Ing. Bioquimica

8/8/2019 Ing. Bioquimica

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2/22

Here are some products of White Biotechnology

Transportation fuels

New intermediates for the bulk chemical industry New food and feed

And the technology isFermentation and Bio-catalysis


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Transportation fuels

Bio-ethanol

Bio-butanol Bio-diesel

Ethanol can be used in mixtures with gasoline in up to 85 % by

volume. In Brazil 40 % of all private cars drive on 85 % ethanol, theremainder on 25 % ethanol.

Brazil, USA, India, and perhaps Australia and Thailand will be able tomake bioethanol as cheap as gasoline.

Butanol can be used by all cars, alone or in mixtures with gasoline. Itis (as yet) more expensive than ethanol.

England and perhaps other EU countries) and USA are comitted toproduce bio-butanol


4/22

Production methods for bio-fuels

Bio-ethanol is produced by fermentation from

1. Cane sugar or starch (first generation processes)2. Cellulosic material (second generation processes)

First generation processes: Sugar is fermented using yeastor bacteria (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas sp.)

Starch is hydrolysed to glucose and used as above

Second generation processes: Straw, wood chips etc, arehydrolyzed to glucose and other sugars. Thereaftertreated as in First generation processes


5/22


Bio-butanol is produced from sugar, household waste or

some other carbon source.Here the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicumis used

About 50 % of the sugar can be converted to butanol,another 25 % to acetone and the remainder to biomassand ethanol.

The price of butanol is 1100 US$ per ton

The world market is about 1.3 million tons/year

BP and DuPont are comitted to produce bio-butanol onthe British market by 2007


6/22


Bio-diesel is produced from animal fat (lard) or from

vegetable oil (e.g. rape seed oil) using a catalytic trans-esterification process (acid, base or enzymes)

Glycerol-fatty acid + CH3OHMe-fatty acid + glycerol

A methanol based bio-diesel is very similar to high gradeoil-derived diesel, but no sulphur, less NOx etc.

This could be a fine outlet for a large MeOH-production!

As a byproduct glycerol is formed. This could be thestarting point for a chemistry based on glycerol


7/22

The new raw materials for production of chemicals

Glucose

Either directly or derived from starch or cellulosic material

Polymers (poly-lactic acid, poly-esters)

Solvents (butanol, acetone etc)

Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, proteins and hormones, therapeuticamino-acids, and many others)

Foods and food ingredients (new sugars, dairy products, citric acid,lactic acid, emulsifiers, thickeners, pro-biotic diets)

- or glucose can be converted to another compound whichcan serve as starting point for a family of chemicals

Succinic acid, (CH2 COOH)2, is a good example.


8/22

Glucose as progenitor of families of chemicals

Succinic acid

C6H12O6 + 2 H2 + 2 CO2 2 (CH2COOH)2 + 2 H2O

Lactic acid

C6H12O6 2 C3 H6 O3 (formula: CH3-CHOH-COOH)

1,3 propane diol

C6H12O6 + 4 H2 2 C3H8O2 + 2 H2O (formula: CH2OH - CH2- CH2OH)


9/22

Which disciplines are needed to work in Biotechnology?

Fundamental Bio-Sciences

Microbiology and Biochemistry

a. The functioning of the living cell: DNA, RNA, Proteins Growth

b. The Chemistry of Life: Pathways, Metabolites, Energy

Applied Physics and Mathematics as in Chemical EngineeringThe conceptof model-driven experimental science

a. Steady- and unsteady state Pathway Fluxes

b. The interpretation of large amounts of uncertain data

Design and optimization of large-scale processes

a. Reactor design and design of separation processes.


10/22

Illustrative Examples

Lactobionic Acid

Lactose (Galactose-Glucose) + O2 Lactobionic Acid

A chemical reaction in H2

O at 38 oC using a commercial enzyme

Method of investigation:

a. Find the kinetics of the reaction as a function of [O2] and [Lactose]

b. Run Pilot Plant experiments to find influence of O2 transfer


11/22

Why would we make lactobionic acid?

Because we wish to find use of a byproduct from cheese production

A normal size cheese factory produces per hour 15 m3 waste water

with 4.5 wt % lactose. Why pay to clean it up?

Because we find many applications for Lactobionic acid, once acheap production method has been developed

Lactobionic acid is an excellent chelating compound, i.eit bindsmetal ions: This property can be used to

a. make functional foods (e.g with a high Ca-content)

b. make new detergents without polyphosphates (added to prevent

the formation of C-soaps when using hard water, but givesterrible pollution problems due to discharge of phosphates)


12/22

Excerpts from the laboratory scale investigation (1 L):

The enzyme deactivates when strong base is used to keep pH constantThe rate is virtually independent of the lactose concentration.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time (h)

Baseadditionrate(mmol/h)


13/22

Production of LBA in 600 L tank using RJHThe laboratory results are confirmedWe can provide a sufficient O2 transport

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

y2=1.1059x-5.502

R2=0.9999

y1=0.2021x+0.095

R2=0.9987

Totalbase

added

[k

g]

Time [hr]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Middle

Bottom

Loop

Dissolvedoxygentension[%]

Time [hr]

Airflow 100 L min-1

10 L min-1

DO measured in system

10 L min-1 100 L min-1

Red : DO in loop

Green orblue: DO in tank


14/22

Fast recirculation ofliquid back to the

V = 3.4 m3 tank.

Gas and substrate areadded in the loop.

A plate-type heatexchanger w ith U ~5000 W m-2 C-1 is partof the loop.

Gas

Rotary jet head

Bulk mixing in a more effective way


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Gearing

Nozzle diameter,d = 10mm

The rotary jet head

IM20 is a 4 nozzle jet headwhich gives a 3-D flow pattern

Pressure energy is convertedinto kinetic energy

The functioning of Rotary Jet Heads


16/22

The production of Single Cell Protein from Methane or Methanol

Why would this process be contemplated?

1. Most animals require a diet with both plant- and animal protein

2. Animal protein (fish-meal) is rapidly becoming expensive

3. The protein obtained from SCP production is animalprotein

4. The price of fish-meal is now 1200 US $/ ton up from 700US $/ ton in mid 2006.

5. SCP from CH4 or CH3OH is indistinguishable from fish-meal

6. Natural microorganisms (no GMO) are used.


17/22

Methylococcus capsulatuswith membranes of the crucial enzymeMethane-monooxygenase

CH4 + H 2 + O2 CH3OH + H2O


18/22

.more on the biochemistry ofMethylococcus capsulatus

The Methanol produced from methane is dehydrogenated

CH3OH HCHO (formaldehyde) + H2

Formaldehyde is oxidized to CO2 to create energy (ATP)

- or it is used together with NH3 and minerals to build cellmass.

HCHO + O2 CO2 + H2O

HCHO + NH3 + P + S +.. Protein, lipids, carbohydrates +


19/22

Some numbers on Carbon and Oxygen demand for SCP

From 1.25 kg methane one obtains 1 kg biomassThis corresponds to 1 kg biomass per 1.75 N m3 methane

or Ysx = 0.520 C-mole biomass per mole methane

The O2 demand is (8 0.5204.20) / 4 = 1.45 mol O2 per CH4or 2.53 N m3 O2 / kg biomass = 3.62 kg O2 / kg biomass.

Stoichiometry of methane conversion to biomass:CH4 + 1.45 O2 + 0.104 NH3 0.52 CH1.8O0.5N0.2 + 0.48 CO2 + 1.69 H2O

.


20/22

Some process conditions

1. Continuous fermentation at 45 oC and 1-3 bar

pressure (to improve mass transfer of gases to liquid)

2. The flow rate of liquid through the reactor is

1 volume/ volume reactor /5 hours (D = 0.2 h-1)

3. The gas flow rate is much, much higher


21/22

500 L pilot fermentor (height 6.5 m) used at DTU

6

11

4

12

5

7

10

3

10

89

11

11

66

1111

44

1122

55

77

1010

33

1010

8899

1111

1111


22/22

250 m3 reactor (9000 t / year SCP) in Norway

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