C H A P T E R 11 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

1111 Anatomy and Physiology of the

Human Body

Copyright © 2008 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Respiratory System77

U N I TU N I T


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The Source and the Importance of Oxygen

Sources of oxygen Plants use sun, water, and carbon dioxide to

make oxygen. Air: Adults carry 2 quarts of O2 in their blood,

lungs, and tissue. Importance

The respiratory system takes in air, removes the oxygen, and sends it through the blood while removing carbon dioxide.


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The Pathway of Oxygen to the Internal Cell

Mouth and nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs)


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The Respiratory System


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The Structure and Function of the Nose

The nose is a cavity that is divided by a wall of cartilage called the septum.

The structures inside the nose warm and filter the air.

Cilia (hairs that warm the air) Conchae (3 bones that add moisture) Mucous membranes (trap dust and bacteria)


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The Structure and Function of the Pharynx

Also called the throat Passageway for food and air Connects the mouth to the larynx


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The Structure and Function of the Epiglottis

Lid on the top of the larynx When food is swallowed, the lid closes

so that food is directed down the esophagus and not into the lungs.

Air passes over the open epiglottis and enters the larynx.


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Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles


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The Structure and Function of the Larynx

Also called the voice box A tube made up of nine separate

cartilages to maintain openness Lined with mucous membranes that form

two folds called the vocal cords


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The Structure and Function of the Trachea

Also called the windpipe Held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage The wall between the rings is elastic to

adjust for body positions. Above the middle of the sternum, the

trachea divides into two sections called bronchi.


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The Structure and Function of the Bronchus and Bronchiole

The bronchus connects the trachea to the lungs.

Once inside the lungs, the bronchus divides and divides again to become microscopic bronchioles that act as tiny air passageways.


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The Structure and Function of the Alveolus

Also called the air sacs Clusters of capillaries located at the ends

of each bronchiole The body contains approximately 500

million alveoli.


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How Voice Sounds Are Produced

The vocal cords move across the larynx when struck by air.

The vocal cords are held tense by contracting muscles.

The degree of tension and length of the vocal cords determine the pitch of the voice.

The tighter and longer the cords, the higher the pitch.


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External and Internal Respiration

External The process of getting

oxygen from the nose to the alveolus and into capillaries and the return of carbon dioxide to the nose

Internal The exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide at the cellular level


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The Pleural Covering

Each lung, with its blood vessels and nerves, is enclosed in a membrane called the visceral pleura.

A membrane called the parietal pleura lines the chest cavity.

The space between the pleura contains fluid to prevent friction during respiration.


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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How They Relate to Breathing

The main muscle of respiration is called the diaphragm.

When the diaphragm contracts, it produces a vacuum that causes air to be drawn in.

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out of the lungs.

(continued)


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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How They Relate to Breathing

Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain.

An increase in carbon dioxide or a drop in oxygen triggers the respiratory center to force respirations.


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Occurrences That Alter Breathing

Coughing Deep breaths followed by forceful exhalation

that can clear mucus from the lower respiratory tract

Hiccoughs Caused by spasm of the diaphragm,

possibly the result of an irritation to the diaphragm

(continued)


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Occurrences That Alter Breathing

Sneezing Air is forced through the nose to clear the

upper respiratory structures Yawning

Deep, prolonged breath that can be caused by a drop in oxygen levels

Crying A change in the breathing pattern that is in

response to emotions


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Surfactant

A fatty molecule located on the respiratory membrane

Maintains the inflated alveolus so that it does not collapse between respirations


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Diagnostic Exams


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Perfusion Scans

Examination of the lungs after intravenous administration of a radioactive dye to provide an image of pulmonary blood flow

Can be used to diagnose blood vessel obstruction


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Ventilation Scans

Examination of the lungs following the inhalation of a mixture of air and gases from a mask or bag that shows what areas of the lungs are ventilated during respiration


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Arterial Blood Gas Studies

Measures the partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide and determines the pH


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Bronchoscopy and Chest X-Ray

Bronchoscopy A tube is inserted into the trachea to view

the airways or to remove a foreign body Chest x-rays

Studies that tell the general health of the lungs and surrounding tissue


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Diseases and Disorders


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Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

Allergic rhinitis A reaction of the eyes, nose, and sinuses to

airborne allergens Asthma

A chronic disorder that causes swelling, inflammation, and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles

Can be caused by exposure to allergens


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Atelectasis and Bronchitis

Atelectasis Lack of air in the lungs resulting from

collapse of the alveolus Bronchitis

Acute or chronic disease that results in inflammation of the bronchial walls and narrowing of the airways


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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A chronic condition that is usually the result of a combination of respiratory disorders

A progressive disease that causes dyspnea, respiratory failure, and death


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Emphysema and Epistaxis

Emphysema Irreversible enlargement of the air spaces in

the lungs caused by destruction of the alveolar walls

Results in the inability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Epistaxis Nosebleeds


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Laryngitis and Pleurisy

Laryngitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the vocal

cords Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura that results as a complication of infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or injury


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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

Associated with chronic lung disease or left ventricular heart failure

Individuals awaken at night with a sensation of suffocation that is probably caused by an accumulation of fluid in the lungs


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Pneumonia and Pneumothorax

Pneumonia Acute infection of the lung tissues The leading cause of death among patients

already in a weakened state Pneumothorax

Air or gas that has accumulated between the two pleural layers, causing collapse of the lung tissue


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Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Can kill infants between the ages of birth and 8 months of age

Normal breathing becomes rapid and shallow.

The nostrils flare and the sternum retracts.

The infant “grunts.”


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Tuberculosis

Acute or chronic bacterial lung infection that is highly contagious

The body reacts to the bacteria by converting destroyed tissue into a cheeselike material that can develop into fiber optic obstruction of the lung cavities.


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Unit Summary

Name the functions of the following structures of the respiratory system: nose, trachea, and bronchi.

What is a pneumothorax?

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C H A P T E R 11 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body