Demand Response in California- From Hot Summer to Any Time DR

Mary Ann Piette

Director, Demand Response Research Center

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Presentation Outline

• The Past – Demand Response for Extreme Events• The Present –Any Time Dispatchable Resource• Automate Once – Use Many Times• Future – Quantifying Resource Availability on Multiple Time Scales

• Summary and Next Steps

The Past – DR for Extreme Events

Development of automated DR started in 2002 – Cost - Develop low-cost, automation infrastructure– Technology – Evaluate reliability & readiness– Capability – Evaluate strategies to modify loads

OpenADR - open standard for price & reliability signalsOpenADR - used for utility and ISO Automated DR programs

Linking Energy Efficiency and DR

1/9/2015 5

Demand Response Simplified

Schedule

Price

Signaling Congestion

Reliability

Economics

Intermittent Resources

Objectives Data Model Automation

Standards

Control Strategies

D

Manual

Automated

Centralized

Gateway

Embedded

Monthly reports on DR programs are available by each utility

OpenADR Fundamentals

Provides non‐proprietary, open standardized DR interface

Allows electricity providers to communicate DR signals directly to existing customers

Uses common XML language and existing communications such as the Internet

$/kWhPrice Signal OpenADR

Data Model InternetComm

Pricing Data Models

Physical Communications

Client ServerClient ServerAuto‐DR

Building ActionBuilding Action

End‐Use Controls

Control Strategies

Historic focus on Seasonal Grid StressOpenADR PG&E Demand Bid Test Day

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Control Strategies Evaluated in Previous Demos

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ACWD Office, lab X X X X X X XB of A Office, data center X X X X XChabot Museum X X2530 Arnold Office X X50 Douglas Office X XMDF Detention facility XEchelon Hi-tech office X X X X X X X XCenterville Junior Highschool X XIrvington Highschool X XGilead 300 Office XGilead 342 Office, Lab X XGilead 357 Office, Lab X XIKEA EPaloAlto Furniture retail XIKEA Emeryville Furniture retail XIKEA WSacto Furniture retailOracle Rocklin Office X XSafeway Stockton Supermarket XSolectron Office, Manufacture X XSvenhard's Bakery XSybase Hi-tech office XTarget Antioch Retail X XTarget Bakersfield Retail X XTarget Hayward Retail X X X XWalmart Fresno Retail X X

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DR Data from 22 Commercial Buildings

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Demand Response Strategies Guide for Commercial Buildings

HVAC Systems3 . 1 . 1 . G l o b a l t em p er a t u r e a d j u s t m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 03 .1 .2 . Pass ive therma l mass storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 .1 .3 . Duct s ta t ic pressure decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 . 1 . 4 . F an var i ab l e f r eq ue nc y dr i ve l i m i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 73 . 1 . 5 . S u p p l y a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 83 .1 .6 . Fan q uant i ty reduc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 .1 .7 . Coo l ing va lve l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 . 1 . 8 . Ch i l l e d w a t e r t em p e r a t u r e i n c r e a se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 .1 .9 . Ch i l l e r demand l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 .1 .10 . Ch i l le r quant i t y reduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 .1 .11 . Rebound avo idance st ra teg ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lighting Systems3.2 .1 . Zone sw i tch ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 . 2 . 2 . L u m i n a i r e / l am p sw i t c h i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 83 .2 .3 . Stepped d imming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 .2 .4 . C o n t i n u o us d i mmi n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

M i s c e l l a n e o u s E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Non‐Component‐Specific Strategies3 .4 .1 . Demand l im i t s t ra tegy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 .4 .2 . Pr ice ‐ l eve l response st ra tegy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4. Implementation of DR Strategies 4.1. DR Strategy Development and Commissioning...................................................47

DR Quick Assessment Tool

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Simple free EnergyPlus tool for retail and office buildings to provide DR estimates for common HVAC and lighting strategies

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Excellent performance predicting DR in southern Calif.Included modeling pre-cooling strategies

OpenADR Interoperability Progress

2002  to 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Research initiated by LBNL/ CEC

Pilots and field trialsDevelopments, tests (Utilities)

OpenADR 1.0 Commercialization(PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E)

Official OpenADR specification (1.0) by LBNL/CEC*

1. OpenADR Standards Development- OASIS (EI TC), UCA, IEC

2. NIST Smart Grid, PAP 09

1. Anytime DR Pilots- Wholesale markets- International demonstrations- Dynamic pricing, renewables2. All end-use sectors

Certification/Testing (v2.0)

Communication Standards Development:1. Research and development2. Pilots and field trials3. Standards development4. Conformance and interoperability

EI 1.0 standards- OpenADR profiles

OpenADR 2.0 specifications- Products, commercialization- International standards (IEC)

Over 250 MWautomated in California

National outreach with USGBC

OpenADR 2.0 Application

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*Figure Source: OASIS Energy Interop Draft Standards (http://www.oasis‐open.org/committees/energyinterop/) 

• As of summer, 2014, 234 MW, 1200 accounts currently enrolled• ~$215/kW statewide average enablement cost• Additional sites in SMUD, Palo Alto, coming to LADWP• Additional sites with WIFI Communicating Thermostats

Current Status OpenADR in California

Demand Response and Baseline Models

Utilities use 10 previous days as baselineMay use a morning adjustmentRegression, built from baseline

o Time-of-week indicator variableso Piecewise linear temperature dependence

ˆ L u(ti,T(ti)) i uT(ti)

[Mathieu, Price, Kiliccote, and Piette, 2011. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid]

Renewables and Managing the “Duck” Curve

Source: Sanders, H., “CEC IEPR Demand Response Workshop”, June 17, 2013, slide 3.

New Markets for Responsive Loads

Product Physical Requirements

Product Type General DescriptionHow fast to respond

Length of response

Time to respond

How often called

Regulation Response to random unscheduled deviations in 

scheduled net load

30 sec Energy neutral in 15 

min

5 min Continuous w/in specified bid 

period

Flexibility Load following reserve for un‐forecasted wind/solar 

ramps

5 min 1 hr 20 min Continuous w/in specified bid 

period

Contingency Rapid & immediate response to supply loss

1 min ≤ 30 min ≤ 10 min ≤ Once/day

Energy Shed or shift energy consumption over time

5 min ≥ 1 hr 10 min 1‐2 x/day & 4‐8 hr notification

Capacity Ability to serve as an alternative to generation

Top 20 hrs coincident w/balancing authority peak

Ancillary Services

Regulation rectifies small discrepancies between load and 5-minute real time dispatch Receives operating point instruction and

responds within 4 sec Energy neutral, although not in practice

Operating Reserves respond when a contingency event occurs to restore balance. respond within 10 minutes event duration typically 10-30 minutes Includes Synchronous and Non-Synchronous

Fast DR – Evaluating how loads can act like generators – Development of communication, control and telemetry requirements– Understanding markets and market participation rules– Research concepts supported with field tests

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Advanced Applications- Using Demand-side Resources for Grid Reliability with DR and Microgrids

Architecture

Loads

CommunicationLatency

Evaluating Which Loads are Most Flexible

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Commercial

Residential

Municipal

Agricultural

Response ParametersFlexibility range (reg up, reg down, both)

Speed of Response Store, Shift or Shed

Size of ResponseControllable

Sizing of ResourceMin and max daily consumption requirements

Cycling Rate Impacts (wear/tear)

Impacts on Overall ResponseRebound/Recovery Issues

Charge/DischargeIndependence

How to PredictPredictable or Variable (daily, seasonal, 

geographic)Time or Operational dependence

How it ParticipatesIndividual or Aggregated

LOADS FLEXIBILITY FILTER ANCILLARY SERVICESPRODUCTS

MODELS

*Builds on 10 years of field work by DRRC

5 Field Studies Beyond Hot Summer Days

• Cold mornings for winter peak regions (Seattle)• Non-spin reserve ancillary services (No. Cal)• Regulation ancillary services (No. Cal)• Economic dispatch - integrated price signals (NY NY)• Fast telemetry for small commercial (No. Cal.)

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McKinstry S W S S WTarget ‐ T1284 WS WS WSSeattle Municiple Tower WS W W WSSeattle University WS W W S W W W W W

HVAC Lighting Other

Fast DR in Commercial BuildingsBuildings can provide ramping- Costs will be lower if used in many DR programs- How often can load be called?

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PLP EVENT

SiteAvailable Capacity 

(MW)Min. Operating Limit 

(MW)Max. Operating Limit 

(MW)Ramp Rate (MW/min.)

UC Merced 0.16 0 0.17Reg up: 0.022       

Reg down: 0.022West Hill Farms 0.03 0 0.16 Reg up/down:0.03

SMCC 0.2 0 0.2Reg up: 0.05        

Reg down_1: 0.066   Reg down_2: 0.134

Integrated Sensing and Communication: Low-Cost Telemetry of Demand Side Ancillary Services

• Low-cost, Internet connected embedded systems enable telemetry and control

• $50/kW site enablement vs traditional at $300/kW• Demonstrated across 12 sites and four load types

Metrics for Response

Title 24 - SECTION 120.2 –CONTROLS FOR SPACE-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

(h) Automatic Demand Shed Controls.DDC to Zone level be programmed to allow centralized demand shed for non-critical zones:

Controls have capability to - remotely setup cooling temp by 4 F or more in non-critical zones with EMCS

Controls require following features:- Manual control. Manual control by authorized facility operators to allow adjustment of heating

and cooling set points globally from a single point in the EMCS; and- Automatic Demand Shed Control. Upon receipt of a DR signal, space-conditioning systems

conduct a centralized demand shed, as specified in Sections 120.2(h)1 and 120.2(h)2.

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Occupant Controlled Smart Thermostat in Title 24OCSTs are self-certified by manufacturer to Energy Commission to

meet T24. Spec focuses on 3 interfaces:Communications, User Display and HVAC System Interface

Appendix JA5.2.3.1 Price Signals Price signals allow utility or entity to send a signal or message to occupant’s OCST to provide pricing info to occupant and initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal.

JA5.2.3.2 Demand Response Periods This event class allows utility to initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. Signal attributes shall be specified within messaging protocol.

Messaging Protocols in CEC List are Apples and Oranges

ZigBee Wireless Mesh BACnet MSTPANSI 709.1OpenADR 2.0Enocean Wireless Protocol

Summary

Key Issues• California has a vibrant set of DR programs• Continued changes in goals and motivations• Growing capabilities of buildings to provide

services to the electric grid• New telemetry and control systems provide

low cost automationAcknowledgements / Sponsors –California Energy Commission, US DOE, Bonneville Power Administration, PG&E, SCE