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What do we know?What do we need to know? What is this part of the case about?
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Bill BromerK. Rebecca ThomasMarsha TimmermanLinda Weinland
Trees from the Seas:Trees from the Seas:Investigating Phylogeny Using Investigating Phylogeny Using
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
As Lars and Sven set sail on their fishing boat, they noticed that the seas had finally calmed. After a day of trawling, they discovered that 30% of the fish were dead and had massive skin lesions. Lars immediately called the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to alert them that there was a problem with the catch. Maria-Jose, the director of marine fisheries at the DNR, asked Lars whether he or Sven had experienced any of the symptoms associated with red tide.
What do we know? What do we need to know?
What is this part of the case about?
Red TideRed Tide
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
ToxinsToxins
saxitoxin
brevetoxinciguatoxin
yessotoxin
The DNR informed Lars and Sven that they needed to destroy all the fish in their catch. This was the third time in two years that they had received such an order. Frustrated, Lars and Sven contacted START (Solutions to Avoid Red Tide, Inc.), a non-profit organization committed to reducing the environmental, economic, social, and public health impacts of future red tides.
Clarissa, one of the founders of START, commented to her laboratory supervisor, “We need to help these guys. Let’s collect some samples and run them through the phylogenetic analysis process that we developed last year. Maybe that will help us pinpoint the source of the problem.”
What do we know? What do we need to know?
What is this part of the case about?
Marsha…Marsha…
Student OutcomesStudent Outcomes
Build a simple phylognetic treeAnalyze different phylogenetic treesTest hypotheses of character evolution within the context of a phylogentic diagram
ResourcesResources• Anderson, DM. 2007. The Harmful Algae Page, http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/ Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute. • Anderson, DM. 2007. Human illness associated with harmful algae.
http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/illness/illness.html Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. • Brevetoxin B http://www.ncl.ox.ac.uk/quicktime/brevetoxin.html• Burkholder, JM; Glasgow, HB; Deamer-Melia, NJ; Springer, J; Parrow, MW; Zhang, C; and Cancellieri PJ.
2001. Species of the toxic Pfiesteria complex, and the importance of functional type in data interpretation. Environmental Health Perspectives 109:667-679.
• Clamp, M.; Cuff, J.; Searle, SM; and Barton, GJ. 2004. The Jalview Java Alignment Editor. Bioinformatics 20:426-7
• Images• www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/.../cell_covering.html• www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html• www.mdsg.umd.edu/MarineNotes/Jul-Aug97/side1.html• www.serc.si.edu/.../dinoflagellates/gsang.jsp• chbr.noaa.gov/pmn/resfspfiesteria.htm• www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagmm.html• www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/.../Pollution.htm• www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/.../Biotoxins/PSP_e.htm• daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/.../12_classics_blooms.shtml• European Bioinformatics Institute http://www.ebi.ac.uk/• EBI Tools: ClustalW http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/• Faust, MA and Gulledge RA. 2002. Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates,
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/dinoflag/index.htm Smithsonian Institution• Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Regional red tide summaries and status reports
http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670• GenBank http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/• Hackett, JD; Anderson, DM; Erdner, DL; and Bhattacharya, D. 2004. Dinoflagellates: A remarkable
evolutionary experiment. Am J Bot 91:1523-34.• Jalview A Multialignment Editor http://www.jalview.org/
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
We wish to thank the entire BioQUEST staff and all our colleagues for the help, inspiration, motivation - and laughs.
“all ignorance toboggans into knowand trudges up to ignorance again...” - e.e. cummings
Table of Dinoflagellate Table of Dinoflagellate CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Dinoflagellate Toxin Disease
Morphology (size,
theca, etc.)
Photosynthetic pigments
(and alternate nutrition)
Reproduction
Ecology, Habitat, Locality
Prorocentrum ciguatoxinmaitotoxinokadaic acid
DSP 30-38 µm l x 20-25 µm w,armoured
chl a and c binary fission, sexual
marine, benthic, tropical and subtropical
Gymnodinium saxitoxins PSP 34-65 µm l x 27-43 µm w, chain-forming,unarmoured
chl a and c binary fission, sexual
marine, planktonic, temperate and subtropical
Karenia brevetoxins
NSP 12-17 µm l x 20-40 µm w, unarmoured
chl a and c binary fission, sexual
marine and estuarine, planktonic, subtropical and temperate