,owif;pmwdkufrS

tvkyfxGufí pdwfa&m? udk,fygoGm;a&muff tm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ q&mvGef;onf

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jrefrm&mZ0ifydkYcsonfhtcg ZmwdrmefESifhrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk

txl;ojzifhoGif;ay;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY pmayydkYcsaepOf e,fausmif;om;rsm;twGuf

rSefeef;&mZ0ifcsKyfudkjyKpkpD&ifí trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf

rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;udk wnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhonf/ arsmuf#DumESifh bGdKif;aumuf

#Dumaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/

1923 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;ysufaomtcg q&mvGef;onf

'*kefr*¾Zif;wdkufwGif t,f'DwmtjzpfvkyfudkifcJ honf/ ,if;'*kefr*¾Zif;wGif

ppfudkif;jyefrSmawmfyHkaqmif;yg;&Snfudk a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;tjyif"r®apwD0w¬Kudk

vnf;aumif;? tDaemifeef;wGif;Zmwfopfudkvnf;aumif; pum;ajyESifhav;csKd;rsm;

a&mpyfum a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif OD;bazwdkYOD;pD;aom (21)

OD;*d kPf;om;rsm;jzpfMuonfh 'd kiftmcDEd kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h rlv*sDpDbDat

0HomEkorm;wdkY rnDrñGwfjzpfvsuf&Sdaeonfudk q&mvGef;onf tvGefnDñGwf

apvdkaomapwem&S dcJ honf/ ol\apwemudk AE¨Kv*sme,fwGif acG;#Dum

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;í azmfjycJhonf/ q&mvGef;onfrnfolYudkrQr,HkMunf?

rnfonhf0g'udkrQ tm;rudk;yJ rdrdwu,f,HkMunfESpfoufaom vrf;pOfaemufodkYom

udk,fEIwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;jzifh vdkufpjyKvmcJhonf/ q&mvGef;\vrf;pOfum;

vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;\vrf;pOfyifjzpfonf/ xdkpOftwGif; *VKefq&mpHacgif;aqmifaom

awmifolv,form;awmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHkBuD;ay:aygufvmcJh&m q&mvGef;onf


*VKefysH'DyeD#Dumudk a&;om;cJhonf/ wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;üvnf; &mZ0ifeDwdaqmif;yg;

rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjyefonf/

*VKefq&mpH ta&;awmfyHkpcef;odrf;oGm;aomtcg wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;ac:

vli,ftoif;wpfoif; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ q&mvGef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\

0g'wGif rdrdtBudKufudkawGYojzifh vli,fwdkY\ZGJowådudk oabmusESpfoufvmcJhonf/

xdkYaMumifhq&mvGef;onf 1296 ckESpf (c&pfESpf 1934ck) wGif vlod&SifMum;

wd k YArmtpnf;t½H k ;od k Y0i fc J honf/ oltoH k; jyKc J haom]]rpöwmarmifr I di f ; } }

uavmifudkvnf; y,fjzKwfum ]]rpöwm}} tpm; ]]ocifudk,fawmf}} wyfí ]]ocifudk,f

awmfrdIif;}}[k toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &J&Jawmuf#DumuAsmrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfvmaomtcg wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0ifwdkYonf EdkifiHa&;

udkvQKdU0Sufaqmif&Guf&ojzifh q&mBuD;onfvnf; touft&G,fBuD;&ifhrS EdkifiHa&;

0&rf;ajy;ozG,f a&Smifwdrf;aecJh&onf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf þodkY wdrf;a&Smifae&

onfudk q&mBuD;OD;vGef;oabmuscJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYjrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGmoGm;aom

tcg q&mBuD;onf &efukefodkYjyefvmcJhonf/ *syefwpfacwfvHk; q&mBuD;onf ocif

rsm;ESifhtwlwdrf;&if;a&Smif&if; toufpGefYaqmif&GufcJhonf/ jynfolwpf&yfvHk;

*syefwdkYESdyfpufrIudk tvl;tvJcH&aomtcg q&mBuD;onf pdwfxJwGif rsKdodyfrxm;Edkif

awmhbJ ]]a[h armifatmifqef;? rif;wdkY yihfvmwJhbk&m;awG jyefydkYprf;ygOD;uGm}}

[kyif u½kPma'gaomjzifhajymqdkrdcJhao;onf/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;í 1947 ckESpfodkYa&mufaomtcg oltm;xm;&qHk;

jzpfaom AdkvdcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmiftcsKdU usqHk;av&m oltvGef0rf;enf;

aMuuGJrdcJhonf/ trSwfw&jzpfap&ef ]]tmZmenfAdrmef#Dum}} udka&;í csD;usL;

rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/

þonfhaemufydkif;wGif q&mBuD;\touf 70 ausmfvmNyDjzpfí tdkrif;rpGrf;

jzpfvmonfhtavsmuf pma&;rIenf; yg;vmcJhonf/ uGrf;qHkjzifhuGrf;axmif;um

pm;aeonfursm;cJhonf/ aemufqHk;q&mBuD;\vuf&mum; 1950 jynfhESpf

xkwfa0aom ]]tdrfruf'd|HK#Dum}} yifjzpfonf/ odk Y&mwGif q&mBuD;onf

jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? urÇmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;?


touft&G,fESifhrrQ tyifyef;cHumvSnfhvnfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;odkY aqmif&Guf

&if;ol0goemyg&m zufqpf#Dumr[med'gef;uAsm? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uAsm?

ocifudk,fawmfrd Iif;\ arwåmyw¬emuAsm ponfrsm;udkBudK;Mum;BudK;Mum;

a&;pyfzGJ YqdkcJ hao;onf/ q&mBuD;onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf Oa&myodk Y

vnf;aumif;? w½kwfEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif; c&D;vSnfhvnfcJhonf/

1950 jynfhESpfwGif q&mBuD;tm; jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJYrS ]]tvuFmausmfpGm}}

bGJYcsDjr§ifhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf ½k½SEdkifiHu ]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;qk}} csD;jr§ifhonf/

urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;qkESifhtwl q&mBuD;onf jrefrmusyfaiGwpfodef;ausmf qkaiG

&&SdcJhonf/ olYb0wpfavQmufvHk;ypönf;csrf;omrIudk tmomirf;irf;vdkvm;ol r[kwf

ojzifh q&mBuD;&&Sdaom ,iff;aiGusyfwpfodef;teuf usyfaiG&Spfaomif;udk

vSL'gef;vdkufonf/

1960 jynfhESpffwGif ta&SUbmvif? [rf;Awfwuúodkvfu q&mBuD;tm;

*kPfxl;aqmifyg&*ljzpfaom yDtdyf(csf)'DbGJY csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/

q&mBuD;onf pmayudka&;om;jyKpk½Hkomru tcsdef&orQtxl;avhvm

zwf½IcJhonf/ Am;eyfpmMunfhwdkuf (,cktrsKd;om; pmMunfhwdkuf) wGif&Sdaom pmtkyf

pmwrf;rsm;onf q&mBuD;rzwfzl;? rMunfhzl;onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;[lí r&Sdoavmuf

&Sm;yg;cJhonf[kqdkprSwfjyKMuonf/

q&mBuD;\trnfESifhq&mBuD;\pmrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHHvHk;ausmfMum;cJhonf/

rD;½SL;rD;wdkifyrmvif;xdefaeonf/ q&mBuD;onfum; rnfrQausmfMum;apumrl

pdwfBuD;0ifavhr&Sd? ywf0ef;usifavmuütjypfudkjrifaomfvnf; tjypfrwifvdk?

oem;wwfonf/ owåd&Sdoludkcspfwwfonf/ udk,fwdkifvnf;t&G,fESifhrrQowåd&Sdonf/

&wemoHk;yg;ü txl;Munfñkdonf/ bmoma&;udkudkif;½dIif;onf/ q&mBuD;onf

t&G,faumif;wkef; touf 40 cefYwGif ZeD;a':&Sif uG,fvGefaomtcg aemuf

tdrfaxmif rjyKbJaecJhonf/

acwftqufquf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif txl;yg0ifcJhaomq&mBuD;onf

jrefrmouú&mZf 1326 ckESpf? 'kwd,0gqdkv qef; 14 &uf (1964 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 23

&uf) touf 89 ESpft&G,fwGif rdrdaexdkif&m prf;acsmif;&yf? csrf;omvrf;aetdrfwGif


b0wpfyg;odk Yajymif;a&TUoGm;&Smonf/ q&mBuD;\½kyfuvmyfudk wcrf;wem;

jyifqifrGrf;rHNyD;vQif a&Twd*HkapwDawmfawmifbufrkcfajc&if; a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;ab;

OD;Owåryef;NcH (,cifuefawmfrifyef;NcH) twGif; pkzk&m;vwf rdzk&m;BuD; *lAdrmef

teD;wGif *loGif;oN*ØK[fxm;avonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk wuúodkvfwifc? jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif jyKpkysK d;axmif

acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105 acgif;aqmifcJ holrsm;? pm-23-31/ 105


OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)OD;vS (vlxkOD;vS)

pma&;q&m vlxkOD;vStrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;vSudk

1910jynfYESpf? Zefe0g&D 19 &ufwGif yJcl;wdkif;? anmifav;yif

NrdKUrS av;rdkifuGm ppfawmif;jrpfurf;yg;ay:&dS ykpGefajrmif;&Gmü

tzukefonf OD;yk? trd a':cdkifwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if;rSm

armifvSjzpfonf/

OD;vSonf ykpGefajrmif;&Gm tpdk;&ausmif;wGif av;wef;txd ynm

oif,lcJYNyD;? 1922 ckESpfwGif anmifav;yifNrdKU ½dkrefuufovpf omoemjyKausmif;ü

ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1926 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU A[dktpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü

qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJG atmifjrif

cJhonf/ q,fwef;atmifjrifcJYjyD;aemuf pm&if;udkifpma&;oifwef;wuf&if;?

vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;\ owif;rsm;udk owif;pmwdkufrsm;odkY a&;om;

ay;ydkYonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ol&d,owif;pmwdkuf OD;ykuav;xHrS owif;pm

ynmudk oif,lcYJonf/

1931 ckESpfwGif &efukefjrLeDpDy,fü &mjzwftifpyufawmftjzpf 0ifa&muf

trIxrf;onf/ wpfzufwGifvnf; vli,frsm; MuD;yGm;a&;toif;wdkufü pmMunfY

wdkufrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifonf/ vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;u zGifYvSpfaom

nausmif;wGifvnf; pmjyonf/

1932 ckESpfwGif vli,frsm;MuD;yGm;a&;toif;u MuD;yGm;a&;vrf;ñTefr*¾Zif;

xkwfa0cJY&m ]]MuD;yGm;a&;armifvS}} uavmiftrnfudkcH,lí pmrsm; pwifa&;om;

onf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif MuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;udk udk,fwdkifOD;pD;xkwfa0onf/

xdkr*¾Zif;wGif acgif;MuD;ydkif;rsm;a&;om;cJYonfYtjyif pHvSay:? OD;t&d, ausmif;om;

[laom uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifY 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJY&m MuD;yGm;a&; OD;vS[k

vlodrsm;cJYonf/

1937 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk;wnfaxmifaom pma&;q&mtoif;wGif

trIaqmiftjzpf pwifwm0ef,lonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif a':trm (vlxka':trm)ESifY

tdrfaxmifjyKcJYonf/


1940 jynfYESpf jrefrmEdkifiHodkY 'kwd,urÇmppf ul;pufvmojzifY MuD;yGm;a&;

r*¾Zif;udk rEÅav;NrdKUodk Y ajymif;a&YTUxkwfa0cJYonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;ü

MuD;yGm;a&;yHkESdyfwdkuf wnfaxmifí udk,fwdkifa&;pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0onf/ 1943

ckESpfwGif tm½Svli,ftoif; c½dkifOuú|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif

txufArmEdkifiH z.q.y.v tzJGUü 0g'jzefYcsda&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/

1945 ckESpfwGif 15 &ufwpfMudrfxkwf vlxk*sme,fudk OD;pD;xkwfa0jyD;? 1946

ckESpf? {jyDv 19 &ufaeYrSpí vlxkowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ xdktcsdefupí

vlxkOD;vS uavmiftrnfudkcH,lcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif txufArmEdkifiH pma&;

q&mtoif; Ouú|ESifY wnfaxmifol jzpfvmonf/

1952 ckESpfwGif owif;pmq&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif

pkodkYvnf;aumif;? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;

ESifY *smref'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/

OD;vSonf *syefacwftm½Svli,ftoif; c½dkifOuú|vkyfcJYaomaMumifY? 1945

ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\ tzrf;tqD;cH&jcif;tygt0if ig;Mudrfwdwd zrf;qD;cHcJY

&onf/

1953 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v tpdk;&\ yk'fr (5) jzifY zrf;qD;jcif;cH&jyD;

axmifxJü oHk;ESpfausmfaecJY&cdkuf axmifustusOf;om;rsm;onf rnfodkYaomtajc

tae? rnfodkYaomtaMumif;rsdK;aMumifY &mZ0wfrIMuD;rsm;udk usL;vGefjcif;? ywfouf

jcif;rsm;jzpfcJY&onfudk acsmYarmYar;jref;rSwfom;cJYavonf/ axmifESifYvlom;

pmtkyfü axmifus (12) a,mufwdkY\ b0udk rdbrsdK;½dk;rSpí vlYb0a&mufvmyHk

ynmoif,lcJYyHk vlYavmuwGifMuD;jyif;vmcJY&yHk ponfwdkYYudk rl&if;twdkif; tao;pdwf

wifjyxm;onf/

OD;vStzrf;cH&vdkY vGwfvmjyD; axmifpmtkyfawG wpftkyfjyD;wpftkyf

xGufvmawmY vlawGt&ifurzwf&bl;wJY pmayawGrdkY vlawGu vufcHMudKqdk

Muw,f/ tJ'DawmY OD;vSudk axmifxJxnfYxm;olawGu? olwdk Yyd k Yxm;vdk Y

'DpmawGa&;Edkifwm olwdkYudkaus;Zl;wifzdkYaumif;w,f qdkwmrsdK;awGajymvdkY? OD;vSu

&,farmjyD; ]]cifAsm;wdkYvnf; wpfvSnfYoGm;aejyD; uRefawmfhvdk pma&;MuOD;aygU}} vdkY


ajymygw,f/ OD;vSrSm ]]owif;pmq&mtjrifawG trsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifY

axmifxJwjcm;pma&;q&mawGa&mufwmeJYrwlbJ olYqDu axmifpmtkyfawG

xGufvmwmyg}} [k vlxka':trmu ajymMum;onfudk rSwfom;&onf/

1957 ckESpfwGif urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY

oGm;cJYonf/ 1957 ckESpf pmayAdrmefpmya'omqkudk ]]axmifESifYvlom;}} jzifY&&dS

cJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif ]]avSmifcsdKifYxJuiSufi,frsm;}} pmtkyfjzifY ,leufpudkpD;yGm;

a&;ESifY vlrIa&;qk&&dScJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif owif;pmq&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

t*Fvef? jyifopf? jynfaxmifpkor®w *smreDEdkifiHESifY *syefEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf

cJYonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;EdkifiHodkY c&D;vSnfYvnfcJYonf/

OD;vSonf 1962 ckESpfrS tpjyKí jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; yHkjyifrsm;

qufwdkufxkwfa0cJYjyD; tcsdKUudkEdkifiHjcm;bmomrsm;jzifY jyefqdkazmfjycJYonf/

1963 ckESpfwGif ]]&cdkifaus;vufyHkjyifrsm;}} pmtkyfjzifY pmayAdrmef uav;

vli,frsm;qdkif&m pmay'kwd,qk &&dScJYonf/

OD;vSonf owif;pmq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? xif½Sm;cJYoljzpfjyD; pmtkyfpmwrf;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk jyKpka&;om;

xkwfa0cJYonf/

vlxkOD;vStrnfjzifY a&;om;cJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsdKUudk azmfjy&vsif

qdkAD,uf½k½Sm; (1938)? xdyfqHk;odkY (1940)? ½TYHUESifYppfom; (1942)? yef;ESifYppfom;

(1942)? ponfYbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;? avESifYtwl (1957)? axmifESifYvlom;

(1957)? avSmifcsdKifYxJrS iSufi,frsm; (1958)? tm;vHk;aumif;Mu&JUvm; (1959)?

ppftcspfESifY axmif (1960)? ppfjyD;paxmifwHcg; (1968)? ponfY axmiftawGU

tBuHKpmtkyfrsm;? owif;pmrsm;onford kif;ud kajymjyaeMuonf (1963)?

owif;pmrsm;ajymjywJY ppfwGif;jrefrmjynf (av;wJG) (1968)? owif;pmrsm;ajymjywJY

ppfjyD;p jrefrmjynf (1969)? ponfYordkif;ESifY owif;pmrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm; uRefawmf

jAL½dku&uf (1970)? uRefawmfpwD;yJGpm; (1970)? uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971)?

uRefawmfjrif;orm; ponfYpmtkyfrsm;rSm xif½Sm;cJYonf/

OD;vSonf 1982 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/


1991 ckESpfwGif jrawmifausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü a'gufwmoef;xGef;u vlxkOD;vS

trSwfw&opfyifESifY ausmufwHk;udk ausmufpmESifYtwl pdkufxlxm;½dScJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 64-66/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) vlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vvlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vll ll lxkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/xkOD;vS (1994)/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf; (1987) pm280-281/


OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)OD;vScif (qef;ñGef YOD;)

owif;pmq&m OD;vScifudk tz OD;armifcif? trd

a':jrwifwdkYu 1921 ckESpfrwfv 21 &ufaeYü [oFmw

NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;vScifonf [oFmwNrdKU atbDtrf txufwef;

ausmif;wGif 10 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1943 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftwGif;

v,f,mESifY opfawmXme? tpdk;& pyg;0,f,la&;t&m&dStjzpf ykodrfc½dkifwGif

vkyfudkifcYJonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkY ajymif;a&TU aexdkifcJhonf/ 1951 ckESpfü

qef;ñGefYOD; (pmay? obif? ½kyf½Sif) r*¾Zif;udk wnfaxmifxkwfa0cJYonf/

xdkESpfwGifyif a&mifeDOD;pmaywdkufwnfaxmifí Aef;armfwifatmif\0w¬Krsm;udk

xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;vScifonf ArmYacwfowif;pmwGif owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;?

taxmufawmfowif;pmwGif ½kyf½Sifowif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ½kyf½Sif

atmifvH r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? wm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJYonf/

taxmufawmfjrwfvS? OD;vScif (qef;ñGefYOD;)? OD;jrwfvSponfYtrnfrsm;jzifY

pmayrsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif &wem½kyf½Sif ukrÜPDxlaxmifí

wifYvSay[ef? ocF? bk&m;pl;cspfyghr,f paom ½kyf½Sifum;rsm; ½kduful;cJYonf/

OD;vScifonf acwfrD"r®y' 0w¬Kawmf? ig;&mig;q,fvufa&G;pif0w¬K?

atmifjcif;½Spfyg;? Zdew¬yumoeDAk'¨0if½kyfpHk paombmoma&;pmayrsm;ESifY

&GufacgufjrpfoD;aq;enf; 1000? rD;zdkacsmifrS aq;pGrf;aumif; (y-'k)? aq;0g;ryg

usef;rmEkysdK touf½Snfenf;rsm;? b0udkpdefac:í urÇmausmfcJYolrsm;? ,aeY

&efukefponfY A[kokwjzpfzG,fpmtkyfrsm;tygt0if pmtkyftrsdK;aygif; (50) ausmfudk

udk,fwdkifa&;om;í qef;ñGefYOD;pmaywdkufrS xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;vScifonf [oFmwtoif; (&efukef)wGif trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;?

em,u tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifjyD; vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;vScifonf 1992 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ud k;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmYpG,fpH kusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/


owif;pmq&m OD;vSxGef;jzLud k &cd kif jynfe,f?

ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f? ykZGefajz&Gmü tzOD;aratmif trd a':a&TbHk

wdkYu 1901 ckESpf? rwfv 16 &ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf ajrmufOD;NrdKU rlvwef;ausmif;wGif

pwifynmoif,lcJYonf/ xdkYaemuf ppfawGNrdKU? omoemjyK pufrIvufrIausmif;wGif

qufvufynmoif,lcJYonf/ wpfzef rdw¬DvmNrdKU? atbDtrf txufwef;ausmif;odkU

ajymif;a&TUí 10 wef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 0HomEk*sDpDbDat aeYpOfowif;pmwGif vufaxmuf

t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGif vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm

ESifY owif;axmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1930 jynfYESpfrS 1940 jynfYESpftxd

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkUaemuf 1942 ckESpfrS 1944 ckESpftxd {&m0wDwdkif;wGif

opfawmt&m&dStjzpf trIxrf;cJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1945 ckESpfwGif txnfvkyfief; 0goemygol 35 OD;udk

pkpnf;í jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &ufuef;toif;MuD;udk wnfaxmifjyD; Ouú|tjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ wdkif;wpfyg;om;rsm;ydkif ½dk;ukrÜPD? 0yfqiftifqef;ukrÜPDESifY

0dIufwa0;ukrÜPDpaom ukrÜPDrsm;rS txnft0wfrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHUaqmf

cJYonf/ OD;vSxGef;jzLonf &ufuef;vkyfief;udk em;vnfuGsrf;usifjyD; jrefrmY&ufuef;

vkyfief;udk tNrJwap tm;ay;aomaMumifY OD;vSxGef;jzL (&ufuef;) [líwGifcJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1951 ckESpfwGif ausmufawmfawmifydkif; rJqEé,fygvD

reftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf/ wpfzef 1956 ckESpfwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,fygvDref

trwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif b@ma&;0efMuD;Xmeü

twGif;0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1960 jynfYESpfwGif tdrfapmifYtpdk;&u

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;y&m ajrmufOD; rJqEé,frS ygvDreftrwfjzpfcJYonf/

1964 ckESpfwGif pufrIvufrIXme txl;t&m&dStjzpfvnf;aumif;?

&ufuef;ynmay;t&m&dStjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif

OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)OD;vSxGef;jzL (trsdK;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL)


ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f rJqEé,ftrSwf (1) rS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcH&jyD;? EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1978

ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ 1980 jynfYESpfwGif

EdkifiHh*kPf&nf (yxrtqifY) udk&&dScJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf rdrdEdkifiHudk udk,fpm;jyKí jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; oGm;a&muf

cJY&m 1953 ckESpfwGif MopMwD;,m;EdkifiH? AD,memNrdKUüusif;yaom urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;

nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&vufxufwGif

owif;pmq&mrsm;toif; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf taemuf*smreDEdkifiHodkU oGm;

a&mufcJYonf/ 1966 ckESpfwGif [efa*&DEdkifiH Al'gyufNrdKUüusif;yaom EdkifiHwum

ukefpnfjyyJGMuD;odkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGU0iftjzpf wufa&mufcJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1960 jynfYESpfu trsdK;om;aeYpOf owif;pmudk udk,fwdkif

t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Gufí xkwfa0cJYonf/ pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk a&;om;

jyKpkcJYaom pma&;q&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ a&;om;jyKpkcJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf

tcsdKUudkazmfjy&vsif ]]&cdkifjynfe,fpD;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf}}? ]]uGsefawmfawmom;}} ?

]]&ufuef;ynmqdkif&m ud&d,mtajcjyordkif;}}? ]]vlYb0tESpfom&}}? ]]t&ufaMumifY

tyg,fruszdkY}} paom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJY&m jynfolYaiGpm&if;

aumfrwD? Oya'jyKvTwfawmfqdkif&m tmrcHaumfrwDESifY 'Drdkua&pDa'oEÅ&

tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;wGif aumfrwD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1971 ckESpf zJGUpnf;yHk

tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&; aumfr&Sif tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1973 ckESpfjynfvHk;

uGswfqEćH,lyJGaumfr&Sif tzJGY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLu 1980 jynhfESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeY &ufpJGjzifY ,lyDtdkif

OD;boef;\ b0tawGYtMuHK pmtkyftrSmpmwGif ]] owif;pmvkyfief;udk 0goem

ygolwdkYrSm ewfuawmfrsm;ESifY wlvSonf/ aiGaMu; &onfjzpfap? r&onfjzpfap

ewfqdkif;wD;ay;vQif ajcw&G&G? vufw&G&GjzifY ucsifMuonf/ owif;pm0goem

ygolwdkUonfvnf; tcaMu;aiGrnfrQ&ap? r&apta&; rpdkuf? Mum;orQowif;udk


oef;acgif,Htcsdefjzpfap? tcsdefra&G; a&;om;avY&dSMuonf}} [k ol\ owif;pm

orm;rsm;tay:tjrifudka&;om;cJYonf/

OD;vSxGef;jzLonf 1986 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 6 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm-704


OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)OD;vS'if (trsKd;om; OD;vS'if)

owif;pmq&m OD;vS'if udk 1911 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 26

&ufaeYwGif tz v,form;MuD; OD;bdk;oif;rS om,m0wDc½dkif?

ZD;ukef;NrdKUü zGm;jrifcJYonf/

OD;vS'ifonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef;ESifY txufwef;

q&mjzpf pmar;yJGatmifjrifcJYonf/ ausmif;om;b0 1927-28 ckESpfcefYrSpí

ol&d,r*¾Zif;ESifY 'D;'kwf*sme,f? aumZmopf r*¾Zif;wdkYwGif uAsmESifY0w¬Kwdkrsm;

a&;cJYzl;onf/ xdkYaemuf 1930 jynfYESpfrSpí 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif wlvuf[laom

uavmiftrnfjzifY aumfvHwpfckzGifYum txl;ojzifY EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk a&;om;

cJYonf/ ocif*Gwdk[laom Zmwfaumifwpfaumifudk zefwD;jyD;vQif EdkifiHa&;

oa&mfpmaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;@wpfckzGifYí a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;vS'ifonf MuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;ü wm0wðomoGm;rSwfwrf;? t0DpdoGm;

rSwfwrf;aqmif;yg; jydKifyJGrsm;wGif qkrsm;&&dScJYzl;í q,foef;*sme,fwGifvnf;

OD;ematmuftw¬KyÜwdå aqmif;yg;qk &&dScJYzl;avonf/ 1934 ckESpfrSpí 'D;'kwf

*sme,fwGif t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYonf/ *syefacwfwGif

tm½Svli,f (ZD;ukef;) XmecJGü ÓPAvrSL;? umuG,fa&;rSL;ponfY wm0efrsm;udk

aqmif&Guf&if; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifcJYavonf/

ppfjyD;acwfwGif zqyv A[dkOD;pD;tzJGY0if jzpfvmonf/ 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif qufvuf

aqmif&GufcJY&m t,f'DwmcsKyftqifYtxd wdk;jr§ifhcefYtyfjcif; cHcJY&onf/

OD;vS'ifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY usqHk;onfYtcg zqyvtzJGUcsKyfwGif

jyefMum;a&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efESifYtwl zqyv owif;pOf*sme,fESifY

vrf;ñTefaeYpOfowif;pmrsm;wGif OD;pD;t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf

cJY&onf/

1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif trsdK;om;pmyHkESdyfwdkufudkwnfaxmifum udk,fydkif

yHkESdyfvkyfief;jzifY wdkif;jynftusdK;jyKpmayrsm; tqufrjywfa&;om; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0

cJY&m pmtkyfaygif; 70 ausmfcJYonf/


1959 ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH r'&yfNrdKUwGifvnf;aumif;? 1960 jynfYESpfwGif

oD[dkVfEdkifiH udkvHbdkNrdKUwGifvnf;aumif;? usif;ycJYaom ukvor*¾vufatmufcH

,leufpudk pmayvkyfief;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrsm;odkY jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&muf

cJYonf/

1963 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk rmudkyd kvdkpmtkyfjzifY bmomjyef

wwd,qkudkvnf;aumif;? 1964 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk &wema&TajrpmtkyfjzifY

bmomjyef'kwd,qkudkvnf;aumif; &&dScJYonf/

OD;vS'if\ ausmfMum;cJYaom pmayvuf&mrsm;rSm or®wvifuGef;twGif;a&;?

aomrwft,f'Dqif? udkvefbwf? eef;ñGefYa'0D? jrefrmjynf0,f ESpfav;q,f

ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;vS'ifonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 135-137/


OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)OD;vSab ('*kefvSab)

owif;pmq&m OD;vSab ('*kefvSab) udk 1899 ckESpf?

ZGefv 14 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;wdkif; a&wm½SnfNrdKUü tz OD;a&csrf;?

trd a':yef;OwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ OD;vSabonf awmifilNrdKU

OD;vu©P aemfrefausmif;rS 1918 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm

udk;wef; atmifjrifcJYonf/ 1920-21 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU&dS or0g,rynmESifY

pm&if;ppfynmoifausmif;rS txufwef;or0g,rynmESif h pm&if;ppfynm

atmifjrifcJhonf rEÅav;wdkif; or0g,rtoif;wGif wJGzufpm&if;ppftjzpf aqmif

&GufcJYonf/ ygVdjrefrmynm&dSMuD; q&mOD;tdkxHrSvnf; ygVd? jrefrm? ysdKU? uAsm? pmay

cufqpfrsm;udk oif,lcJYonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif a':wkwfESifY tdrfaxmifjyKjyD; jrpfom;

NrdKUwGif aexdkifonf/

OD;vSabonf opöm0g'Dowif;pmESifY rEÅav;xkwf or0g,r[dw*sme,f

wdkYwGif aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkY a&mufvmjyD;?

'*kefr*¾Zif;ü t,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJYum '*kefvSab trnfcHvsuf

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ 1940 jynfYESpfwGif NAdwdoQbm;rm; ½kyf&Sifpmapmif

t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;vSabonf 1946-50 jynfYESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;pm wJGzuft,f'Dwm

tjzpf trIxrf;cJYonf/ udk,fydkifyHkESdyfvkyfief;udk wnfaxmifonf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif

jrefrmpmaumfr&SiftzJGU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1975 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmaumfr&Sifudk

jrefrmpmtzJGU[k trnfajymif;aomtcg jrefrmpmtzGJU0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;vSabonf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkaygif;um ]]pmwHcGef}} ]]a&TjynfwefeDwd}}

]]pmayESifY,Ofaus;rI}} ]]awG;ac:odjrifrI'óejrifuGif;}} trnf½dSpmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0cJY

onf/

OD;vSabonf 1986 ckESpf? Zlvdkif 9 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/odrSwfzG,f&m udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; / pm 143/


OD;vSaomif;onf zsmyHkNrdKUtrsdK;om;ausmif;? Ak'¨bmomrdef;uav;ausmif;?

zsmyHk tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifY &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/

1938 ckESpfwGif zsmyHkNrdKUe,f 'dkYArm tpnf;t½kHk; twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD;?

apwemh0efxrf; nausmif;q&m vkyfcJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd a':qif

bPfwdkuf zsmyHkESifYbdkuav;NrdKUwdkYü pm&if;udkifpma&; vkyfcJYonf/ xdktcsdeftwGif;

NAdwdoQ awmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif vQdKU0Sufyg0ifcJYNyD; 1942 ckESpfü zGJYpnf;onfY

bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY zsmyHkwGif wGJzufjyefMum;a&;rSL;? ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;

vkyfief;ü aZmufcsvkyfudkifcJhonf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (vQdKU0Suf) ESifY qufoG,f

um *syefawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJYonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf *syefzufqpfwdkY\ vkdufvHzrf;qD;rIudkwdrf;a&Smif&if; &efukef

NrdKUodkY 1944 ckESpfü a&muf&SdcJYonf/ zqyv tzGJYcsKyf\ wm0efay;csuft& *syef

awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;twGufpnf;½Hk;&ef 1945 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif &rf;NAJrS

ausmufjzL? ppfawGNrdKUrsm;odkYa&muf&SdNyD;? umvuwåm;NrdKU&Sd ocifodef;az (OD;odef;az

jrifY) &Sd&m pcef;odkYa&muf&SdcJYonf/ {NyDvwGif rHk&GmNrdKUokdY jyefa&mufNyD;? *syefawmfvSef

a&;vkyfief;twGuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;ESifYqufoG,fa&; wm0efudk,lcJYonf/ arvrS

ZGefvtxd rEÅav; zqyvESifY yckuúL zqyv tzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;&mü yg0ifwm0ef,lcJY

onf/ 1945 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif Auy A[dkaumfrwD0ifjzpfvmcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&DvwGif uGefjrLepfaeYpOfowif;pmESifY jynfolYtmPm *sme,f t,f'DwmtzGJY

0ifjzpfcJYonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf 1948 ckESpf? rwfv? 28 &ufaeYrS pufwifbmvtxd

Auy A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf &efukefc½kdif pnf;½Hk;vIyf&Sm;rI (ajratmuf) udkwm0ef,l

OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)OD;vSaomif; (armifndK)

owif;pmq&m OD;vSaomif;udk zsmyHkNrdKUwGif 1917 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&D 21 &ufaeYü zsmyHkNrdKU? bdvpfpma&;BuD; OD;a,m?

a':pdefñGefYwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/ OD;vSaomif;onf trsdK;om;pmqkd&Sif

OD;odef;[ef (q&maZmf*sD) \ nDt&if;jzpfonf/


aqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdkESpfpufwifbmvrS 1952 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvtxd yk'fr 5

jzifY xdef;odrf;cHcJY&onf/ 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvrS 1957 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtxd

&efukefNrdKUü xkwfa0onfY jynfawmfopf*sme,fwGif OD;pD;t,f'DwmvkyfcJYonf/ 1956

ckESpfwGif zsmyHkawmifydkif;rJqEe,frS jynfolYvTwfawmf trwf (yrnw) tjzpfta&G;

cHcJY&onf/ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (ArmEdkifiH) ESifY jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;

wdkYü trIaqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; acgif;aqmifaom

jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwD\ pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDtzGJYü twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,l

cJYonf/ 1959 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif yk'fr 5 jzifY xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&NyD; 1960 jynfYESpf

arvwGifaxmifrSvGwfcJYonf/ 1960 jynfYESpf? Mo*kwfv 6&ufaeYrSpí xkwfa0cJY

aom vrf;pOf*sme,fESifY vrf;pOfowif;pmwkdYü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf vrf;pOfowif;pm

wkduf ydwfonftxd vkyfudkifcJYonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf 1964 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvrS 1965 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvtxd

wHcGeftm;upm;*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1965 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm

v 2 &ufaeYwGif ygwDXmecsKyfynma&;Xmeü pmjyK? pmjyKwm0efcH? usrf;jyKokawoe

t&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif

ygwDokawoeXme vufaxmuftxufwef; okawoet&m&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,l

xrf;aqmifcJYonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf owif;pmwGif 1969 ckESpfrS 1972

ckESpf ukefqHk;onftxd acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm; a&;cJhonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if 'kwd,tqifY? EkdifiHh*kPf&nf

'kwd,tqifh&&SdcJYonf/

OD;vSaomif;onf 1997 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 10 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/zsmyHk t.x.u (1) &mjynfY r*¾Zif;? 2005 ? 'DZifbm/


OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)OD;vSatmif (taxmufawmfvSatmif)

pma&;q&m taxmufawmfvSatmif trnfcH owif;pm

q&m OD;vSatmifudk tz jrefrmwdkif;&if;aq;q&mMuD; OD;omwifY?

trda':arwdkYrS 1936 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYü wdkufMuD;NrdKU

wGif arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;vSatmifonf wdkufBuD;NrdKUESifY tif;pdefNrdKUe,f tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rsm;

wGif q,fwef;atmifjrifonftxd ynmoif,lcJYonf/ touf 17 ESpfom; t&G,frS

pwifí owif;pmavmu? pmayavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm?

opömnae owif;pmESifY taxmufawmf owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;axmufrS t,f'D

wmcsKyftxd vkyfudkifcJYonf/ xdkYjyif OD;vSatmifonf tdk;a0*sme,fwGif t,f'Dwm

csKyftjzpf vnf;aumif;? aomif;ajymif;axGvmr*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcH t,f'Dwmtjzpf

vnf;aumif; wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;vSatmifonf &J&JawG;rnfh owif;*sme,fudk 1969 ckESpf? {jyDv 19 &uf

paeaeYrS 1972 ckESpftxd udk,fwdkifOD;pD; wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH

*sme,favmuwGif owif;*sme,fonf apmifa& 45000 txd pHcsdefwifxkwfa0EdkifcJY

onf/ onf;OD;yef;? owif;vTm? owif; r*¾Zif;wdkYudkvnf; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;vSatmifu ]]owif;onff ig;ESifhwl\/ ig;udk eHeufydkif;vwfvwfqwfqwf

tcsdefrSm pm;vQifpm;? rpm;vQif ykyfoGm;rnf/ owif;onfvnf; xdkenf;twljzpfyg

onf/ ylylaEG;aEG;pm;vQif pm;? rpm;vQif at;oGm;u t&omysufoGm;wwfonf}}

[lí ajymjyonfudk rSwfom;cJh&onf/

OD;vSatmif\ cH,lcsufrSm ]]owif;cspfwwfaom jynfoltm;owif;ay;a0&m

wGif uRefawmf tb,frQ avmbMuD;aMumif; trsm;odygonf/ owif;avmbwnf;

[laom xdkrD;yHkudk xm0&tvQHwnD;nD; awmufavmifaeap&ef aowpfyef ouf

wpfqHk;avmifpm rjywfxdk;rnfjzpfaMumif;? jyKcJYzl;orQ aumif;rI ukodkvfrsm;udk wdkif

wnfum opömqdkygonf/}}

xdkopömw&m;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk owif;cspfwwfaom jynfolrsm; tjypfuif;

uif;ESifY &Tifvef;csrf;ajrUpGm 00vifvif tvsOfrjywf pm;oHk;EdkifMuap&ef qE´jyK

ygonf/


uRefawmfwkdY\ wpfckwnf;aomrlonf tvkyfvkyfonfh ½dk;om;? Ekd;Mum;?

MudK;pm;aom jynfoludk oefY&Sif;pGm tvkyftauR;jyK&efom jzpfygonf/ xdkrludk

taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ]]twif;tzsif;ra&;? owif;om ay;ygrnf}}

xdkokdY owif;ay;&mwGif ]]cspfolukdromap&? rkef;oludkremap&}} [laom

uavmifusifh0wfudk cg;0wfykqkd;yrm NrJjrHJpGm qkyfudkifxm;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwd

ay;tyfygonf/

owif;[lonfrSm jynfoltMum;wGifom jzpfyGm;ay:ayguf&jrJjzpfí owif;

trSefukd jynfolodjrJ jzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifhrrSefowif;udk uRefawmfwkdY ra&;&Jyg/

rrSefaomowif;a&;ojzifh jynfol\ 'Pfcwfjcif;udk ao&rnfxufyif uRefawmfwkdY

aMumufygonf}} [líjzpfonf/

OD;vSatmifonf taxmufawmfvSatmif uavmiftrnfjzifh bmomjyef

pmtkyfrsm;? owif;aqmif;yg; rsm;pGmudka&;om;ouJhokdY vif;OD;uavmiftrnfjzifh

tcspf0w¬KtEkpmayrsm;pGmudkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;vSatmif bmomjyefa&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teufrS tcsKdUudk

azmfjy&vQif emZDy#dnmOfcH? rydkaMu; rvkdaMu;? tm&SrSm rNidrf;csrf;Ekdifyg/ t[m

bDvl;? tkwfMum;jruf? rGef½dk;? rD;yifv,faAGxJu y'kr®m? rkda&S'g,ef;\ tm&yftpöa&;

ppfyGJrSwfwrf;? &Spfpyfu*sifajcvnfol? jrefrmhawmwGif;rSm &uf 100? tm&yftpöa&;

6 &uf ppfyGJ? xD;ESifh tjcm;tdE´d,0w¬Kwdkrsm;jzpfonf/

OD;vSatmif\ owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmfpmtkyfrSm 0w¬Kaumif;wpfyk'fukd

zwf½I&ouJhodkY pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpf½Hkru? owif;pmvkyfief;ukd avhvmvkdolwdkYtwGuf

A[kokwrsm;pGm jzpfapEkdifonf/

OD;vSatmifu owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmfpmtkyfwGif ae0ifcsdefuefawmhyef;

(1) ü ]]½dk;om;aom? pdwfESvHk;aumif;&Sdaom? tusifhaumif;&Sdaom? tjypfuif;rJhaom?

wpfpHkwpfa,muf? ESpfpHkESpfa,muf? oHk;pHk oHk;a,muf? odkYwnf;rSr[kwfygvQif? &m

axmif aomif; odef;ruaom yk*¾dKvfMuD;i,fwdkYonf ....... owif; *sme,f\

udk,ftjyKtrl? EIwftjyKtrl? pdwftjyKtrlrsm;aMumifh pdwfqif;&Jjcif;? udk,fqif;&Jjcif;

rsm; jzpfcJhMurnfqkdjim;tHh ........ y'kr®mMumtiHkuJhodkY vuftpHkudk &Sdcdk;wifum?

xdjcif;oHk;yg;jzifh tMudrfMudrf uefawmhyef;qifygonf/


tusifhazmufjyefol? pdwfazmufjyefol? tusifh,kwfrmol? udk,fusKd;Munfhol?

bezl;odkufwl;ol? toHaumif;[pfol? tcGihfta&;&Smol? uyfyg;&yfyg;vkyfol?

a&omckdol? txufyifhatmufzdol? avmuudk vddrfnmol? opömrJhol? r,HkMunfbJESifh

a&SUwef;uwufjyD; vufoD;vufarmif;wef;ol? a&S;wpfrsKd;uG,f&mwpfrsKd; ajymwwf

olrSeforQwkdYonf owif;*sme,f\ uefawmhyef;qifjcif;ESifh vHk;0oufqkdifjcif; r&Sdyg/

,if;vlwef;pm;rsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif b,faomumv a&mufa&muf

'l;axmufrnfr[kwf/ ]]'l;axmufonfqkdaom pum;vHk;udk owif;*sme,fonf?

rMum;pzl;cJh? aemifwGifvnf;Mum;zl;vdrfhrnf r[kwf}} [k azmfjya&;om;cJhNyD; aemufqHk;

tydk'fwGif ]]owif;*sme,f cspfolrsm;udk rwif;wdrf ra&mifh&JEkdifonfh &Sdcdk;jcif;jzifh

tMudrfMudrfOD;ESdrfcsvsuf}} [k azmfjyxm;onfudk rSwfom;&onf/

OD;vSatmifonf 1992 ckESpf? {jyDv 7 &ufaeYwGif &efukefjrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1993) pm 295/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmf

(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) jynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pujynfolwkdY\ pum;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)m;jyef (1974)


OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)OD;0D&dausmf (omyg;)

owif;pmq&mOD;0D&dausmfudk tz OD;a'G;jrwf? trd

a':aroHjym wdkYrS 1916 ckESpfwGif MunfhjrifwdkifNrdKUe,f? OD;vleD

vrf;üzGm;jrifonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yJGudk

atmifjrifcJhNyD; 1934 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftwGif; xkwfa0aom

(Recorder Magazine) wGifuavmiftrnf ]]omyg;}}?(Tha Pa) cH,lNyD;? u&ifbmom

jzifh a&;om;cJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif bDatbGJU &&SdcJhonf/

OD;0D&dausmfonf tvHku&ifNcHtwGif;&Sd yJcl;u&iftxufwef;ausmif;wGif

txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf pwifvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;\

EdkifiHa&;twdkifyifcHtwGif;0eftjzpf wm0eftyfESif; jcif;cH&onf/ 1947 ckkESpf? azazmf

0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaomordkif;0if yifvHknDvmcHodkY autif,l udk,fpm;

jyK vli,facgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;? avhvmoltjzpfvnf;aumif; apvTwfjcif;

cH&onf/

wdkif;jyK? jynfjyKvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcHcJh&NyD;? AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ESifhwuG cspfcif&if;ESD;aom rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;tygt0if tmZmenfacgif;

aqmifrsm; vkyfBuHcH&NyD;aemufydkif;wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwftjzpfrS Ekwf

xGufcJhonf/ 1948ckESpfwGif q&mBuD;onfEdkifiHa&;b0rS acwåtem;aecJhNyD; bD;vif;

NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf vufcHaqmif&GufcJhum

jynfolY0efxrf;b0odkY wpfzeful;ajymif;vmcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpf? autif,lwdkY

odrf;ydkufe,fajrtwGif; usa&mufoGm;ojzifh autif,lwdkYu q&mBuD;tm; oxHkc½dkif

ta&;ydkiftjzpfwm0efay;cJhonf/

OD;0D&dausmfonf 1954 ckESpfwGif aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY\ EdkifiHjcm;

qufoG,fa&;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;vJxrf;aqmifcJh&NyD;? 1963 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY

wGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ wpfOD;wnf;

aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1964 ckESpf? rwfv 12

&ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh aumfol;av awmfvSefa&;


aumifpDwdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJodkY w&m;0if udk,fpm;

vS,ftjzpfwufa&mufcJhonf/

OD;0D&dausmfonf 1964 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftxd vrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyfwGif

jynfyavhvma&;XmepkrSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&NyD;? 1969 ckESpfrS 1976

ckESpftxd vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOfowif;pm (t*Fvdyf) wGif 'kwd, t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf

ajymif;a&TUwm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1964 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftxd odyÜH? pD;yGm;a&;

ESifh EdkifiHwuma&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifha&;om;cJhonf/ EdkifiHawmfrS

EkdifiHh*kPf&nfbGJYwHqdyf yxrtqifh csD;jr§ifhtyfESif;jcif;cHcJh&onf/

OD;0D&dausmfonf &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwuefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm; tw¬KyÜwådå då då då d

(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/(1361) pm-186-187/


OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)OD;0if;armif (rif;&Sif)

pma&;q&mrif;&SiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;0if;armif

udk 1927 ckESpf? {jyDv 6 &ufaeYwGif tNidrf;pm;rD;&xm; oGm;vm

ydkYaqmifa&; c½dkif0ef OD;wifYESifY a':acsmwdkYrS &efukefNrdKUwGif

zGm;jrifcJYonf/

OD;0if;armifonf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif Oypmtxufwef;txd ynmoif,lcJY

&onf/ i,fpOfuyif yef;csDESifY pmayudk 0goemygcJY\/ 'kwd, urÇmppftwGif;

ArmYumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf tvHktajrmufMuD;wyfwGifvnf;aumif;? zufqpf*syef

awmfvSefa&;twGif; wdkif; (1) rif;vSpnfolwyf&if;? rif;½SifaemifwyfcJGwGifvnf;

aumif; wyfom;tjzpftrIxrf;cJYonf/

1946ckESpfwGif r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwdkrsm;a&;om;cJYí wm&mr*¾Zif;? ½Ir0

r*¾Zif;ESifY wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

xdkYaemuf wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif jr0wD

r*¾Zif;wdkufü t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfrS

xGufítoHvTifhXmeü pmrljyKrSL;tjzpfxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ ,if;aemuf ½kyf½Sifvkyfief;

aumfydka&;½Sif;wGif wwd,taxGaxG refae*sm (½Hk;csKyf) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJY

onf/

OD;0if;armifjyKpka&;om;cJYaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm cspf0Jv,f (1946)? &Guf0g

(1946)? arYbl;uJGYoufv,f (1948)? arwåma&vdIif;? uarÇmZoZif? cspfrdk;ndK?

rdk;eJYajr? rdk;vHk;ywfvnf tp&dSaom 0w¬K½Snfrsm;ESifY vufaqmifrGef? vrf;ay:rSmESifY

wpfcgwkef;u'dkY&Jabmf tp&dSaom0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfrsm;jzpfonf/

OD;0if;armifonf vrf;ay:rSm pmtkyfjzifY 1962 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk

0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfqkjzifYvnf;aumif;? wpfcgwkef;u'dkY&JabmfpmtkyfjzifY 1963 ckESpfwGif

trsdK;om;pmayqk 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf 'kwd,qkudkvnf;aumif; &&dScJYonf/

OD;0if;armifonf 1986 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; (1972) pm 112


OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)OD;aomfZif (aomr)

owif;pmq&m OD;aomfZifudk ykodrfc½dkifa&MunfNrdKUe,f

Z&yfvSaus;&Gmü tzv,form;OD;&GufBuD;? trda':eufausmf

(r,feufausmf) wdkYrS 1913 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 21 &uf aomMum

aeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif;ig;OD;wGif'kwd,ajrmufom;jzpfonf/

i,femrnfrSm OD;[efwif? trnf&if;rSm OD;aomfZifjzpfonf/

OD;aomfZifi,fpOfuyif Z&yfvSaus;&Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ESifh [oFmwNrdKU

jrpfauG;q&mawmf OD;ynm0HowdkYxHü ynmoif,lcJhonf/ &[ef;bGJU &Sifaomrjzifh

&[ef;abmifodkY 0ifcJhNyD;aemuf 1933-40 ü rEÅav;NrdKUwGifbk&m;BuD;wdkuf? pukwdkuf?

taemufxD;vif;wdkuf? tr&yl&r*Fvm wdkufopfrsm;wGif y&d,wådpmayrsm;udkvnf;

aumif;? rdk;ukwfq&mawmfxHwGif y|mef;a'oemawmfudk vnf;aumif;? xD;vif;wdkuf

wGifaepOf ouúw? [if'D? A*FvDpmayrsm;udkvnf;aumif; vSnfhvnfoif,lcJhonf/

1940-45 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; rEÅav;NrdKUrS [oFmwNrdKUodkYjyefcJhNyD; &[ef;b0rS

vl0wfvJcJhonf/

OD;aomfZifonf 1949 ckESpf? arvwGif [oFmwNrdKUrSxkwfa0aom ]]vlxk

tmabmf}} owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf okcrdeftrnfcHí aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1951 ck ZlvdkifwGif ]][oFmwaeYpOfowif;pm}} udk t,f'DwmOD;[efwif trnfjzifh

xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1954ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif [oFmwaeYpOfowif;pmudk jyefvnf

xkwfa0cJhaomfvnf; rwfvwGif &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf or0g,ruxkwfa0

onfh oufvsm r*¾Zif;pmwnf; (1959) tjzpfvnf;aumif;? wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f

wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? oifhb0r*¾Zif;wGif tMuHay;t,f'Dwm

(1955-57) tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpfrS 1963 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHpmay

jyefYyGm;a&; (jrefpmjyefY) toif;wGif 'kwd,Ouú|? 1971 ckESpf jrefrmpmaumfr&Sif

tzJGY0if? 1983 ckESpfrS 1990 jynfYESpftxd jrefrmpmtzJGY0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif

cJYonf/

OD;aomfZifonf 1939 ckESpfxkwf *E¦avmur*¾Zif;ü ]] ½Sifaomrbdu©K}}

uavmiftrnfoHk;í ]]o&ufcsOf}} aqmif;yg;udka&;jyD; pmaye,fodkY0ifcJYonf/


1951 ckESpf? arv 1 &ufrS 1952 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 1 &uf aeYtxd wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f

wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufpOf ]]aomr}} uavmiftrnfrS ]]OD;aomfZif}}

odkY ajymif;cJYonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí touf 83 ESpft&G,fuG,fvGefcsdeftxd 51 ESpfwdkif

wdkif pmrsdK;pHkjyKpkcJY&m vHk;csif;pmtkyfaygif; (70) wdwdxkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;aomfZif jyKpkcJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm jyZmwfordkfif; (1965)? uAsm

vrf;ñTef (1965)? rdvdEýOöm (1965)? Zif;r,fjyef ( 1967)? pmO,smOf (1969)?

[dEL'óe (1970)? tbd"r®m (1970)? eef;pOfykpäm (1970)? jyZmwfuxm (1981)?

*DwOövD (1984)? 0drkwåd&o (1968)? pmaya&;om;&mtvuFm (1967) ponfY

pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? uAsm? bmoma&;usrf;rsm;rSm xif½Sm;onf/

OD;aomfZifonf pmO,smOfjzifY 1969 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk (pmya'om)

jzifY &&dScJYonf/

OD;aomfZifonf 1990 jynfYESpf? pufwifbmv 13 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü

uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 331 -

332/332/332/332/332/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf; ESpfcsKyf (1991) pm 316 - 317/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/ewfEG,f? rdrdESif hpma&;q&mrsm;? pm 186 - 246/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)pma&;q&mBuD; OD;aomfZif (1907 - 1990)

uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf

(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/(23-9-90)/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) armifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkarmifxGef;0if; (odyÜHbGJU? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpk

pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/pm&if; (1987)/

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/pm 68- 69/


OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)OD;aomif;ñGefY (a½Tydefaomif;)

owif;pmq&m OD;aomif;ñTefY (a&Tydefaomif;) udk 1908

ckESpfwGif 'g;ydefNrdKU? rtlpkydkifae ukefonf OD;cif? a':Ek,HkwdkYrS

arG;zGm;onf/

OD;aomif;ñGefYonf i,fpOfu &efukefNrdKU ta&SUydkif;

a&ausmfrufo'pf ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? NrdKUrtrsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif; ynmoif,lcJYonf/ t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef; pmar;yJGudk NrdKUrausmif;rS

atmifjrifcJ Yonf/ ausmif;aepOfausmif;om;a&;&mrsm;udk tm;wufoa&m

aqmif&GufcJYoljzpfonf/ uAsm? 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; ausmif;om;b0uyif

pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ a&Tydefaomif; [laom uavmiftrnfudk ausmif;om;b0u

yif pwif,lcJYonf/ ausmif;ae&if; owif;axmufwpfydkif;jzpfum jrefrmYtvif;

twGuf ½kyf&Sifowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;aomif;ñGefYonf ausmif;rSxGufonfESifY jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif

vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf (1935 ckESpfrS 1948 ckESpftxd) aqmif&GufcJYonf/

1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpftxd jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;

aumif;? uG,fvGefonfYtcsdeftxd wJGzuft,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJY

onf/ jrefrmYtvif; owif;pmwdkufwGif 1961 ckESpftxd 26 ESpfrQ wm0efxrf;aqmif

cJYonf/

OD;aomif;ñGefYonf 1953-54 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif; Ouú|

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958-59 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif;Ouú|

tjzpfvnf;aumif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ig;yg;oDv apmifYxdef;a&;tzJGY trIaqmif

vlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; jyZmwftpnf;t½Hk; trIaqmifvlBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;

½kyf&SifqifqmtzJGUü pma&;q&mtoif;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0if

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;aomif;ñGefYonf ½k&S? w½kwf? t*Fvef? jyifopf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;? [efa*&D

tp&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;odkY owif;pmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ NrdKUrausmif;om;b0uyif '*kef?


u0drsufrSef paom a&S;acwfpme,fZif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;cJYonf/

½kyf½SifZmwfñTef;rsm;ESifY owif;pmtcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; a&;om;cJYonf/

*syefacwfwGif *syeftpdk;&0g'jzefYjzL;a&;Xmeu xkwfa0onfY *&dwfwm;at&S

owif;pmwdkuf\ 1943 ck yxrtMudrf *&dwfwm;at&S pmayqkNydKifyJGwGif ]]Adkvf

at&S}} 0w¬KjzifY 0w¬Kyxr&&dScJYonf/ 1950jynfYESpf pma&;q&mtoif;u MuD;rSL;

usif;yaom pmqdkawmfaeY aqmif;yg;NydKifyJGwGif yxra&TwHqdyfqk&&dScJYonf/ xif½Sm;

aom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm cspforQudk? ok0PÖpED´? vlxl;vlqef;? ajrpmyif wdkYjzpfonf/

vlxl;vlqef;udk yJa&mY½kyf½SifukrÜPDu ½kyf&Sif½dkufonf/

OD;aomif;ñGefYonf 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -'*kefa&TrQm; jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm 455 -

456/456/456/456/456/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfhOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/pm 32 - 33/


OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)OD;oeYf (oDv0)

pma&;q&moDv0trnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;oefYudk

1909 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 22 &ufaeY? aomMumaeYwGif rtlyif

c½dkif? yef;waemfNrdKUü tz OD;zdk;ESpf? trd a':eef;aomifwdkYrS

zGm;jrifonf/ zcifOD;zdk;ESpfonf tdE´d,EdkifiH? uvuwåm;&Sd

[efYwm;aumvdyfrS (Oypmwef;) atmifjrifcJhonf/ ajrydkif&Sif? qefpufydkif&Sif? ol&d,

owif;pm &S,f,mtpk0if wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ OD;oefYonf arG;csif;av;a,muf

teuf tBuD;qHk;om;jzpfonf/ nDoHk;OD;rSmpma&;q&m ygvDref trwfa[mif;? OD;cefY?

0efBuD;csKyf\twGif;0efOD;aomif;? jrefrmEdkifiHtBuD;wef;0efxrf; OD;wifarmifwdkY

jzpfonf/

OD;oefYonf yef;waemfNrdKU OD;b[ef\jrefrmpmoifausmif;? 0dkiftrfbDat

tv,fwef;ausmif;? trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynm

oif,lcJhonf/ 1926ckESpfwGif yef;waemf trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;

atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1928ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS Oypmwef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf

nDi,frsm;\ynma&;udkiJhí trsKd;om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;onf/ t*Fvdyf

jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh pme,fZif;rsm;wGifpma&;om;cJhonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf? rwfv

28 &ufaeYwGif txufwef;q&mjzpfvufrSwf& pmar;yGJü wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif 'kwd,&

onf/

1934 ckESpfwGif yef;waemfNrdKUtxufwef;a&SUaeOD;oif;? aq;vdyfcHkydkif&Sif

a':aus;wdkU\orD; rodef;wifESifh xdrf;jrm;cJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfrS 1931 ckESpftxd

yef;waemftrsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpfvnf;

aumif;? 1931 ckESpfrS 1942 ckESpftxd yef;waemf trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;tkyf

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpf (*syefacwf) wGif yef;waemfNrdKU?

tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDtzGJY0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhynma&;pDrHudef;opfa&;qGJ

a&;aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1947ckESpfrS 1948ckESpftxd

zqyvtzGJYcsKyf jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1948 ckESpf? arv 1 &ufaeY

wGif jyefMum;a&;Xmevufaxmuf twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1949 ckESpf?


pufwifbmvwGif twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif

0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1955 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIzlvHka&;

bkwftzGJU twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1957 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHqfdkif&mukvor*¾ tNrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/

OD;oefYonf EdkifiHh0efxrf;b0wGif EdkifiHawmfucsD;jr§ifhcJhaom 0PÖausmfxifbGJYudk

1949 ckESpfü vnf;aumif;? oD&dysHcsDbGJYudk 1953 ckESpfüvnf;aumif;? pnfolbGJUukd

1957 ckESpfüvnf;aumif;? r[moa&pnfolbGJUudk 1960 jynfhESpfüvnf;aumif;

toD;oD;&&SdcJhonf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif rm&S,fwD;wdk;\ ,l*dkqvyf wHcGefbGJYwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifh

jcif; cHcJh&onf/

OD;oefYonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;b0uyif 'óeduaA'toif;

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&;toif; &moufyeftoif;0if

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHynmjyefYyGm; a&;toif;0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJh

onf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfaumfrwD0ifvnf;jzpfcJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyefpmaytoif;? jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;? 'Drdkua&pDjyefYyGm;

a&;toif;? jrefrmEdkifiHurÇmha&;&maumifpDESifh 1952 ckESpfwGif½kyf&SifqifqmtzGJY

Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;oefYonf 1961ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (3) &uffaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf;b0rS

ukvor*¾0efxrf;tjzpfajymif;um tjrifhqHk;&mxl;jzpfonfh ukvor*¾twGif;0efcsKyf

(tprf;) a&G;cs,fcefYtyfcH&onf/

1962 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (30) &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

yxrig;ESpfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&onf/ 1967 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif

'kwd,ig;ESpfwm0efudk qufvufta&G;cH&onf/ 1971 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeY

wGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

ukvor*¾twGif;0efcsKyfb0wGif urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ydokumwpfOD;taejzifh

usL;bm;ta&;tcif;? qdkufy&yfjyóem? AD,uferfjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&mwGif

xif&Sm;cJhonf/


OD;oefYonf urÇmw0Srf;&SdwuúodkvftoD;oD;u *kPfxl;aqmift,fvft,f

vf'Da'gufwmbGJU (17) bGJY csDjr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1966ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26

&ufaeYwGifEdkifiHwumcspfMunfa&;? em;vnf;rI&&Sda&; BudK;yrf;csuftwGuf csDjr§ifhaom

ae½l;qk (½lyD;aiGwpfodef;) &&SdcJhonf/ qkaiGrsm;udk ukvor*¾EdkifiHwumqdkif&m

ausmif; &efyHkaiGodkYvSL'gef;cJhonf/

OD;oefYonf i,fpOfuyifpma&;pmzwf 0goemxufoefcJhonf/ b0&nfrSef;

csufrSm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pme,fZif;wnf;jzwfxkwfa0a&;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfpm

ta&;tom;xl;cRefí pme,fZif;rsm;wGif t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifh pmay? ynm

a&;? EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; rsm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/ yxrOD;qHk;yHkESdyfpmrludk

touf 15 ESpft&G,fwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;cJhonf/ 1925 ckESpf? pufwif

bmvxkwf ]]bm;rm;bdGKif;paumuf}} r*¾Zif;wGif azmfjycHcJh&onf/ t*Fvdyfjrefrm

ESpfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom *E¦avmur*¾Zif; bmomjyefNydKifyGJwGif av;Budrfwdkifwdkif

yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/

jrefrmpma&;om;rIwGifvnf; OD;oefY\uavmifpGrf;udk ]]oDv0}} [laom

uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;cJhaompmrsm;udk avhvmMunfhyguodEdkifayonf/ jrefrmh

tvif;owif;pm\ acgif;BuD;ydkif;a&;om;cJholrsm;txJwGif OD;oefYonfvnf; wpfOD;

tyg0ifjzpfcJh&m? 0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0efwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaecsdeftxd jrefrmh

tvif;owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif;udka&;om;cJhNyD; atmifjrifaomacgif;BuD;ydkif;a&;

q&mrsm;xJü wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf/

pma&;jcif;? pmzwfjcif;? tvkyfwGifarGUavsmfol OD;oefYonf tcsdefjynfh owif;

pmq&m? pma&;q&mjzpfzdkY BudK;yrf;&if; &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodkY ra&mufEdkif&SmbJ

ol\tBuHtpnfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&csdefü

ysufjym;oGm;cJh&aMumif;rSwfom;&onf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&onfh 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkif

v 19 &ufaeY naeydkif;wGif OD;Eku OD;oefYtm;ac:,lNyD; jyefMum;a&;Xmeü

ñTefMum;a&;0eftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef wm0efay;tyfvdkufonf/ ,if;odkYwm0ef


ay;tyfjcif;rcH&rDu OD;oefYonf r*¾Zif;wpfapmifxkwfa0&efpDpOfxm;onf [kod&

onf/

OD;oefYa&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf pmtkyftcsKd Yudkazmfjy&vQif

NrdKUjyajryHkrsm; (12) tkyf (1934)? EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD;ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf (1934)?

ArmopfESifhynmopf (1945)? jynfawmfomc&D; (3) wGJ (1960)? OD;oeffY\pm (1967)

wdkYjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Toward World Peace, Speeches and Public State-

ments (1957-1963), Portfolio for Peace (1970) wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;oefYonf 1971 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾taxGaxG

twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&mxl;rS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf wm0ef

tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk ]]urÇmhordkif;}} trnfjzifh pmtkyfESpftkyfa&;&ef tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkü qufvufaexdkifonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif vkyfief;NyD;qHk;&ef&nf&G,fcJh

onf/ xdkYaemuf jrefrmjynfwGifjyefvnfaexdkif&efBuH&G,fcJhonf/

OD;oefYonf 1974 ckESpf? Edkif0ifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

e,l;a,mufNrdKU udkvHbD,maq;½HkBuD;ü uifqma&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\cspfMunfa&; MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\

olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/olwdkYb0? olwkdYtawGUtBuHK? pm-1-19/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100? yxrwGJ? pm-

185-192/185-192/185-192/185-192/185-192/


OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)OD;oef;wifY ("l0H)

armfvNrdKifNrdKU? ½Sifr[mAk'aCmoausmif;ESifY tif;pdefNrdKU? tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;

wdkYwGif ynmoif,lcJYNyD;? 1925-26 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&mufcJYonf/

1929- 30 jynfYESpfwGif 0dZÆmbJGU &&dScJYonf/

jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkuf\ e,fvSnfYowif;axmuftjzpf 1930 jynfYESpf

wGif aqmif&Gufí owif;pmavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif jrefrmh

tvif;owif;pmwdkuf\ e,fvSnfY"mwfyHkowif; axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

xdkYaemuf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm\ &efukefowif;axmuf? bmomjyef t,f'Dwmjzpf

vmonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm wm0efcHt,f'Dwmjzpfvmonf/

1933 ckESpfrSpí '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif "l0HuavmiftrnfjzifY 0w¬Kpwifa&;om;cJYonf/

tjcm;uavmiftrnfrsm;rSm ESif;qD? avayG? csdefcGif? rsufvHk;? a';a0g wdkYjzpfMuonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf 1937-38 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmü ]owif;

axmuf} trnf&dS tcef;quf0w¬K a&;om;cJYonf/ acwfopfowif;pmwGifvnf;

tcef;quf0w¬Ka&;om;cJhonf/ 1946-47 ckESpfwGif ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;udk t,f'Dwm

tjzpf wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;rSEkwfxGufcJYonf/

ta½SUwdkif;r*¾Zif; &yfoGm;aomtcg jyefMum;a&;XmewGif e,fvSnfYvlrIqufqHa&;

t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY usqHk;NyD;onfhaemufwGif

jyefMum;a&;XmerSEkwfxGufcJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&½kyf&SifESifY jyZmwfXmewGif

'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;0ef? nGefMum;a&;0eftjzpf 1953 ckESpftxd trIxrf;cJYonff/

1953 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&½kyf&SifESifY jyZmwfXmerS EkwfxGufcJYjyD;? &efukefowif;pm

ESifY ArmYacwfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'DwmtzJGY0iftjzpfaqmif&GufjyD;? ]avayG}

uavmiftrnfjzifY yifwdkifaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJYonf/

pma&;q&m"l0HtrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;oef;wifYudk

1908 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 17 &ufaeYwGif jynfc½dkif? atmifvHNrdKUü

tNidrf;pm; ta&;ydkif OD;cufESifY a':rrBuD; wkdkYrSarG;zGm;onf/

OD;oef;wifYonf awmifilNrdKU? pdefvlYpftxufwef;ausmif;?


OD;oef;wifYonf ]avayG} aqmif;yg;rsm;aMumifY 1954 ckESpfwGif xdef;odrf;cHcJY&

onf/ xdkESpftukefwGif axmifrSvGwfNyD;? ]csdefcGif} uavmiftrnfjzifY ArmYacwf

owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;jyefa&;cJYonf/ 1955-56 ckESpfwGif &efukefowif;pmESifY

ArmYacwfowif;pmwdkYwGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf/

1956 ckESpf? {jyDv 13 &ufwGif jynfaxmifpkowif;pmwdkufudk pwif

wnfaxmifaomtcg jynfaxmifpk owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfvmonf/ xdkYaemuf

ydkif;wGif jynfaxmifpk? jrefrmYtvif;? [Hom0wD? rdk;BudK; ponfh owif;pmwdkYü

tcef;quf0w¬K½Snfrsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ vSsdKU0SufoJzdk? pHkaxmuf0w¬Krsm;udk t"du

a&;om;í &Hzef&Hcg &mZ0if0w¬Krsm;udkvnf; a&;om;avY&dSygonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf 1964 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkowif;pmudk tpdk;&xHodkY

tyfvdkufonfY tcsdefrSpí 0w¬Ka&;q&mtjzpf &yfwnfvmcJY\/ 0w¬K½Snfaygif;

wpf&mausmfa&;om;cJY\/ rsm;pGmaom 0w¬KwdkYrSm t*¾ga0gavYpf? AmA&muufo&if;?

a'g&pfvpfpavESifY jyifopfpma&;q&m a*smY*sufa[;,m;wdkY\ 0w¬Krsm;udk rSD;aom

0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf 1957 ckESpf pmayAdrmef0w¬K½Snfqkudk ]*Grf;yHk} 0w¬KjzifY &&dScJY

onf/ OD;oef;wifY\ xif½Sm;aom pmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm rdkufcJxGef;a&T? rdkuf½l;&J?

*Grf;yHk? cifav;MuD;? jrwfav;? aZmf0if;? eef;xdkufwJY yef;rudk#f? pHy,f? cifESif;jzL?

udkbdk;od? wpfoufvHk;zHk;orQuHk;awmYrSay:? rvm? wpfudk,fawmf? cspfolYusdefpm?

aysmufaomol? jy'g;½Sif? vlopf? yef;em? ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif OD;cspfarmif t,f'DwmcsKyf

tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfu OD;cspfarmif\vufatmufü t,f'DwmwpfOD;

tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJY&onf/ jrefrmYtvif;rS OD;cspfarmif EkwfxGufoGm;aom

tcgusrS t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0efudk OD;oef;wifYu,lcJY&onf/

OD;oef;wifY\vufxufwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmudk OD;apmtpdk;&u 15

&ufMumrQ ydwfypfcJY\/

xdktcsdefonf AdkvfatmifausmfudpöaMumifY a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefYaygif;tpdk;&

jyKwfusoGm;cJhjyD; OD;ykESifY OD;apmwdkYyl;aygif;jyD; tpdk;&tzJGUwufvmonfhtcsdefjzpfjyD;


xdktpdk;&tzJGYudk owif;pmrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;wkdufckdufcJYMuonf/

þtajctaersdK;wGif NAdwdoQrsufESmjzLvlrsdK; tdkifpDtufpfwpfOD;jzpfaom

rtlyifc½dkifta&;ydkif rpöwm0ufzfpwm; qdkolonf rtlyifc½dkifyef;waemfNrdKUe,f

rif;*½k&GmwGifwnf&SdonfY bk&m;wpfql\ y&0PftwGif;odkY bdeyfpD;í0ifa&mufcJY

onf/

xdkowif;udk wdk;wufa&;owif;pmu rsufESmzHk;wGif 6 vdkif; acgif;pnf;rnf;

MuD;jzifY azmfjycJYavonf/ ,if;owif;ay:wGif tajcjyKjyD; jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmu

1940 jynfYESpf Edk0ifbmv26 &ufaeYxkwf owif;pmacgif;MuD;ydkif; 'kwd,acgif;MuD;

owif;ESifY rSwfcsuftcef;ü ]tdkifpDtufpf} rsm;acgif;pOfjzifY jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zef

½Iwfcsa&;om;cJYonf/ ,if;a&;om;csufudktaMumif;jyKjyD;? eef;&if;0efOD;apm tpdk;&u

umuG,fa&;tufOya'yk'fr 34 (6) tufzfusLESifY umuG,fa&; Oya'yk'fr 41

(41) (bD) t& 1940 jynfYESpf? Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufaeYupí jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm

udk 15 &ufMumydwfypfvdkufonf/

jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm tydwfcH&jyD; aemufwpfaeY Edk0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif

OD;oef;wifYonf eef;&if;0efMuD; OD;apmESifY oGm;a&mufawGYqHkcJYonf/

rtlyifc½dkifta&;ydkif rpöwm0ufzfpwmu 4if;\owif;udk a&;om;azmfjyrIESifY

ywfoufí wdk;wufa&;owif;pmwm0efcH t,f'Dwm OD;oef;xGef;xHay;ydkYvdkufaom

qJa&;wdkif;xGmxm;onfY pmwpfapmifudkvnf; OD;oef;wifYu ,laqmifoGm;jyD; OD;apm

udkjyocJYonf/

OD;apmu xdkrdwåLpmudk ,lxm;jyD; pHkprf;ppfaq;cJYonf/ rsufESmjzLta&;ydkifMuD;

udk,fwdkifa&;om;xm;aMumif; rSefuefaeí aemufav;ig;&uftMumwGif OD;oef;wifY

onf OD;apmESifYxyfrHawGYqHkcJYjyefonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf OD;apmESifY 'kwd,tMudrfawGY&aomtcgwGif OD;apmu jrefrmY

tvif;owif;pmudk 15 &ufMumvQif jyefxkwfa0Edkif&ef cGifYjyKrnf[k uwday;vdkuf

onf/

odkYaomfvnf; 11 &ufavmufMumvmonfYtcsdeftxd jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm

jyefxkwfa0Edkifa&;ESifYywfoufí OD;apmxHrS rnfonfYtaMumif;jyefcsufrS r&&dSao;


bJ&dSaeonf/ xdkodkY&dSaepOf wpfaeYaomnwpfnwGif OD;apmu 4if;\aetdrfodkY

vma&muf&ef OD;oef;wifYtm; zdwfac:vdkufavonf/

xdkYaMumifY OD;oef;wifYonf OD;apm\ aetdrfodkY oGm;a&mufcJYonf/ OD;apmu

OD;oef;wifhtm; vufcHawGYqHk&mwGif todoufaorsm;tjzpf [Hom0wDowif;pm

wdkufydkif&Sif jAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&SifukrÜPD (nGefYjrefrm) olaX;OD;ñGefY? jrefrmhtvif;

owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;pdrf;? OD;bdk;b? paomrdwfaqGrsm;udk ac:,lxm;avonf/

OD;oef;wifYudkawGYaomtcg OD;apmu ]]rdrdudka0zefa&;om;csifovdk a&;om;

yg? rdrdaumif;wmvkyfvQifvnf; axmufcHyg? csDK;usL;yg? odkYaomf r[kwfrrSefaom

vkyfMuHowif;rsm;udkawmY ra&;ygESifY}} [k arwåm&yfcH ajymMum;jyD;aemuf OD;oef;wifh

xHrS uwday;xm;&efawmif;qdkavonf/

xdktcgOD;oef;wifYu OD;apmudk ]]a&;csifovdka0zef a&;om;yg[laom yxr

tcsufudk axmufcHaMumif; aumif;wmvkyfvQifaxmufcHyg? csD;usL;ygqdkaom 'kwd,

tcsufudkrlum; vufrcHEdkifaMumif;}} jyefajymavonf/

OD;apmu OFD;oef;wifY\ ajymqdkcsufrSm w&m;rQwjcif;r&dSbJ rw&m;yg[lí

jyefajymonf/ OD;oef;wifYu OD;apmonfvnf; owif;pmq&mwpfOD;jzpfaeí owif;

pm\oabmw&m;udk em;vnfxm;jyD; jzpfvdrfYrnfxifaMumif; ajymqdkum owif;pm

q&m\ usifY0wfESifY owif;\ oabmw&m;udk&Sif;jyonf/

OD;oef;wifY\ &Sif;jycsufxJwGif ]],ckOD;apmrSm wdkif;jynfu wifajr§mufxm;

onfY acgif;aqmifMuD; wpfOD;jzpfaeí wdkif;jynfaumif;aMumif;vkyfonfY tvkyfrsm;

udkom a&;om;ae&vQif owif;pm wpfapmifru? q,f apmifa&;vQifyif ukefEdkifrnf

r[kwfaMumif; ? eef;&if;0efBuD; OD;apmtaejzifY raumif;rIjyKvkyfvQif wdkif;jynf\

opömudkazmufzsufjcif;jzpfí azmfxkwfa&;om;vdkufvQif owif;wefzdk;&dSaMumif;}}

ponfwdkYyg&dSavonf/

xdktcg OD;apmu ]]OD;oef;wifY\ &Sif;jycsufrsm;udk vufcHygonf/ aumif;wm

vkyfí raxmufcHonfjzpfap? raumif;wmvkyfí a0zef½Iwfcsonfjzpfap? ta&;

rMuD;yg/ odkY&mwGif 4if;\taMumif;udk r[kwfrrSefbJ vkyfMuHa&;onfY owif;rsdK;udkrl

um; ra&;ygESifY}} [k xyfrHwifjy awmif;qdkjyefavonf/


OD;apm\awmif;qdfkcsufESifY pyfvsOf;í OD;oef;wifYu ]]r[kwfrrSefonfY vkyfMuH

owif;rsdK;qdkonfrSm t"dyÜm,f us,f0ef;vSaMumif;}} udk&Sif;jyjyD;aemuf ol&d,owif;

pmMuD;\ t,f'DwmcsKyfMuD;vnf;jzpf? wdkif;jynf\ eef;&if;0efMuD;vnf;jzpfaeaom

OD;apm\ *kPfodu©m? vlusifY0wfESifY ywfoufaeonfY owif;wpfyk'fudk jrefrmY

tvif;owif;pm\ OD;wnfcsufESifYrudkufnDí rxnfYoGif;razmfjybJ csefvSyfxm;cJY

zl;aMumif;udk xkwfazmfajymjyavonf/

þodkY OD;oef;wifY\ zGifY[ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk Mum;&aomtcg OD;apmonf

idkifusoGm;cJYavawmYonf/ pdwfwGifvnf; xdcdkufoGm;yHk&ayonf/

OD;oef;wifYu uGsefawmfwdkYonf r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHaom owif;rsdK;udk xnfY&ef

a0;pG? rSefuefaeygvsufESifY wdkif;jynftwGuf tusdK;rjrifaom owif;udk rxnfYoGif;

razmfjycJYaMumif;} xyfrHajymjyvdkufao;onf/

OD;oef;wifY\ zGifY[ajymqdkcsufrsm;aMumifY aemufxyfrnfodkYrQ arwåm&yfcH

rae&awmYbJ? OD;apmu 15 &ufapYonfYaeYwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmudk xkwfa0

cGifYay;vdkufavawmYonf/

þum;e,fcsJUacwftpdk;&ESifY owif;pmwdkY wdkufyJGwGif owif;pmbufu tEdkif

&½dScJYjcif;yif jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/

OD;oef;wifhrSm 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;ukd tjynfht0ay;ygrnf[lí a<u;aMumf

wufvmcJhaom y.x.p tpkd;&\ owif;pmrsm; vGwfvyfcGifhudk yxrOD;qHk;zdESdyfcsKyf

cs,fcJhonfhudpöwGif &J&J&ifh&ifh wkdufyGJ0ifatmifyGJcHcJhaom *g;'D;,ef; OD;pdef0if; (�� ) a&Tuavmifqk&\ OD;av;awmfolvnf;jzpfonf/

OD;oef;wifYonf 1989 ckESpf? ZGefv 10 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;/ pm 60-62/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ (1990) pm224-225/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\cspfMunfa&;MunfnTefY? owif;pmq&mMuD; rsm;\

olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/olwdkYb0? olwdkY tawGYtMuHK? pm 75-90/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) &mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfY OD;pdk;nTefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/pm 28-29/


OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)OD;oef;armif (rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif)

owif;pmq&m OD;oef;armifudk 1924 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv

6 &ufaeYwGif tz rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if? trd a':oufpkwdkYu

rEÅav;NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;oef;armifonf 1946 ckESpfwGif bDatbGJU&&SdcJhNyD;? 1967

ckESpfwGif bDt,fbGJY &&SdcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif zcifuG,fvGefí rEÅav;ol&d,

owif;pmudk ppftNyD;wGif om;jzpfol OD;oef;armifu jyefvnfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1945

ckESpf? rEÅav; z.q.y.v tzGJUwGif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (2) tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh

onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m

ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;oef;armifonf tdEd,? 'def;rwf? csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;? [efa*&D? ,l*dk

pvm;AD;,m; EdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/

OD;oef;armifonf 1949 ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf ul;ajymif;í

awmcdkcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif tvif;0ifcJhNyD; owif;pmq&mtjzpf NAdwdef? MopaMw;

vs? puFmyl? a[mifaumifESifh w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

1962 ckESpfwGifrEÅav;NrdKU (84) vrf;? (21) vrf;ESifh (23) vrf;Mum; 'g;wef;&yf

wGifwnf&SdcJhaom ol&d,owif;pm&yfpJcH&onf/ OD;oef;armifonf 1986 ckESpfwGif

w&m;½Hk;csKyfa&SUaetjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;oef;armifonf 1996 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGifteD;pcef; aetdrfü uG,fvGefcJh

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm - 332


OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)OD;oef;a&T (oef;aqG)

pma&;q&moef;aqG trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;oef;a&T

udk 1926 ckESpfwGif tzOD;baomif;? trda':wifwdkYu &efukef

NrdKU urm&Gwf üarG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;oef;a&Tonf i,fpOfuwnf;uyif ausmif;p&dwfudk

udk,fwdkif&SmazGum udk,fxl;udk,fcRefynmoif,lcJholjzpfonf/ pHy,fyef;udk,fwdkif

oDuHk;a&mif;cJhzl;onf/ owif;pma&mif;cJhzl;onf/ yef;xdrfynmoif,lcJhzl;onf/

*syefacwfwGif *syefpmoif,lcJhNyD; *syefpum;jyeftjzpf weoFm&Dwdkif;tESHY a&mufzl;cJh

onf/ *syefacwfwGif i,ftrnf ]]oef;a&T}} udk ]]oef;aqG}} trnfajymif;onf/

odkYaomf trnfwGifjcif;r&Sd/ ]]ightouftpdwfus&if iga&;wJhpmawGudk yHkESdyfpmvHk;

tjzpfudk a&mufatmifvkyfr,f}} [ktouf 13 ESpfom;t&G,fuwnf;u BuHK;0g;cJh

onf/ *syefacwf vufa&;pmapmifwdkYü 0w¬Kwdk? uAsm ponfwdkY a&;aomtcg

]]rif;vGif}} uavmiftrnfwyfcJhonf/

ppfNyD;acwfwGif a&S;OD;pGmay:xGef;xif&Sm;vmMuonfY vli,fuavmif&Sifrsm;

wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfcJYonf/ pma&;q&m 'g½dkufwm OD;okc\ ]]csrf;ompmapmif}}

rSaeíyxrqHk;vuf&m ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} ukd 1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 30 &ufwGif

xkwfa0cJhonf/ wnf;jzwfol okcu ]]rif;vGif}} [laomuavmif trnfudkrBudKuf

ojzifY rdrdukd,fudk rdrdrSnfYxm;aom ]]oef;aqG}} trnfwyfcJYonf/ 0w¬KtzHk;wGif

]]okc\0w¬Kudk ESpfoufolwdkif; þ0w¬KudkrkcsBudKuf&rnf}} [k oabmyg&SdonfY

pmwef;uav;a&;xdk;xm;onf/ ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} onf Mum;zl;onfY EdkifiHjcm;rS tjzpf

tysufwpfckudk tajcwnfuma&;om;xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} 0w¬KjzifY

yifpwifausmfMum; vlBudKufrsm;vmcJY\/ þodkYjzifYtouf 20 t&G,fwGif pmay

avmuü pwifajccscJYavonf/

OD;oef;a&Tonf ]]cspfa<u;rajy}} xkwfa0NyD;aemuf ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;wdkuf

wGJzuft,f'Dwm OD;pdefarmifxHwGif yHkESdyfvkyfief;ESifYqdkif&mrsm;udk avYvmqnf;yl;&if;

*sme,fausmfokdY 0w¬Kwdkuav;rsm; a&;om;ay;ydkYonf/ xdkYaemuf ta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;rS


xGufcJYum csrf;ompmapmifwGif okcESifYwGJzufxkwfa0onfY 1947 ckESpfrSmyif pmay

avmuxJokdY ajcpHkypf0ifcJhonf/

csrf;ompmapmifudk ½Ir0yHkESdyfpufwGif½kdufESdyfaepOf pmya'omudk ulnDvkyfudkif

ay;cJYonf/ csrf;ompmapmif &yfoGm;aomtcg pmya'omwGif pdwfa&mudk,fyg

jr§KyfESHvkyfudkifcJYjyefonf/ þwGif wifYw,fESifYawGYqHkcJY&mrS taemufwdkif;pmay avmu

ESifY qHkpnf;cJY&onf/ 0w¬Ka&;enf;twwfynmpmtkyfrsm;udkzwfcJY&onf/ wufwdk;ESifY

awGYqHkaomtcg urÇmY*E¦0ifpmtkyfrsm;ESifYqHk&jyefonf/ rMumrDyif ]]cspfoHk;vD}}

0w¬Kudk xkwfa0cJYjyef&m xdyfwef;odkYa&muf&Sdaponftxd atmifjrifcJYayonf/

tvGrf;0w¬Ka&;q&m[k todtrSwfjyK&awmYonf/

OD;oef;a&Tonf 1947 ckESpf ZGefv½Ir0r*¾Zif;pwifxkwfa0aomtcg ½Ir0

0dkif;awmfom;? 1947 ckESpf rwfvwGif ½Ir0vcpm;pma&;q&m? 1947 ckESpf atmufwdk

bmvukefwGif ya'omr*¾Zif;odkYa&mufjyefonf/ 1948 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif

aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 'DZifbmvwGif aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;rS jyefxGufum 1949 ck

Zefe0g&DvwGif ½Ir0ütvkyfjyef0ifcJYonf/ þokdYjzifYta&SUwdkif;r*¾Zif;? csrf;om

pmapmif? pmya'om? ½Ir0? ya'om? aoG;aomuf? bmomjyefr*¾Zif;? jr0wD? aomw

&Sif ponfYpmapmifr*¾Zif;BuD;rsm;wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;oef;a&Tonf pD;yGm;a&;? a&SUaqmif? ArmYacwf? rdk;BudK;? aMu;rHkponfY owif;

pmrsm;wGifvnf; t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;

q&m toif;pmayjydKifyGJwGif pmayqka&TwHqdyfcsD;jrSifYjcif; cHcJY&onf/

*Dwüvnf;pdwf0ifpm;av&m? wa,mxdk;uRrf;usifonfYjyif aw;oDcsif;rsm;

a&;zGJYcJYonf/ *Dweufoef udkapmndef;? atmifvif;wdkYESifY wGJzuftoHvTifYcJYonf/

]]vmvkvkai;}} ESifY ]]cspfwJYol&JU&ifcGif}} ½kyf&Sifrsm;wGif yg0ifo½kyfaqmifcJYonf/

&efuif;½kyf&Sif? &efukef½kyf&SifponfY ½kyf&SifukrÜPDrsm;wGif ½kyf&Sif0w¬KZmwfñTef;rsm;

a&;ay;cJYonf/ pmay? *Dw? ½kyf&Sif? tEkynme,fy,fwdkYwGif vlodrsm;xif&Sm;cJYonf/

vlwdkif;tay:apwemxm;wwfNyD;? aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aexdkifwwfoljzpfí vlwdkif;\

cspfcifav;pm;rIukd cH,l&olwpfOD;jzpfonf/


OD;oef;a&T\ xif&Sm;aompmayvuf&mtcsdKUrSm cspfa<u;rajy? a<uvkonf;

i,fudk? cspfoHk;vD? arY&ufEdkifw,f? zkef;arYavovm;? jraoG;? aESmif;? oHomav

urf;wdkif? BuHKcJYw,f? wpfae0if? cspfxHwsm&Sif? cspfjcif;*½kPm? cspfrdjyefawmYvnf;?

cspfrdk;cspfajr? wpfoufvsm? awmpHy,f? wHkYum0#fwif? ydk;zsufwJYyef;? b,faomtcg

rS? ESif;<uif;tkHYys? ay:aev0,f? ,k? ykvJ? om;wdkY½kyf&nf? ca&mif;awm ponfwdkY

jzpfonf/

OD;oef;a&Tonf 1964 ckESpf? {NyD 14 &ufwGif tif;vsm;uefü a&epfuG,fvGef

cJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / &mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm&mjynfY OD;pdk;ñGefY? 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/ pm

133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/133 - 136/


OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)OD;odef; (Z0e)

pma&;q&mZ0etrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;odef;udk

qefukefonf tz OD;zdk;rif;ESifY trd a':jrwdkYrS 1911 ckESpf?

'DZifbmv 10&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif jynfNrdKU? BudK;wef;&yfü

arG;zGm;onf/

OD;odef;onf jynfNrdKUausmif;BuD;&yf&Sd OD;bdk;tdk jrefrm pmoifausmif;wGif pwkw¬

wef;txdynmoif,lNyD;aemuf 1920 jynfYESpfwGif jynfNrdKU trsdK;om;txufwef;

ausmif;odkYajymif;cJYonf/

13 ESpfom;t&G,f 8 wef;rSpí bm;rm;bdGKif; r*¾Zif;wGif ZmenfbGm;0w¬Kudk

pa&;cJYonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif 6 ESpfaeNyD; q,fwef;atmifpm&if;apmifYaepOf

1928 ckESpfwGif vef'eftwfr*¾Zif;ü Z0euavmiftrnfjzifY 0w¬Kwpfyk'fygcJYonf/

OD;odef;onf q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifY yDrdk;eif;wdkY\ pmayrsm;udkESpfoufí

twk,la&;om;cJYonf/ umwGef;[defpGef;ESifYwGJí ]]vmr,fvmr,frMunf&JU}} oDcsif;

udko½kyfazmfonfYumwGef;½kyf&Sifudk wDxGifcJYonf/ vef'eftwf½kyf&SifukrÜPDwGif

jrESif;qD½kyf&Sifum;twGuf bdkuav; OD;ouf&SnfESifYwGJzufa&;cJYonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif

q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; &efukefwuúokdvfokdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 1930 jynfYESpfwGif

&efukefwuúodkvfrS xGufcJYonf/ NAdwdoQbm;rm;½kyf&Sifü ZmwfñTef;a&;cJYonf/ ]]0dZ,

*sme,fwGJzufxkwfa0olESifY yk*HvufoD;pmapmif}} wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJYonf/

OD;odef;onf 1935 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhaeYpOfowif;pmwGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif jrefrmYtvif;owif;pmwGifbmomjyefESifY

vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/ BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; txl;

pmapmifwGif odMum;rif;OD;rmCpmajymifa&;cJYonf/ 1938 ck? arv 26 &ufaeYwGif

a':xm;td (0g) xm;ESifY vufxyfcJY&mom;orD; 6 OD;xGef;um;cJYonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif

ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0ef,l vkyfudkifcJYonf/

1942 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&mr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ pma&;

q&mtoif;twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ *syefEkdifiHtwGuf ouFef;0wf


[mo0w¬Kwpfyk'fa&;ay;cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif Z0e*sme,fpwifxkwfa0cJhonf/

bk&ifcH qma':refprpf jyefvmjcif;udk oa&mfí bk&ifcH0w¬K a&;om;cJhonf/ 1947

ckESpfwGif Z0eowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifESifYwGJí pma&;

q&mpmapmiftrSwf 2 wGif OD;odef; (Z0e) trnfjzifh wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkif

cJYonf/ *sme,fausmf? 'D;'kwf*sme,fESifY tdk;a0 aeYpOfowif;pmwdkYwGif t,f'Dwm

tjzpfvkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif AD,ifemüusif;yaom tm&S tmz&du pma&;

q&mrsm;ta&;ay: nDvmcHwufcJYonf/ 1955 ckESpfrS 1958 ckESpftxd uav;

*sme,fESifY jr0wDr*¾Zif;wdkY\ wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJYonf/ 1958

ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pmtpk&SifjzpfcJYí yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk

wm0ef,la&;om;cJYonf/ aomMumpmapmifwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJYonf/

1961 ckESpfwGif pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m OD;odef;azjrifYESifYtwl *syefjynf

wGifusif;yaom tm&S-tmz&du pma&;q&m nDvmcHodkYwufa&mufcJYonf/ 1962

ckESpfwGif udkif½dkwGif usif;yaomtm&S? tmz&du pma&;q&mrsm; 'kwd,tBudrf

nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfvHk;uRwfowif;axmuf oifwef;

ydkYcscsuf? owif;pmynmESifh ukd,fawGUowif;pmynmaumufEkwfcsufaqmif;yg;?

urÇmat;owif;axmufnDvmcHwdkYwGif a[majymcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfrSpí aMu;rHk

owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif aMu;rHkowif;pm

t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfrStNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/

OD;odef;onf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; zufqpfqefYusifa&;o½kyfazmf0dZ,

jyZmwfwGif ta&;ygaom Zmwfaqmiftjzpfyg0ifcJY&mrSpí pma&;q&mtoif;

jyZmwfrsm;wGif xif&Sm;aomZmwfaqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf/

pmayavmuokdY 1924 ckESpfwGif pwif0ifa&mufcJhNyD;aemuf tcspf? tvGrf;?

pHkaxmufESifY [mo0w¬Krsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1935 ckESpf aumvdyfausmif;om;0w¬K

udka&;om;NyD;aemuf? 1938 ckESpfwGif aumvdyf*sydk;? 1939 ckESpfwGif 'dkYausmif;om;0w¬K

rsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJYonf/

OD;odef;onf [mo0w¬Krsm;tjyif taxYtaigUpmrsm;a&;om;jcif;jzifYvnf;

xif&Sm;cJYolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ tygyHkajymr,f? OD;av;ajymr,f? Z0epmajymifwdkY


onf pma&;q&mZ0e\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ v,f,mvkyfom;b0

o½kyfazmfjzpfaom a&T0gqef (1945) 0w¬Konfvnf;xif&Sm;onf/ qdk;ay trnf&Sd

vli,fZmwfaqmifwpfOD;udk t"duZmwfaqmifjyKvsufa&;zGJYaom qdk;ay0w¬Krsm;

onfvnf;ausmfMum;onf/

OD;odef;onf ruG,fvGefrDuav;wGif rdrd\ukd,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk 1980 jynfYESpf

{NyDvrSpí aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;ü a&;om;cJYonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;umvtxd

a&;xm;aompmpkudk 1983 ckESpfwGif Z0e\ Z0e[laom trnfjzifY pmtkyffxkwfa0cJY

onf/

OD;odef;\ uavmifcGJrsm;rSm - ya&mfzufqmZ0aempuD;? armifodef; (jynf)?

&wemodef;? OD;odef; (Z0e) wdkYjzpfonf/

OD;odef;xkwfa0cJYaom pmtkyfrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm - "mwfyHkynm(1930)?

aumvdyfausmif;om; (1935-37)? aumvdyf*sydk; (1938)? wdkYausmif;om; (1939)?

olykefr (1940)? þ½ly (1940)? olUr,m; (1942)? ouFef;0wf (1943)? tysdKppfygyJ

&Sif? OD;av;yHkajymr,f (1945)? a&T0gqef (1945)? qm,dke,m; (1946)? 'dk;0rf;uD;

(1948)? tygyHkajymr,f (1949)? ta&SUqDuaveDMurf; (1952-bmomjyef)? tm&yf

tpöa&;ESifY aqG;aEG;yGJ (1978)? um;xJu rdef;uav; (1975)? uRefawmYvif

(1965)? ZrÁLwvl (1977) ESifY Z0e\ Z0e (1983) wkdYjzpfonf/

OD;odef;onf 1983 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif &efukefaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGef

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-172-173/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100/

pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/pm 54-56/


OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh)

pma&;q&modef;azjrifhtrnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;odef;az

udk ppfudkif;wdkif;? rHk&Gmc½dkif? bkwvifNrdKU ü ajrwdkif;pma&; OD;b?

a':jrifhwdkYrS 1914ckESpf Zlvdkif 10&ufaeY wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/

i,frnfrSm armifjrarmifjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf jrefrmausmif;wGifrl

armifodef;azjzpfonf/

OD;odef;azonf bkwvifNrdKU OD;zdk;OmPfausmif;wGif rlvwef;ynmudkvnf;

aumif;? rHk&GmNrdKUtrsKd;om;ausmif;ESifh Ak'¨bmomausmif;wdkYwGif txufwef;ynm

oif,lcJhonf/ 1932ckESpfwGif rHk&GmAk'¨bmomtxufwef;ausmif;rS 'orwef;udk

jrefrmpmESifh ocFsm*kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf 10 wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1932-33 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypm

aumvdyfodkY ynmoif,l&efa&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;rSwpfqifh &efukefwuúodkvfodkY

ajymif;a&TUynmoif,lcJh&m 1935ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmbGJY&&SdcJhonf/ 1935 ckESpfü wuúodkvf

ausmif;om;or*¾ (w.u.o) wGif trIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmNyD;? udkvkdeDynma&;udk

oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHYaqmfolwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/ 1936ckESpf 'kwd,ausmif;om;

oydwfarSmufaomtcg OD;odef;azonf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmcJh

onf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;odkY0ifa&mufcJhNyD; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1937-38 ckESpfwGif e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; ynma&;tzGJYi,ftrI

aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdktcgrSpí ociftrnfudkcH,lum

ocifodef;azjzpfvmonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1938ckESpfwGif tdEd,EdkifiH umvuwåm;wuúodkvfodkY wuf

a&mufí Oya'ynmESifh r[m0dZÆm (ygVd) udkoif,lqnf;yl;&if; b*Fvm;jynfe,f

ausmif;om;tzJGYcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh onf/ ,if;odkYynmoifMum;

aepOf ]]wufbkef;BuD;}} 0w¬Kudka&;om;cJh&m ajymifajrmufaom0w¬KjzpfcJhonf/

bkef;awmfBuD;avmuwGif tawmfyif*,uf½dkufcJh\/ ql;avbk&m;vrf; (bk&ifr

yef;NcH) ,ckAEKvyef;NcHaxmifh&Sd jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkufudk &[ef;ysKdrsm;0dkif;&H

<ua&mufvmcJhMu\/ owif;pmtoD;oD;wGifvnf; wufbkef;BuD;0w¬Ka&;ol odef;az


ESifh&[ef;awmfrsm; rcHr&yfEdkifonfhtaMumif;rsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh&m &uftawmf

Mumanmif;oGm;onf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; udkodef;az trnfa&SUwGif ]]wufbkef;BuD;}}

trnfwyfum ]]wufbkef;BuD; odef;az}}[kxif&Sm;vmcJhonf/

,if;aemuf wufbkef;BuD;odef;azonf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;0w¬K&SnfESifh

tjcm;aomaqmif;yg; tajrmuftjrm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1936 ckESpfavmufuyif

owif;pmq&mtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ yxrqHk; 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;&Sif

tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif owif;axmuftjzpfjzifhvnf;

aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1936 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,jynf vufuaemif;NrdKUüusif;yaom

tdEd,uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY owif;axmuftjzpfwufa&mufcJhonf/ 1939-40 jynfh

ESpfwGif ]]a,muFsm;*kPf&nf}} ½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwmESifh jrefrmh½kyf&SiftcsdKUwGif 'gf½dkufwm

tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif OD;apmbdvyfoGm;jyZmwfudk ]]waumif

<uuf}} uavmiftrnfjzifha&;cJhonf/ 1941-42 ckESpfwGif zufqpfqefYusifa&;

tiftm;pkrsm;\ pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;wGif

wufbkef;BuD;odef;az (c) ocifodef;azonfjrefrmjynfü r&SdbJ tdEd,jynfüom&Sdae

onfursm;cJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk\ pnf;½Hk;a&;

rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfapmapmydkif;wGif tdEd,jynfESifh w½kwfjynfodkY

oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1945 ckESpfwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;

a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJhNyD;? z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfwGif yxrqHk;zGJYpnf;aom OD;pD;tzGJY0ifwpfOD;

tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif z?q?y?v tzGJYcsKyfwGJzuftwGif;a&;

rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif

aom Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJYwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh opfawm0efBuD;tjzpf yg0if

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS EkwfxGufcJhonf/ bJvm;

a&;obifopfudkwDxGifjyocJhNyD; pdrf;a&mifpdktrnfjzifh nDñGwfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;

obifopfudk wifqufcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ol\odef;aztrnfudk rdciftrnf

]]jrifh}} jznfhum ]]odef;azjrifh}}[k ajymif;vJac:wGifvmcJhonf/


OD;odef;azonf 1952 ckESpfwGif jynfolYnDñGwfa&;ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;

a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif bkwvifNrdKUe,f yrnwtrwftjzpf

ta&G;cH&NyD; yrnw acgif;aqmifygvDreftrwftjzpf 1960 jynfhESpftxdaqmif&Guf

cJhonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmudk OD;aqmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; Adkvf

waxmifowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh tkyfcsKyfrI'g½dkufwmtjzpf jynfolydkiftodrf;cH&

onfhtxd aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;aemufydkif; Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmwGif yifwdkif

aqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1956-57? 1957-58? 1962-63 ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;

q&mtoif; OuúX tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&ufESifh jrefrm

w½kwfrdwfaqGjzpftoif;wdkYwGif yg0ifcJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpf tdEd,

EdkifiH? w½kwfEdkifiH? tD*spfEdkifiH? t*Fvef? *syef? AD,uferf? tar&duef? ½k&Sm;? ta&SU

*smrPD? ½lar;eD;,m; ponfhEdkifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufcJhonf/

1933 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv ol&d,owif;pmyg ]]rEÅav;tifwmrD'D,dwf ac:

Oypmausmif;ü tydkjrefrmpm oifjyydkYcsoifhjcif;}} aqmif;yg;rsm;onf OD;odef;az\

yxryHkESdyfpmrljzpfonf/ 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snf? aqmif;yg;? c&D;oGm;pmay? tw¬KyÜwåd?

EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh pmaya&;&mrsm;pGma&;om;cJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1958 ckESpfwGif ]]ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfhyrm}} jzifh pmay

Adrmef 0w¬K&Snfqk&&SdcJhNyD; ]]0daoowdkif;ordkif;tp}} jzifh 1967 ckESpf? trsKd;om;pmay

(pmya'om) yxrqkudkvnf;aumif;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ]]oDwmNyHK;}} 0w¬K&Snfjzifh

trsKd;om;pmay (0w¬K&Snf) pwkw¬qk&&SdcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGiftdEd,EdkifiHü t*Fvdyf

bmomjzifh What Happened in Burma (Myanmar) ESifh Over The Ashes wdkYudka&;om;

xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;odef;azonf odef;azjrifhuavmif trnfrsm;tjyif? 0aeiab? odef;ae

EG,f? wuúodkvftausmh? wpfaumif<uuf? OD;ausmufvHk;? odef;az? wufbkef;BuD;

odef;az? armifwl ponfhuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;odef;az\ xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rS tcsdKUudkazmfjy&vQif q&mvGef;

tw¬KyÜwåd? wufbkef;BuD;? wufacwfewfqdk;? OD;apmAdvwfoGm;jyZmwf? Zmwfq&m


OD;zdk;pdef? ppftwGif;c&D;onf awmfvSefa&;umv EdkifiHa&;tawGYtBuHKrsm;? ta½SUu

ae0ef;xGufonfhyrm? ausmfNidrf;? 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf? 0daoowdkif;ordkif;tp? wdkufyGJ0if

pmrsm;? oDwmNyHK;? wpfckaomaiG&wkobif? 60 ausmfrSa&;aom 0w¬Krsm;? uRefawmf

wdkU rGefjrefrm? wdkufyGJ0ifpmrsm;? oDwmNyHK;? wpfckaomaiG&wkobif? uRefawmfwdkUrGef

jrefrm? cspfMunfa&; c&D;onf? EkwifESifhaqGNidrf; b,folrSefovJ? ae&pfawmh

acwfa[mif;? jynfolUnDñGwfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmw&m;rsm;? yGifhyGifhvif;vif;

a,musmf;wdkYtaMumif;? bHk0g'ESifhwdkYArm? jrefrmpmaytaxGaxG jyóem? oydwf

arSmufausmif;om;? olwdkYvifr,m; (34) ESpf? tnmjyef? taemufudk avQmufygvdkY

ta½SUudkwJharQmfvdkuf&if? tPÖ0gc&D;onfESifh ykvJa'0D ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1962 ckESpfwGif ,Ofaus;rIaumifpDtzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif

&GufcJhonf/ 1970 jynfhESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtwdkifyifcHtjzpfjzifhvnf;

aumif;? 1973 ckESpfwGif jynfvHk;uRwfqEćH,lyJG aumfr&SifvlMuD;tjzpfjzifYvnf;

aumif;? yxrtMudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESifYjynfolUaumifpD tqifYqifYa&G;cs,f

wifajr§mufyJG usif;ya&;aumfr&SifvlMuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;odef;az\ ]]ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfYyrm}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm;bmomodkYvnf;

aumif;? a&eH0w¬KwdkESifY aiGpdefavSavSmf&if;wufusdK;jcif; 0w¬KwdkYudk ½k½Sm;ESifU *smref

bmomodkYvnf;aumif; jyefqdkcJYonf/ ol\ aemufqHk;vuf&mrSm 1977 ckESpf?

Edk0ifbmvESifY 'DZifbmvxkwf ½Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif ]]bdk;bdk;ESifY bGm;bGm;tcspfyGm;}} 0w¬K

½SnfESifY ]]olwdkYvifr,m; 34 ESpf}} 0w¬K½SnfwdkYjzpfonf/

OD;odef;azonf 1978 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 15 &ufwGif &efukefü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1979) pm248-249/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm 68-70/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pd k;ñTef Y 20&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&m 100?

pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/pm 75- 77/


OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)OD;odrf; (wdk;wufa&; OD;odrf;)

owif;pmq&m OD;odrf;udk 1916 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 5 &uf

aeYwGif yJcl;wdkif;? a&TusifNrdKUe,fuGrf;qdyf&Gmü tz OD;tHk;oGifESifY

trd a':zGm;wifwkdYu arG;zGm;onf/

OD;odrf;onf 1932-33 ckESpfwGif 10wef;atmifjrifNyD;?

e,l;bm;rm;t*Fvdyf owif;pmwGif t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpfpwifvkyfudkifonf/

xdkYaemuf ociftzGJYokdY0ifí ociftrnfcH,lcJYonf/ OD;odrf;onf e,l;bm;rm;

t*Fvdyfowif;pmrS OD;xGef;oef; OD;pD;aom wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;ESifY wkd;wufa&;owif;

pmwdkufodkY a&TUajymif;í wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf&if;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;?

wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwfxufoefa&;rsm;udk vIHUaqmfa&;om;cJh&m wkd;wufa&;OD;odrf;[l

aom trnf&&SdcJYonf/

OD;odrf;onf a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; &efukefNrdKUokdYcsDwufcJYaom 1300 jynfYESpf

ta&;awmfyHkatmifjrifa&;udk q,foef;wuúodkvfqkNrdKif? jrefrmYtvif;OD;cspfarmif?

wufbkef;BuD;odef;az (odef;azjrifY) wdkYESifYtwl wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;odrf;onf 1940 jynfYESpfwGif ta&SUwkdif;jyóempmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0

cJYonf/ xdkpmtkyfonf urÇmYtajctae? jrefrmhtajctaersm;udk wifjyí jynfol

vlxktwGif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; ay:aygufap&ef aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmf

a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfjzpfojzifY OD;odrf;onf NAdwdoQudkvdkeDtpdk;&\ owday;

Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHcJY&onf/

OD;odrf;onf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif wdkif;av;ü wm0ef,lcJYonf/ jynfolYppf

Ouú|? EdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifY taxGaxGXmeBuD;rSL;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ zuffqpf

awmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ qif;rvm;pm&if;0if EdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpf

0&rf;xkwfjcif;udkcHcJY&onf/ xdkYaemuf ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif OD;odrf;onf tm&Svli,f

tpnf;t½Hk;udk emrnfajymif;xm;aom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;\

tzGJYcGJ odrfjzL wdkufe,fOuú|ESifY &efukefc½kdifOuú| tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1985) pm255-256/


OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)OD;odrf;armif (oHawmfqifY - OD;odrf;armif)

owif;pmq&m OD;odrf;armifudk 1898 ckESpfwGif rtlyifNrdKU

tydkif? rvufwdk&GmBuD;wGif ausmif;'g,um &GmolBuD; OD;bdk;q,f?

a':r,frSDwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;odrf;armifonf &efukefwGifynmoif,laepOf 1920

jynfYESpf? &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk taMumif;jyKí wpfEdkifiHvHk;ausmif;om;

oydwfarSmuf&mwGif yg0ifcJYonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufvmaomtcg

MunfhjrifwdkifwGif uG,fvGefol tmZmenf trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; ocifjrESifYtwl

ausmif;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/

OD;odrf;armifonf 1924 ckESpfwGif Mu,fwHcGefowif;pmwdkufrSwpfqifY ol&d,

owif;pmwdkufodkY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;onf/ 1930 jynfYESpfywf0ef;usifwGif &Jjrefrm

pmtkyfudka&;om;jyKpkcJYonf/ rif;&JausmfpGm? &mZ"d&mZf? r[mAE¨Kv? bk&ifYaemif?

tavmif;bk&m;[laom jrefrmol&Jaumif;0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJYonf/ owif;pm q&m[l

aomtrnfjzifY owif;pmynmESifYywfoufaom ynmay;pmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom

jzifY yxrOD;qHk;jyKpk xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;odrf;armifonf *syefacwf yxrqHk; pmqdkawmfaeYudk usif;yEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;

olwpfOD;jzpfNyD; pmqdkawmfaeYudk pwifusif;y&mwGifyg0ifcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;

q&mtoif; yxrqHk; Ouú|? owif;pmq&mtoif; Ouú|? jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m

yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; or0g,rtoif; Ouú| ponfjzifY pmaye,fESifY ywfoufaom

tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/ ppfNyD;acwfwGif oHawmfqifYowif;

pmudk pwifxlaxmifcJYolvnf; jzpfonf/

OD;odrf;armifonf 1959 ckESpfwGif oufqdkif&mrS wm0efay;csuft& jr0wD

r*¾Zif;wGif 2 ESpfwdwd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfwm0ef,lcJYNyD;? tNidrf;pm;,lcJYonf/

OD;odrf;armifESifYywfoufí arYr&Edkifatmif xl;jcm;aomtusifYwpfck&Sdonf/

,if;um;tjcm;r[kwf ]]rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfaeaom b0wlpma&;q&mynm&Sifrsm;ESifY

tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;udk pmaypifjrifYwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmatmif pGrf;aqmif

ulnDí xrf;ydk;o,faqmifwwfaomtusifYyifjzpfonf[k}} qdkprSwf jyKcJYMuonf/


OD;odrf;armifjyKpka&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrsm;rSm &Jjrefrm? rif;&JausmfpGm? r[m

AEKv? bk&ifYaemif? tavmif;bk&m;? Anm;EGJY? &mZoBuFef? owif;pmq&m? *D&d&wem

aqmif;yg;r[m? yefawmfOD;? omoemigomjyK&vQif udk,fawGY,dk;',m; ausmfyk*H?

a&Tjynfom,mtjznfYcHpm? bdk;&mZmtw¬KyÜwåd? yk*Hacwf,Ofaus;rI? yJcl;r[mapwD

ordkif;? yifwdkifpHESifYol&Jaumif;? &efukef&mZ0ifordkif;? &Jwyfordkif;(pmrl)? vufzuf

&nfMurf;0dkif;? &m*AGuftdkif? odef;ckepfaxG(0w¬K)? vl½ku©pdk;? a*smf*RwfwJYarar ponfwdkY

jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;jyKpka&;om;cJYaompmtkyfrSm &efukefordkif;jzpfonf/

OD;odrf;armifonf 1966 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 2 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJYonf/

ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; /ukd;um;&eftñTef; / armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm; tw¬KyÜwåd? pm -347-348?

OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmYol&Jaumif;/


OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)OD;at;armif (vif;,kefopfvGif)

pma&;q&mvif;,kefopfvGiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m

OD;at;armifudk {&m0wDwdkif;? anmifwkef;NrdKUwGif tz ukefonf

BuD; OD;zdk;vl? trda':ESif;OD;wdkYu 1917 ck? pufwifbmv 9

&ufaeYü arG;zGm;cJhonf/

OD;at;armifonf anmifwkef;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif t|rwef;

txd ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ OD;at;armifonf ppfrjzpfrD armfvNrdKifNrdKUrSxkwfa0aom

]]acgif;aqmif}} owif;pmwGif e,fowif;axmuftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD;? 1947 ckESpf

wGif ]][Hom0wD}}ESifh]]Armhacwf}} owif;pme,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJh

onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif &efukefodkYa&muf&SdcJhNyD;? ]] vif;,kefowif;pm}} wGif tvkyf

orm;owif;axmuftjzpfvkyf&mrS ]]vif;,kefopfvGif}} [laomuavmiftrnfudk

,lcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf vif;,kef*sme,f? jynfawmfopf *sme,f? vlxk*sme,fwdkYwGif

t,f'DwmtzGJY0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ½Ia'gifh*sme,fwGifvnf; t,f'DwmtzGJY0if

wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/

*syefacwfu oHjzLZ&yf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf&modkY acR;wyfESifhtwla&muf

&SdcJhojzifh oHjzLZ&yf rD;&xm;vrf;azmuf&mwGif BuHKawGYcJh&aomacsmufcsm;zG,fzufqpf

i&Jcef;tjzpfysufrsm;udk r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬Ktjzpfvnf;aumif;?]] aorif;

wrefvrf;ay:0,f}} pmtkyfudkvnf;aumif; a&;om;xkwfa0cJh onf/ 1950 jynfhESpf

pma&;q&mtoif;ESpfywfvnf pmayjydKifyGJwGif 0w¬Kwdkqkudk ]]wdkYaus;&Gm}} 0w¬Kjzifh

&&SdcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd vHk;csif;pmtkyf (66) tkyf a&;om;cJhonf/

1962 ckESpfwGif ]]oDwmaomifajcOD;}} vHk;csif;0w¬Kjzifh 0w¬K&SnftrsKd;om;pmay

qk&&SdcJhNyD;? 1968 ckESpfwGif ]],dk;',m;jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf; udk,fawGUacR;wyfrSwfwrf;}}

pmtkyfjzifh pmya'omtrsKd;om;pmay 'kwd,qk&&SdcJhonf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif ]]"r®

0dvmo}} 0w¬Kjzihf 0w¬K&Snf trsKd;om;pmayqk&&SdcJhonf/

OD;at;armifonf 1957-58 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&m

toif; tvkyftrIaqmif tjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/


OD;at;armif jyKpkcJhaompmtkyftcsdKUrSm bHkuRef? aorif;wrefvrf;ay:0,f?

aomif;'FDygajr? "r®&ud©w 0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ ]] ,dk;',m;jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf; udk,fawGY

acR;wyfrSwfwrf;}} pmtkyfudk*syefEdkifiH ]] rDeDcsD owif;pmwdkuf}} rS *syefbmomjzifh

yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;at;armifonf oDwmaomifajcOD;0w¬K&Snfudka&;om;&mwGif ]]jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rxifr&Sm;ausmcdkif;xm;jcif; cHaeMu&&Smaom vlwef;pm;wdkYtm;

*kPfjyKa&;om;onf[k yGifhvif;pGm &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;onf

tvkyftudkiftm;jzifh ig;zrf;í toufarG;Mu&aomfvnf;? ,if;wdkYwGif tjcm;olrsm;

uJhodkYyif oem;Muifemwwfaom arwåm? u½kPm? rk'dwm ponfh jA[®pdk&fw&m;wdkYjzifh

xHkonfhESvHk;om;rsm;&SdaMumif;? olwdkYb0rSm taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ig;ñSDeHYzHk;vTrf;ae

aomfvnf; ESvHk;om;wGifrl arT;MuLvsuf&SdaMumif; ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;jzpfol ydkufolBuD;

om; wHigzavmif;pdefyGifhujyxm;avonf/}} tqifhtwef;jrifhaomb0 o½kyfazmf

0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/

OD;at;armifonf 1993 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 21 &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / '*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/'*kkefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm; ? pm105-107/


OD;atmifaqGonf 1940-42 ckESpfwGif ig;odkif;acsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om;ausmif;

wGif vnf;aumif;? 1946-47 ckESpfwGif &efukefA[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif;? 1947-48 ckESpfwGif &efukefjynfolYodyÜH tvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif

vnf;aumif;? 1949-50 ckESpfwGif &efukefa&ausmf rufo'pfausmif;wdkYwGif

wuúodkvf0ifwef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/

1950-51 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;owif;pm bmomjyeft,f'Dwm? 1952 ckESpf

wGif uavmifopfr*¾Zif;? pmayopfr*¾Zif;? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wdkYü t,f'Dwm?

1953 ckESpfrS 1961 ckESpftxd wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f t,f'Dwm? 1961 rS 1963

ckESpftxd tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&m? 1969 ckESpfwGif jzLeDndKjym r*¾Zif;wm0efcH

t,f'Dwm? 1969 rS 1972 ckESpftxd tdk;a0*sme,ftkyfcsKyfrI t,f'Dwmtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ jynf[def;ausmftrnfjzifYvnf; vu©PmaA'if a[majymcJYonf/

OD;atmifaqGonf 1949 ckESpfrSpí ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;ESifY pma&;oydwf

umv vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJYonf/ A[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;ESifY jynfolYodyÜH

tvGwfynmoifausmif;wdkYwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ü omreftrIaqmifESifY 'kwd,

Ouú| wm0efrsm;udk,lcJYonf/ 1952 ckESpf uavmifopftzJGY wnfaxmifolrsm;wGif

yg0ifcJYonf/ 1952-63 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;trIaqmif? 1956-

62 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH uAsmq&m toif;csKyfOuú|ESifY 1962 ckESpfwGif jynfolYuAsm

toif; Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkYoGm;a&muf

cJYjyD;? wyf½SuifYNrdKUü usif;yaom tm½Stmz&du pma&;q&mrsm; nDvmcHodkY jrefrm

EdkifiH uAsmq&mtoif; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJYonf/

OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)OD;atmifaqG (a'gif;EG,faqG)

pma&;q&ma'gif;EG,faqGtrnfcH owif;pmq&mOD;atmif

aqGudk {&m0wDwdkif;? omaygif;NrdKUü tz &mZ0wf0efaxmuf

OD;bxdef? trd a':zkef;&defwdkYrS 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufwGif

arG;zGm;cJYonf/ trnf&if; armifatmifomrS armifatmifaqG[k

trnfajymif;cJYonf/


½Ir0½kyf½SifrS a&T&ifodrf;opf? vkvifi,faoG;? ty,f&wem? acR;uav;wpdkY

wpdkY? vlYraem? pMu0Vm ½kyf½SifrS Zmcef;qD; aemufuG,frSm Zmwfum;rsm;wGif ZmwfydkY

o½kyfaqmifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJYonf/

1946 ckESpf? A[dktpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif ausmif;eH&Huyf

pmapmifü ]]a'gif'if}} trnfjzifY uAsmpa&;cJYonf/ 1948ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDowif;

pmESifY tdk;a0owif;pmwdkYü ]]a'gif;EG,faqG}} trnfjzifY uAsmrsm; pwifa&;om;cJY

onf/ ]]paearmifayG}}? ]]a'gif'JwGefY}}? ]]avOa'gif;}}? uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifYvnf;?

[morsm;a&;cJYonf/ wdkif;&if;ar*sme,fwGif ]]ZifOD;}} trnfjzifY uAsmrsm;a&;cJYonf/

xif½Sm;aomvuf&mrsm;rSm uAsmykvJuHk;? ykvJyef;? avmursufuef;? avmu

opömudk½SmazGjcif;? uvsmrdrdrkef;? rdk;aomufvuFmyef;? cspfolYrsufESmuAsmpuf0dkif;?

ponfYuAsmvHk;csif;rsm;? oifbmuAsma&;rnfenf;? uAsmoabmw&m;pmtkyf?

0uFyguAsmvrf;? rdk;qefaomrdk;? tonf;ESifYxyfwl? uAsmvGwfterf;? rvGrf;aom

Mur®maESmif;? paom0w¬K½SnfMuD;rsm;ESifY vrif;udkoufaowdkif? r[m&efolawmf

paom0w¬Kwdk aygif;csKyfpmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/ ½kyf½Sif ZmwfñTef;rsm;vnf; a&;cJYonf/

OD;atmifaqGonf 1985 ckESpf? rwfv 22 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJY

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1986) pm-190/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3) pm183-185/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) &mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?&mjynfh OD;pdk;nGefY? 20 &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m (100)?

pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165pm 164-165


OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)OD;atmifjrif (NrdKUrarmif)

pma&;q&mjrKdUrarmiftrnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;atmif

jrifudk 1904 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 4 &ufwGif NrdwfNrdKU? uefzsm;&yfü

tz orm;awmfBuD; OD;oifESifY trd a':omndrf;wdkYrS arG;zGm;

onf/

OD;atmifjrifonf t*Fvdyfjrefrm 10 wef;ESifY tv,fwef;q&mjzpfatmifjrif

NyD;onfYaemuf &efukefNrdKU? NrdKUrausmif;ü 10 ESpfrQausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJY

onf/

OD;atmifjrifonf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwdkifrD avmuom&aeYpOfowif;pmü

nt,f'DwmESifY EdkifiHjcm;owif; bmomjyeft,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmY

aZ,smaeYpOfowif;pmü EdkifiHjcm;owif;bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ol&d,owif;pm? jrefrmYtvif;owif;pm? AEKv*sme,f? 'D;'kwf

*sme,f? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;wdkYü aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ AEKv*sme,fü jrefrm

wpfApf[laom okwya'omtcef;udk wm0ef,lcJYonf/ q,foef;r*¾Zif;? q,foef;

*sme,f? q,foef;&ufjcm; owif;pmESifh q,foef;aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif

wnfaxmifxkwfa0í t,f'DwmvkyfcJhonf/ q,foef;[laom trnfudk,ljcif;rSm

xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfü&SdaomvlOD;a& 14 oef;teuf? EdkifiHjcm;om; 4 oef;udkz,fí

jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;q,foef;wdkY\ todÓPfESifY pm;0wfaea&;wdk;wuf&ef &nfoef

jcif;aMumifYjzpfonf[k qdkonf/ q,foef;\a<u;aMumfoHrSm]]acwfBuD;udktwif;

ajymif;rnf}}[líjzpfonf/

OD;atmifjrifonf NrdKUrarmif uavmiftrnfjzifY jrefrmwdkY\ trsdK;om;a&;?

pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;wdkYESifY pyfvsOf;onfYacgif;BuD;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifY a0zefcsufrsm;

udk a&;om;cJYonfYtwGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;tcH&qHk; owif;pmq&m

rsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ owif;pmxkwfa0rItwGuf tmrcHawmif;cH

jcif;cH&ojzifY aiGrwifEdkifaomaMumifY q,foef;aeYpOfowif;pmudk ydwfvdkuf&NyD;

aemuf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifpmtkyfrsm;jzpfaom pmtkyfjzLpmpOfrsm;udk a&;om;

xkwfa0cJYonf/ ]]aoG;eDNydKifyGJ}} onf xl;jcm;aompmtkyfrsm;teuf wpftkyfjzpfonf/


t*Fvdyftpdk;&u xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk awGY&mae&modrf;ap[k trdefYxkwfonf/

xdkrQru umuG,fa&;Oya'jzifY pmra&;&? tdrfjyifrxGuf&[lí pma&;om;jcif;?

oGm;vmjcif;wdkYudk csKyfcs,fcJYonf/

*syefacwf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&u xkwfa0aomArmYacwfowif;pmü

acgif;BuD;a&;t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ t*FvdyfacwftwGif;BuHKawGYcJY&onf

rsm;udk udk,fawGY0w¬Krsm;tjzpfa&;om;xkwfa0cJYonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfYaemuf

vrf;ñTefaeYpOfowif;pmESifY pD;yGm;a&;aeYpOfowif;pmwkdY\ t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;atmifjrifonf NrdKUrarmifowif;pmtrnfjzifY 1946 ckESpf trsdK;om;aeY

(18-11-1946) ü pwifxkwfa0NyD;? xkdESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif;ü NrdKUrarmifowif;

pmudk &efukefowif;pm[líemrnfajymif;NyD;vQif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufí

udk,fwdkifxkwfa0cJYonf/ &efukefowif;pmü pyfpkarmif? pyfNzJarmif? OD;&efukef ponfY

tcef;rsm;twGuf wm0efcHía&;ay;onf/ xdkYtjyif½Ir0? oifYb0r*¾Zif;wdkYwGifvnf;

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;atmifjrifonf jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif; Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

xdktoif;\ trIaqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJY&onf

OD;atmifjrifonf 1983 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 20 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

onf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/(1) jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1984) pm-239-240/

(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/(2) rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef 2^pm 168-169/

(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/(3) armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd? pm 385-386/


OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;)

owif;pmq&m OD;atmifoef; (armifaeOD;) udk 1921

ckESpfwGif tz OD;MuL;? trda':a':apmwdkYrS rEÅav;NrdKU ol&Japs;&yf

ü arG;zGm;cJYonf/

OD;atmifoef;onf wef;jrifYausmif;wGifynmoif,lcJYNyD;

1945 ckESpfwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ü yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJYonf/ 1948 ckESpfü awmcdkí

roHk;vHk;e,fajrü vIyf&Sm;cJY&mrS 1955 ckESpfwGiftvif;0ifcJYonf/ zqyvacwf

tqufqufü wuúodkvfausmif;om;wyfOD;tzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpf vIyf&Sm;cJYNyD;?

axmiftBudrfBudrfuscJYonf/ udkudk;uRef;ydkY&efjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rma&;aMumifY tydkY

rcHcJh&ay/

OD;atmifoef;onf [Hom0wDowif;pmwGif tcsdefydkif;t,f'Dwm? vli,fpmay

t,f'Dwm? acwf*sme,fESifY vlxk*sme,ft,f'Dwmrsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifcJYonf/ [Hom

0wDowif;pm paepmay0dkif;udk OD;aqmifcJYolwpfOD;jzpfí tEkynmavmuü

usifvnfcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/

OD;atmifoef;onf armifaeOD; uavmiftrnfjzifYaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJYNyD; ]]rIefeHY

omjc,fumoygvdkY}} ½kyf&Sif Zmwfum;ZmwfñTef;ESifY oDcsif;udka&;om;cJYNyD; ½kyf&Sif?

tNidrfY? ZmwfobifoDcsif;rsm; rsm;pGma&;om;cJYonf/

OD;atmifoef;a&;om;jyKpkcJYaompmtkyfrsm;teuftcsdKUrSm ]]csmvDcsufyvif}}

(bmomjyef)? ]]vlom;rsdK; jyKwfrnfavm}} (bmomjyef) ponfYpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;

xkwfa0cJYonf/

OD;atmifoef;onf armifaeOD;uavmiftrnfjzifY jynfolwdkY\ pum;jyef

pmtkyfwGif ]]w&m;ewfapmifY? ewfudk owif;pmapmifh}} [laomaqmif;yg; a&;om;cJY

onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif ]]w&m;Oya'\tiftm;aumif;rIrSm tcsufoHk;csufay:

wGifwnfonf[k qdkcsifygonf/ w&m;Oya'\ taMumif;csif;&mtm;vHk;udk jynfol

trsm;aumif;pGm oabmaygufem;vnfMu&rnf/ w&m;wabmifjzpfíw&m;½Hk;wGif

&ifqdkifajz&Sif;Mu&mwGif ppfaq;yHktm;vHk;udk jynfoltrsm;aumif;pGm oabmayguf

em;vnfMu&rnf/ w&m;wabmifjzpfí w&m;½Hk;wGif &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&mwGif ppfaq;yHk


tm;vHk;udkjynfolrsm; od&SdaeMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif w&m;cHonf tjypf&Sd

onfjzpfap? tjypfuif;onfjzpfap pD&ifvdkufaompD&ifcsufudk jynfolrsm;od&SdaeMu&

rnfjzpfonf}} þtcsufoHk;csufu w&m;Oya'\ tiftm;aumif;rIudk tqHk;tjzwf

ay;onf/

]]w&m;udkewfapmifYonf}} [laomqdk½dk;pum;\teuft"dyÜm,frSm ]]w&m;

ojzifY rSefrSefuefuef ppfaq;pD&ifonf[laom xifjrifcsufrsdK; jynfolvlxktwGif;

zGJYpnf;cdkifrmvmap&ef txufazmfjyyg tcsufoHk;csufESifY udkufnD&rnfjzpfonf/

þtcsufoHk;csufudk owif;pmrsm;ujznfqnf;ay;aeygonf/ xdkYaMumifY ewfudk

owif;pmu apmifYonf[k qdkjcif;jzpfygonf}} [k azmfjyxm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m

jzpfygonf/

OD;atmifoef;onf atmfy&mZmwfwkduf&mrS &&SdcJYzl;aom 'Pf&maMumifY 1980

jynfYESpf? 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKU jynfolYaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; /udk;um;&eftñTef; / (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef? pm 230/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/jynfolwdk Y\pum;jyef? pm - 163-168/


OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)OD;atmifodef; (jra'gif;ñdk)

owif;pmq&m OD;atmifodef; (pma&;q&m jra'gif;ndK)

udk 1915 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwGif om,m0wDc½dkif?

vufyHwef;NrdKUü OD;jr? a':rdav;wdkYu zGm;jrifygonf/

OD;atmifodef;onf &efukefNrdKUpdefaygtxufwef;ausmif;

wGif ynmoif,lcJh&m 1928 ckESpfwGif 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyf? jrefrm? &mZ0if

*kPfxl;jzifhxl;cRefpGm atmifjrifcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynmoif,l

cJh&m 1936 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfoydwfarSmuf&mü yg0ifcJhonfrSpí ynmwpfydkif;

wpfpESihf ausmif;xGufcJhonf/ wuúodkvfrSxGufvQifxGufcsif; ]]e,lbm;rm; t*Fvdyf

owif;pm}} wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrD wuúodkvfynmudk

qufvufoif,lNyD;aemuf 0dZÆmbGJYudkqGwfcl;&&Sdonf/

wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0uyifpwifí *E¦avmu? tdk;a0paomr*¾Zif;rsm;

wGif jra'gif;ñdk[laom uavmiftrnfjzifh aqmif;yg;? uAsm? 0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJh

onf/ e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmüvnf; &wempdef [laomuavmiftrnfjzifh

aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;onf/ xdkYjyif '*kefr*¾Zif;? ol&d,r*¾Zif;? wdk;wufa&;owif;pm

wdkYwGif aqmif;yg; 0w¬Krsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ ol&d,? jrefrmhtvif;? q,foef;? Armh

acwfpaom owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; t,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJh&m

q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;? oHawmfqifh OD;odrf;armif paompma&;q&m owif;pm

q&mBuD;rsm;xH ynmqnf;yl;&if; aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;rsm;ESifh acgif;BuD;rsm;udk0ifa&muf

a&;om;cJhonf/

OD;atmifodef;\ jra'gif;ñdkuavmiftrnfjzifh yxrqHk;aomvHk;csif;pmtkyfrSm

pma&;q&mrBuD; yg;vftufpAwf\ onf*Gwftwf0w¬KudkrSD;í om,m0wD*VKef

q&mpH\ ykefuefx<urIudk*kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh a&;om;aom 0okefþajr jzpfonf/

xdkYaemufe*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufrS xkwfa0aom atmfighom; ighom;? tdkif,mvefolykeftzGJY?

uluvkuvef? rmwm[m&D urÇmhvQdKU0Suftoif;rsm;? baEÅrmw&rfudkrSD;aom tar?

½l;qdk; a&;om;aom qdk&S,fvpf0g'? ygawmfrlaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf awmufacgufrd

w,fwJh? Armh0g'? ulvD? tvkyf½Hk tvkyform;ydkif&rnf? rm&S,fwDwdk;? tdkifqif


a[mif0g? Armhqif;&Jom;bHk0g'? bl&SD'dkpaom pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/

*syefacwfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYtaMumif;

a&;om;jyKpkí &JabmfoHk;usdyftrnfjzifh pmtkyfxkwfa0&m jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&m

toif; qk&&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf emrnfBuD;a&TawmifwdkufyGJtaMumif; pmtkyfudkvnf;

a&;om;xkwfa0onf/ wpfzefawmfvSefa&;twGif; udk,fwdkifyg0ifqifETJcJhaom

azmifBuD;wdkufyGJudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh vGwfvyfrStrQa0yg [laompmtkyfudk

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/

OD;atmifodef;onf 1947 ckESpfwGif wdkif;vHk;ausmf? ZGJ? bGif;bGif;? b0opf

paom naeowif;pmrsm;udk udk,fwdkifBuD;Muyfxkwfa0avonf/

OD;atmifodef;onf 1957 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&\ ynmawmfoifqkudk

&&SdNyD;? ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH AJv*&dwfwuúodkvfodkY ynmoifoGm;a&mufcJhonf/

1960 jynfhESpfwGif ]]tvkyf½Hk tvkyform;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ynm}} [laom usrf;

pmtkyfudk jyKpka&;om;um (yg&*la'gufwm) bGJYudkqGwfcl;&&Sdonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif

xdkusrf;pmtkyfudk AJv*sD,HEdkifiHrS xkwfa0jzefYcsd&efoGm;a&mufonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh

urÇmhukvor*¾tzJGYcsKyf\ ynmoifqk&&Sdum tar&duefjynfe,l;a,mhNrdKUodkY

oGm;a&muftrIxrf;onf/ a'gufwmOD;atmifodef;onf tar&duefjynf [m;Awf

wuúodkvfwGif abm*aA'ygarmu©tjzpfxrf;aqmifonf/

OD;atmifodef;onf 1983 ck? atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif tar&duef

EdkifiH? e,l;a,mufNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ ///// jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/jra'gif;ñdk? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/

jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwkdufyGJ/


OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)OD;tkef;cif (ArmYacwf OD;tkef;cif)

owif;pmq&m Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifudk 1903 ckESpf?

pufwifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif yef;waemfNrdKUe,f? rif;wpk&Gmü

tz OD;zdk;vdIif? trd a':pHy,fwdkYrS arG;zGm;onf/

OD;tkef;cifonf rtlyifNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS

1920 jynfYESpf oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfcJYonf/ ,if;ausmif;

rS 10 wef;udk atmifjrifcJY&m tpdk;&paumvm;½Spfqk&&dScJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif

OypmodyÜH txufwef;txd ynmoif,lcJYonf/

1930 jynfYESpf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif ocifbaomif;? ocifvSabmfwdkYESifY

twl wm0ef,lcJYonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif um,Av OD;½Sdef? OD;aZmf0dwfwdkYESifYtwl

usef;rma&;twGuf ajcvsifavQmufjcif;jyKvkyfMu&ef EdI;aqmf&müyg0ifcJYí ]]ajcvsif

tkef;cif}}[k trnfwGifcJYonf/

OD;tkef;cifonf 1938 ckESpfwGif e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufü ref;ae*sif;'g½dkufwmtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif ]]ArmYacwfowif;pm}}udk pwifwnfaxmifjyD;

1961 ckESpftxd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJYonf/ ]]ArmYacwf

tkef;cif}}[k vlodrsm;cJYonf/

OD;tkef;cifonf 1961 ckESpfwGif ]]rdk;MudK;owif;pm}}udk wnfaxmifjyD; 1964

ckESpftxd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJYonf/ xdktcgrSpí rdk;MudK;OD;tkef;ciftjzpf

xif½Sm;cJYjyefonf/

OD;tkef;cifu owif;pmavmuESifYywfoufí ]]t,f'Dwm\ tvkyfESifY

owif;axmuf\tvkyfrSm wpfbmompDjzpfygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm rdrdxHodkYtoifY

a&muf&dSvmaom om;ig;rsm;udk pDrHcsufjyKwf&aom pm;awmfcsufESifY yrmwlygonf/

owif;axmufrSmrlum; pm;awmfcsuftwGuf csufjyKwf jyifqif auR;arG;Edkifap&ef

ig;trJrsm;udk vdkufvH½SmazG&aom wHigrkqdk;wdkYESifY yrmwlygonf/ pm;awmfcsufonf

ig;trJr&dSu [if;vsmaumif;udk csufjyKwf&ef rnfodkYrQ rpGrf;aqmifEdkifouJYodkY?


t,f'Dwmonfvnf; owif;axmufrsm;xHrS owif;aumif;r&vQif bmrQrwwfEdkif?

vufrdIifcs&ygawmYonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifYqdk&ygvQif owif;axmufaumif;onf?

trJvdkufacG;aumif;ESifY wlygonf/ (uefawmYygcifAsm;)/ owif;aumif;teYH&vQif

xdkowif;aumif;rsm;udk? rdatmif vdkufwwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif owif;vmbf

aumif;MuHKaom tcsdefrsdK;wGifrlum; ]]ajy;&if;ESifY owif;aumif;ESifY wdk;rd}} wwfMuyg

onf/ xdktcsdeftcgrsdK;wGif owif;axmufonf pHkaxmuftjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;jyD;vQif

owif;\tp? tv,f? tqHk; udk jynfYpHkatmif pHkprf;axmufvSrf;jyD; t,f'DwmxHodkY

a&;om;ay;ydkY&ygonf/}}

owif;axmuf\ ta&;tBuD;qHk;wm0efrSm owif;aumif;&zdkYyif jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifY aumif;pGm pma&;wwfzkdYrSm owif;axmuftzdkY rsm;pGmta&;rMuD;vSyg?

odkY&mwGif aumif;pGm pma&;wwfygrlum; ydkrdkaumif;ygonf/

t,f'DwmrSmrlum; owif;udk wnf;jzwfEdkifaom? A[kokwESifYaumif;pGm

jynfYpHk&rnfhtjyif? pma&;aumif;wpfOD;jzpfzdkYvnf; vdktyfygonf/ xdkYtjyif t,f'Dwm

vkyfolwpfOD;\ pma&;[efrSmvnf; vGefpGm ta&;MuD;vSygonf/ owif;\wefzdk;ESifY

oifYawmfaomae&mwGif xnfYoGif;ay;wwf&onfYtjyif owif;ESifYqDavsmfaom?

uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf? ay:vGifaponfY acgif;pD;rsm;udk wyfwwf&ygonf/ owif;a&;

om;&mwGifvnf; wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifYvdk&if;tcsKyfudk 'dk;'dk;'uf'ufESifY touf0ifaom

pmrsdK;udk a&;om;wwf&ygonf/

yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf wHigrkqdk;ESifY wlaom owif;axmufb0rS tcsuftjyKwf?

tjyiftqifaumif;aom pm;awmfcsufESifYwlonfY t,f'DwmwpfOD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&dS

vmvQifrlum; xdkyk*¾dKvfrsdK; OD;pD;xkwfa0aom owif;pm? *sme,frsm;onf? xifay:

ausmfMum;&rnfrSm "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/ xdkxufomvGefí? xdkowif;axmuf t,f'D

wmonf owif;pm? *sme,fwdkufydkif½SifwpfOD;jzpfbdrlum; ]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/]]tm;vHk;aumif;yg\/

[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}}[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf}} [lí a&;om;cJYzl;onfudk rSwfom;&cJY&ygonf/


OD;tkef;cifonf 1989 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef

cJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (1990) pm340

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmftaxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifhuRefawmf

(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/(1972)/


OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)OD;tkef;az (wufwdk;)

pma&;q&mMuD;wufwkd;trnfcH owif;pmq&m OD;tkef;

azudk 1913 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &uf aeYwGif tz jrLeDpDy,f

aps;acgif;MuD; OD;armifuav;? trd a':pdefñGefY wdkYrS [Hom0wD

c½dkif? oefvsifNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/

OD;tkef;azonf 1920 jynfYESpftxd rauG;rJxD;wdkuf OD;aZmwdu bkef;MuD;

ausmif;ESifY rauG;avmu"mwfausmif;wGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif

rauG;NrdKU t*Fvdyf jrefrmtpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif,lcJYonf/ 1928

ckESpf? 8wef;ü ynmoifMum;qJtcsdef ]]*E¦avmur*¾Zif;}} jrefrmEdkifiH ynmjyefYyGm;a&;

toif;ujyKvkyfaom bmomjyefNydKifyJGwGif ]]unmavm usm;MuD;avm}} 0w¬KpmrljzifY

0w¬Kwdkbmomjyefqkudk&&dScJYonf/ 1930 jynfYESpf? rauG;NrdKU t*Fvdyfjrefrm tpdk;&

txufwef;ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifjrifcJYonf/ wuúodkvfESpfvnf r*¾Zif;ü (Who's

Who) trnf&dS t*Fvdyfaqmif;yg;a&;cJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif Oypmwef;

atmifcJhonfh 1932ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd rauG;wdkif;rif;MuD;½Hk;ü pma&;vkyfcJY

onf/ ]]bm;rm;*sme,f}}wGif aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;om;cJYonf/ rauG;NrdKUü ]]acwf

pmñGefY}} pmaytzJGYudk wnfaxmifcJYonf/ 1938ckESpfwGif wdk;wufa&;owif;pmü

bmomjyef t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufNyD;? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;üvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&;om;cJYonf/ wdk;wufa&;owif;pmü oHk;vcefYvkyfNyD; *E¦avmur*¾Zif;odkY t,f'D

wmtjzpf ajymif;a&TUaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1939ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 0dZÆmwef;

qufwufí 0dZÆmbGJY&&dScJYonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü t*Fvdyfpm enf;jyq&mtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1940jynfYESpfwGif &efukefpHkaxmufrif;MuD;½Hk;ü pmawmfjyeftjzpf

vnf;aumif;? jyefMum;a&;Xme jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefXmecJG pmwnf;rSL;tjzpfvnf;

aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/

OD;tkef;azonf yxrqHk;vHk;csif;pmtkyf rmwm[m&Dudk bmomjyefa&;om;cJY

onf/ 1941ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif a':,OfEk (pma&;q&mr a':Ek,Of) ESifY


vufxyfcJYonf/ 1942-43 wGif ynmrif;MuD;½Hk; jrefrmpmayXmeü pmwnf;tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? 1943 ckESpfrS 1945ckESpftxd ynmpG,fpHkusrf; vufaxmuf pmwnf;

rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYonf/ ]]ArmYacwfowif;pm}}wGif jyifopf0w¬Ka&;q&mMuD;

]]½kpwyfzfzavm AJ,m;}}\ ]]r'rfaAmAm;&D}} 0w¬Kudk ]]ola,meED}} trnfjzifY jrefrm

jyefqdka&;om;cJYonf/ 1945 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpftxd jyefMum;a&;Xme okawoe

t&m&dStjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif tar&duef owif;r*¾Zif; (Time)

\ jrefrmjynfXmaeowif;axmuftjzpf yxrqHk; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1947 ckESpfrS

1949 ckESpftxd [Hom0wDowif;pmacgif;MuD;a&; t,f'DwmESifY tdk;a0owif;pm

t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/

1949-50 jynfYESpfwGif ya'omr*¾Zif; wnfaxmifol twdkifyifcHt,f'Dwm

tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1950 jynfYESpfwGif ]]rif;rIxrf;}} vHk;csif;0w¬KjzifY pmayAdrmef

pmrlqk (0w¬K&Snf) &&dScJYonf/ 1950-1952 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfowif;Xme pmwnf;

csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1952-1953 ckESpfwGif ]]uGefrifawwm}} t*Fvdyfbmom

xkwfpmapmifudk OD;pD;xkwfa0aom ]]e,l;bm;rm;0D;uvD;}} wGif t,f'DwmtzJGU0if

tjzpf aqmif&GufjyD; pmoifom;*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJYonf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif ]]pD;yGm;a&;

owif;pm}} acgif;MuD;a&; t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufjyD; 1957 ckESpfwGif

wufwdk;enf;jyoifwef;udk zGifYvSpfcJYonf/

OD;tkef;azonf 1957-1958 ckESpfwGif Ek,OfyHkESdyfwdkufudk xnfaxmifí

ausmif;oHk;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJYonf/ tif'dkeD;½Sm;? oD[dkVf? *syef

oHk;EdkifiHtaMumif;a&;om;aom pmtkyfoHk;tkyftm; ]]cspfMunfa&;}} bmom&yftjzpf

,leufpudktzJGYu qkcsD;jrSifYjcif;cH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd yHkESdyfwdkuf

vkyfief;ESifY tvGwfynmoifvkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pD;vkyfudkifcJYonf/ 1963 ckESpfrS 1980

jynfYESpftxd jrefrmhowif;pOf (N.A.B) EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xme t,f'DwmcsKyf? trsdK;om;

pmayqk a&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY0if? ½kyf½Siftu,f'rDqk a&G;cs,fa&;tzJGY0if? jrefrmEkdifiH

pmayvkyfom;tzJGYOuú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1964 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme

ñTefMum;a&;0efMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1969 ckESpfrS 1972 ckESpftxd


]]Guardian}} t*Fvdyfowif;pmü aeYpOfacgif;MuD;rsm; a&;om;cJYonf/ 1970 jynfYESpfrS

1980 jynfYESpftxd wuúodkvf A[dkaumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? wuúokdvfynm

a&;tzGJUrsm; aumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 1972 rS 1975

ckESpftxd owif;ESifY pme,fZif;aumfydka&;½Sif; OD;aqmifñTefMum;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;

aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJYNyD; ynma&;0efBuD;XmewGif

ynma&;txl;t&m&dStjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

OD;tkef;azonf wufwdk;uavmiftrnfjzifY 1986 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd

okw? &o? (yifudk? bmomjyef) aqmif;yg;yk'fa& (1000) a&;om;cJYonf/ q&mMuD;

onf pmayqdkif&m (6) tkyf? pdwfynmESifY tawG;tac: (4) tkyf? t*Fvdyfbmom

pum;qdkif&m (10) tkyf? ynmay;ESifY A[kokw (9) tkyf? 0w¬K (4) tkyf? bmoma&;

qdkif&m (3) tkyfwdkYudk yifudk,fa&;om;cJhjyD; bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;tjzpf pdwfynmESifY

tawG;ac:qdkif&m (3) tkyf? 0w¬K (19) tkyf? tw¬KyÜwåd qdkif&m (9) tkyf taxGaxG

qdkif&m (5) tkyf a&;om;cJYonf/

OD;tkef;az\ uavmifcJGrsm;rSm wufwdk;? q&mMuD;? q&mwufwdk;? armifwuf

wdk;? armifwufwdk; (acwfpmñGefY) wuúodkvfarmifwufwdk;? tmZmenfwufwdk;?

OD;av;wufwdk;? wif? armifjzLpif? Apfuwm? armifjrifYwif? armifvSoGif(bDat)?

wuúodkvftkef;uav;? tkef;az? tkef;az (rauG;NrdKU)? OD;tkef;az ponfjzifhjzpfonf/

OD;tkef;az\ xif½Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm rmwm[m&D? av;ewfarmif? cg;ukef;

MuD;? aomuuif;a0; aeEdkfifa&;? tcgvnfom;? t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef? b0ESifY

pmay? tmZmenfpdwfESifY tñGefYwvlvl? urÇmausmf 0w¬Kwdkrsm;ESifY wufwdk;\½Sif;jy

csuf? uGsefawmfh\tawG;tac:rSwfpkrsm;? usef;rmcsrf;omb0ynm? avmueDwd?

rif;rIxrf; ponfh pmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/

OD;tkef;azonf 1997 ckESpfwGif rdbarwåm vlrIa&;tzJGU\ pmay*kPf&nfqk?

yckuúL OD;tkef;az wpfoufwmpmayqkrsm; &&dScJYonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmynm

xl;cRefwHqdyf yxrtqifYESifY jrefrmEdkifiH pmayESifYpme,fZif;tzJGU\ *kPfjyKwHqdyfrsm;

&&dScJYonf/


OD;tkef;azonf 2003 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 7 &ufaeYwGif trSwf 11? e0a';vrf;?

'*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJYonf/

udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/udk;um;&eftñTef;/ (1)(1)(1)(1)(1) '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/'*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? pm-33-35/

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/rvdc/ jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (2)? pm 191-209/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (3)? pm21-24/

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)uefawmYcHoufMuD;ynm½Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwdå (1360)

pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/pm97-98/

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?&mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? (20) &mpk jrefrmpma&; q&m 100?

pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/pm 64-65/


]u}]u}]u}]u}]u}

xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOfxifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ uavmiftrnftu©&mpOf

]"}]"}]"}]"}]"}

]x}]x}]x}]x}]x}

]'}]'}]'}]'}]'}

pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf

uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

]u}]u}]u}]u}]u}

1 udkudk 1 19 wuúodkvfqkNrdKif 58

2 usm;bodef; 35 20 wuúodkvfxifBuD; 95

3 Munfjr 20 21 wuúodkvfeE´rdwf 89

4 cifarmifvwf 29 22 wuúodkvfae0if; 107

5 cifrsKd;cspf 32 23 wuúodkvfarmifvSol 79

6 cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY 17 24 wkd;wufa&;OD;pdef 51

7 *g;'D;,ef;OD;bausmf 117 25 wdk;wufa&;OD;odrf; 234

8 *kPfa&mif 41 26 wufwdk; 250

9 *sme,fausmfcspfarmif 37

10 *sme,fausmfwifhaqG 91 27 xGef;aeYpOfOD;xGef;az 100

11 *sme,fausmfrrav; 147

28 '*kefvSab 201

12 aiGOa'gif; 9 29 '*kefÓP 59

13 ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif; 132 30 '*kefewf&Sif 152

14 ppfudkif;at;vGif 85 31 '*kefa&TrQm; 72

15 pdefcifarmif&D 27 32 'g½kdufwmq&mjrifh 160

16 qef;ñGefYOD; 195 33 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd 119

34 a':rrcif 144

35 a'gufwmarmifarmif 150

17 Z0e 232 36 a'gif;EG,faqG 239

18 aZ,s 168

37 "l0H 218

]c}]c}]c}]c}]c}

]*}]*}]*}]*}]*}

]i}]i}]i}]i}]i}

]p}]p}]p}]p}]p}

]q}]q}]q}]q}]q}

]Z}]Z}]Z}]Z}]Z}


]A}]A}]A}]A}]A}

]e]]e]]e]]e]]e]


pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf

uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

38 em*awmifwef; 15 62 jroef;wifh 158

armifMunfZif 63 NrdKUrarmif 241

39 aeatmif 81 64 jrefrmhvrf;pOf OD;pdef0if; 54

65 jrefrmhtvif; OD;pdrf; 55

40 yDrdk;eif; 5

66 ,lyDtkdif OD;boef; 134

41 ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif 247

42 AE¨KvOD;pdef 49 67 &efukefrsKd;oefY 156

43 Aef;armfwifatmif 86 68 &efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif 164

69 a&TMuL; 173

44 bBuD;bab 128 70 a&T"m; 104

45 bm;rm;'dkif*sufpfa':cifpD 22 71 a&Tydefaomif; 212

46 bdk;0ZD& 178 72 a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl 93

73 a&TOa'gif; 114

47 r@dKifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if; 109

48 r[maqG 125 74 vlxkarmifrJ 82

49 rif;aqG 162 75 vlxkOD;vS 191

50 rif;&Sif 213 76 vif;,kefarmifarmif 171

51 armifndK 202 77 vif;,kefopfvGif 237

52 armifwifaxG; 74

53 armifae0if; 70 78 ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; 184

54 armifaeOD; 243 79 ocifbaomif; 137

55 armifokw 139 80 owif;pmq&mOD;yk 111

56 armifokre 65 81 owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmyHk 26

57 ref;wif 98 82 omyg; 207

58 rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if 106 83 om*& ipdk; 44

59 rEÅav;ol&d, OD;oef;armif 223 84 oDv0 214

60 jra'gif;ndK 245 85 olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif 24

61 jrrsKd;vGif 154 86 aomr 210

]y}]y}]y}]y}]y}

]b}]b}]b}]b}]b}

]o}]o}]o}]o}]o}

],}],}],}],}],}

]r}]r}]r}]r}]r}

]v}]v}]v}]v}]v}

]&}]&}]&}]&}]&}



pOpOpOpOpOff ff fuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf

pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

87 oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif 235

88 okd[ef 4

89 oef;aqG 224

90 odef;azjrifh 230

91 [Hom0wD OD;baz 127

92 taxmufawmfvSatmif 204

93 taxmufawmftkef;jrifh 30

94 trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL 196

95 trsKd;om; OD;vS'if 199

96 tmvH OD;vmb 176

97 tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef; 46

98 tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f 76

99 trfcdkifNrJbkd;csdef 142

100 trfbdk;csdef 141

]o}]o}]o}]o}]o}

]t}]t}]t}]t}]t}

][}][}][}][}][}


xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ arG;ouú&mZftñTef;

pOpOpOpOpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

1 1849 OD;vGif bdk;0ZD& 178

2 1870 OD;pdrf; jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdrf; 55

3 1875 OD;vGef; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; 184

4 1883 OD;bab bBuD;bab 128

5 1883 OD;a&TMuL; a&TMuL; 173

6 1884 OD;ausmfñGefY yDrdk;eif; 3

7 1886 a':pef; tif'Dyif;'ifh a':pef; 46

8 1889 OD;azodef; a&TOa'gif; 114

9 1890 OD;bkd;oif; ppfudkif; OD;bdk;oif; 132

10 1892 OD;cifarmif olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif 24

11 1893 OD;bcsKd 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd 119

12 1894 OD;ykuav; owif;pmq&m OD;yk 111

13 1895 OD;wifxG#f tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxG#f 43

14 1895 OD;wif '*kefa&TrQm; 72

15 1895 OD;xGef;&if rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if 106

16 1897 OD;pdef wkd;wufa&;OD;pdef 51

17 1898 OD;armifarmifBuD; '*kefewf&Sif 152

18 1898 OD;odrf;armif oHawmfqifhOD;odrf;armif 235

19 1898 OD;jrifh 'g½dkufwmq&mjrifh 160

20 1899 OD;vSab '*kefvSab 201

21 1899 OD;boef; ,lyDtkdifOD;boef; 134

22 1899 OD;av;armif tmvHOD;vmb 176

23 1900 OD;pdef AE¨KvOD;pdef 49

24 1900 OD;a,m aZ,s 168


25 1900 OD;xGef;az xGef;aeYpOf OD;xGef;az 100

26 1900 OD;baqG r[maqG 125

27 1901 OD;baomif; ocifbaomif; 137

28 1901 OD;vSxGef;jzL trsKd;om;aeYpOf OD;vSxGef;jzL 196

29 1902 OD;armifvGif jrrsKd;vGif 154

30 1902 OD;ÓP '*kefÓP 59

31 1903 OD;tkef;cif ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif 247

32 1904 OD;atmifjrif jrdKUrarmif 241

33 1904 OD;bkd;csdef trfbkd;csdef 141

34 1906 OD;wifhaqG a&Tbdkarmifvwfwl 93

35 1906 OD;baz [Hom0wD OD;baz 127

36 1906 a':rrcif a':rrcif 144

37 1908 OD;oef;wifh "l0H 218

38 1908 OD;aomif;ñGefY a&Tydefaomif; 212

39 1909 OD;oefY oDv0 214

40 1910 OD;vS vlxkOD;vS 191

41 1910 OD;jrifhvdIif rif;aqG 162

42 1911 OD;vS'if trsKd;om;OD;vS'if 199

43 1911 OD;odef; Z0e 227

44 1912 OD;pdef0if; jrefrmhvrf;pOf OD;pdef0if; 31

45 1913 OD;cspfarmif *sme,fausmfcspfarmif 37

46 1913 OD;tkef;az wufwdk; 250

47 1913 OD;aomfZif aomr 210

48 1913 OD;,karmif &efukefowif;pm OD;,karmif 164

49 1914 OD;baomif; armifokw 139


pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZarG;ouú&mZff ff f trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf



pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf uavmiftrnf pmrsufESm

50 1914 OD;nKdjr armifokre 65

51 1914 OD;qkjrKdif wuúodkvfqkjrKdif 58

52 1914 OD;cifarmif owif;axmufcifarmif-zsmyHk 26

53 1914 OD;wifat; ppfudkif;at;vGif 49

54 1914 OD;odef;az odef;azjrifh 230

55 1915 a':cifjr cifrsKd;cspf 32

56 1915 OD;MuD;armif aiGOa'gif; 9

57 1915 OD;cifarmifvwf cifarmifvwf 29

58 1915 OD;wif[def; vlxkarmifrJ 47

59 1915 OD;pdk;armif om*&ipdk; 44

60 1915 OD;atmifodef; jra'gif;nKd 248

61 1916 OD;xifBuD; wuúodkvfxifBuD; 95

62 1916 OD;bausmf *g;'D;,ef; OD;bausmf 117

63 1916 OD;xGef;wif ref;wif 98

64 1916 OD;0D&dausmf omyg; 207

65 1916 OD;odrf; wdk;wufa&;OD;odrf; 234

66 1917 OD;vSaomif; armifnKd 202

67 1917 a':rrav; *sme,fausmfrrav; 147

68 1917 OD;at;armif vif;,kefopfvGif 237

69 1917 OD;wifhaqG *sme,fausmfwifhaqG 91

70 1917 OD;xGef;0if; r@KdifaeYpOf OD;xGef;0if; 109

71 1917 a':cifpD bm;rm;'dkif*sufpf a':cifpD 22

72 1918 OD;Munfjr Munfjr 20

73 1918 OD;wifjrifh aeatmif 46

74 1918 OD;xGef;vS wuúodkvfae0if; 107



pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf arG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZfarG;ouú&mZf trntrntrntrntrnff ff f uavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnfuavmiftrnf pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm

75 1919 OD;apmOD; *kPfa&mif 41

76 1920 OD;cifarmifOD; taxmufawmftkef;jrifh 30

77 1920 OD;wifatmif Aef;armfwifatmif 50

78 1921 OD;vScif qef;ñGefYOD; 195

79 1921 OD;atmifoef; armifaeOD; 243

80 1922 OD;udkudk udkudk 1

81 1923 OD;wifatmif wuúodkvfeE´rdwf 89

82 1923 OD;xGef;&D a&T"m; 104

83 1924 OD;oef;armif rEÅav;ol&d,oef;armif 223

84 1924 OD;cspfnKd usm;bodef; 35

85 1925 OD;cifarmif&D pdefcifarmif&D 27

86 1925 OD;armifarmif a'gufwmarmifarmif 150

87 1925 OD;a&T vif;,kefarmifarmif 171

88 1926 OD;bdk;csdef trfcdkifNrJbkd;csdef 142

89 1926 OD;oef;a&T oef;aqG 224

90 1927 OD;0if;armif rif;&Sif 209

91 1928 OD;rsKd;ñGefY &efukefrsKd;oefY 156

92 1929 OD;jroef; jroef;wifh 158

93 1930 OD;wufwkd; armifae0if; 70

94 1931 OD;atmifaqG a'gif;EG,faqG 239

95 1931 OD;MunfZif em*awmifwef;armifMunfZif 15

96 1933 OD;MunfñGefY cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY 17

97 1933 OD;wifarmif wuúodkvfarmifvSol 45

98 1933 OD;wifaxG; armifwifaxG; 42

99 1936 OD;vSatmif taxmufawmfvSatmif 204

100 1937 OD;udkudkav; odk[ef 4


udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;udk;um;csuftñTef;

1/ rvdc? jrefrmpmaytbd"mef (1) (2) (3) (4)

2/ rvdc? jrefrm0w¬KtñTef; (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

3/ '*kefa&TrQm;? jrefrmEdkifiHpmayqkrsm;? &efukefpmayAdrmef - 1972

4/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;rsm;? pmayAdrmef

5/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyfrsm;? pmayAdrmef

6/ yDrdk;eif;\yDrdk;eif;

7/ wpfudk,fawmf0w¬Kvmxkwfa0ol\ ed'gef;

8/ ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? twGJ-5? trSwf 55 vm ]]q&maZ,s}} \ ]]q&myDrdk;eif;}}

aqmif;yg;/

9/ udkudkav;? owif;axmufvufpGJ

10/ em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif? awmifay:ajrESifY ajrjyefYyef; (1966)

11/ em*awmifwef; armifMunfZif? em*awmifwef;rSxl;qef;aomaMuuGJrI?

jr0wD (1957)

12/ BuHcif;pdk;vGif? 1968ck trsdK;om;pmayqkESif;obif? aiGwm&D

(Zefe0g&D-1970)

13/ jrefrmYtvif;? aMu;rHk? vkyfom;jynfolaeYpOf? [Hom0wD? Adkvfwaxmif

owif;pm ema&;aMumfjimrsm;/

14/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY? ordkif;0ifol&d,jrefrmhtvif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&;

15/ uefawmhcHoufBuD;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwådtusOf; pmtkyfrsm;

16/ jynfolwdkY\pum;jyef (1974)

17/ apmrHknif;? jrefrmtrsdK;orD;

18/ a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;

19/ vif;,kefaeYpOfowif;pm (1957)

20/ bGif;bGif;aeYpOfowif;pm (1959)

21/ jynfolYtdk;a0aeYpOfowif;pm (1961)


22/ taxmufawmftkef;jrifY? cufzG,f&,fBuHKygw,f? vufeufu,fpHktnDeJY

23/ rdk;aomufMu,fr*¾Zif; (Edk0ifbm? 1987)

24/ aexGwf? rEÅav;tbd"mef

25/ *sme,fausmfrrav;? olvdkvl

26/ ocFg? jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;rSwfpk

27/ armifokw? pmqdkawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd/

28/ cspfMunfa&;MunfñGefY? owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ olwdkYb0? olwdkYtawGY

tBuHK/

29/ odrSwfzG,f&mudk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;

30/ ESpfig;q,f,Ofaus;rIa&;&m ('kwd,wGJ) bmomjyefpmaytoif;/

31/ ÓPed'gef;/

32/ '*kefwm&m? ½kyfyHkvTm (1955)

33/ '*kefwm&m? zswfceJawGY&aom½kyfyHkvTmum;csyfrsm; (1997)

34/ vlxka':trm? vGrf;olpm (2003)

35/ pma&;q&mrsm;? taemufoGm;ndKjrEIwfqufpmwrf; (1939)

36/ udkynmtr&yl&? OD;ndKjr\awmiforefaemufqHk;c&D;? pHy,fjzL ('DZifbm-

1985)

37/ armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 (yxrwGJ)

38/ tawG;tjrif? (2005 ckESpf? ZGefv)

39/ yg&*l-Aef;armfwifatmif#Dum/

40/ armifausmfom? waphwapmif;pma&;q&mwdkY\taMumif;/

41/ ewfEG,f? rdrdESifhpma&;q&mrsm;/

42/ pma&;q&mrsm;? wuúodkvfeE´rdwf(odkYr[kwf) aumif;uifESifY ajrBuD;udk

awmif;cHol/

43/ jyef qufpmwnf;tzGJY? ESpfq,f&mpk jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifY pmpkpm&if;/

44/ o0PfvTm? ½Ir0 (Mo*kwf? 1961)

45/ cifarmif&D? olwdkYESpfa,mufaoG;aomuf (atmufwdkbm? 1961)


46/ wifYqef;? olwdkYr&SdawmhNyD? aiGwm&D (rwfv-1963)

47/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;b0rSwfwrf;? aiGwm&D (Edk0ifbm-1966)

48/ av;jrifY? vGrf;&aompma&;q&mrsm;? aiGwm&D (atmufwdkbm? 1967)

49/ jrefrmYtvif;oef;ñGefY? uRefawmfqHkcJh&aom owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;

50/ owif;pmavmu? jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;

51/ ,lyDtdkif OD;boef;\ b0tawGYtBuHK

52/ ocFg? tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK

53/ ½Ia'gifY*sme,f (15-11-1971)

54/ ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;? udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KyÜwÅd/

55/ wuúokdvfwifc? jrefrmpmjrefrmrIudkjyKpkysdK;axmifacgif;aqmifcJYolrsm;/

56/ pHjywifOD;? jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;tbd"mef/

57/ OD;av;armif? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;? pmayAdrmefxkwfjynfolYvufpGJpmpOf/

58/ txufArmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;? pmaytiftm; (1970)

59/ vlxka':trm? vlxktrSwfw& vlxkOD;vS (1994)

60/ taxmufawmfvSatmif? owif;*sme,fESifh uRefawmf (1972)

61/ taxmufawmfvSatmif? pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ (1975)

62/ armifxGef;vif; (odyÜHbGJY? "mwkaA') OD;aomfZifpmpkpm&if; (1987)

63/ OD;odrf;armif? jrefrmholl&Jaumif;

64/ jra'gif;ndK? &JabmfoHk;usdyf

65/ jra'gif;ndK? a&TawmifwdkufyGJ

66/ &mjynfYOD;pdk;ñGefY? 20 &mpkjrefrmpma&;q&m 100

67/ jynfYpHk? aysmufqHk;aeaompma&;q&m? aoG;aomuf (ar-1951)

68/ armifoef;Edkif? azazrif;aqG? aoG;aomuf (pufwifbm-1954)

69/ armifoef;Edkif? &JxGwfESifYrif;aqG? aoG;aomuf (azazmf0g&D - 1957)

70/ atmifarmf (rif;aqGom;) rif;aqGb,frSmvJ ½Ir0 (ar - 1960)


2005 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk

pmya'om - 'kwd,qk&

]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}]]xifay:ausmfMum; jrefrmowif;pm q&mBuD;rsm;}}

a&;ol - owif;axmuf aomif;ñGefY (zsmyHk)

tz OD;wifarmif? trd a':pdefñGefY wdkYrS 1948-ckESpf? rwfv (5) &ufwGif

zsmyHkNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/

zsmyHkNrdKU? t.x.u (3) wGif txufwef;txd ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/

1966 ckESpfwGif &efukefowif;pm? jrefrmhtvif;? Adkvfwaxmif? aMu;rHk?

*g;'D,ef;owif;pmrsm;ESifh owif;*sme,fwdkYü owif;ESifh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;

pwifa&;om;NyD; pmaye,fodkY 0ifa&mufcJhonf/

2003 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqkNydKifyGJwGif ]]trsdK;orD;rsm; odrSwfzG,f&m Oya'

a&;&m}} pmrljzifh okwya'om (0dZÆmynm&yf) wGif yxrqk&&SdcJhonf/

2004 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqkNydKifyGJwGif ]]pmaya&;om;xkwfa0jcif;qdkif&m

Oya'a&;&m}} pmrljzifh okwya'om (0dZÆmynm&yf) wGif 'kwd,qk &&SdcJhonf/

,cktcg NrdKUe,fowif;axmuftjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdNyD;? *sme,ftcsdKUwGif

a&;om;vsuf&Sdonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHpmayESifh pme,fZif;tzGJU0iftrSwf (0176) jzpfonf/

zsmyHkNrdKU? (10) &yfuGuf? (11) vrf;? trSwf (108) wGif rdcifBuD;ESifhtwl

aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf/

trnf&if; OD;aomif;ñGefY jzpfonf/

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