Allied Health I- Unit C

C. BODY SYSTEMS1H03.01 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another.

Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism.

For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.

Directions/PositionAnatomical Position

Anterior and ventral -------------------------------------front or in front of

Posterior or dorsal ---------------------------------------back or in back ofCranial and caudal ---------------------------------------cranial:head end

caudal: tail endSuperior and inferior------------------------------------superior: upper or

aboveinferior: lower or below

Medial and lateral ----------------------------------------medial: toward the midline

lateral: away from midlineProximal and distal --------------------------------------proximal: toward

the trunkdistal: farthest from trunk

Superficial or external ----------------------------------on or near the surface of body

Deep or internal ------------------------------------------inside or about a body cavity

Planes and SectionsSagittal plane ---------------------------------divides the body

into right and left parts

Coronal (frontal) plane ---------------------a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior

portions.

Transverse (cross section) -----------------a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

CavitiesDorsal cavity – contains the brain and spinal cavity

Cranial cavity – where the brain is located

Spinal cavity – thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.

Pelvic cavity – urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.

Abdominal/Pelvic Regions

Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone), and the right hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs.

Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus, and the right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar sprain.)

Hypogastric – the pubic area

Right Hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar

Umbilical

Left Lumbar

Right Inguinal

Hypogastric

Left Inguinal

1H03.02 Body Tissues and Membranes Tissues

-Epithelial tissue

-Connective Tissue*adipose*cartilage*tendons*ligaments

-Muscle Tissue

-Nervous Tissue

TISSUES Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and

external surfaces Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an

impulseAdipose Tissue– type of connective tissue that stores fat cellsLigaments– strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold

bones firmly together at the joints (bone to bone)Tendons – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal

muscle to bone (muscle to bone)Cartilage – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and

part of the adult skeleton

TISSUESMEMBRANES – formed by putting two

thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid

MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

TISSUESSEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane -

produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane2. the part that covers the organs is the

VISCERAL membrane.PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest

cavity and protects the lungsPERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity

and protects the heartPERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal

cavity and protects abdominal organs

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act

together to perform a specific, related function Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Circulatory ExcretoryNervous Endocrine Reproductive