C. BODY SYSTEMS1H03.01 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another.
Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism.
For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.
Directions/PositionAnatomical Position
Anterior and ventral -------------------------------------front or in front of
Posterior or dorsal ---------------------------------------back or in back ofCranial and caudal ---------------------------------------cranial:head end
caudal: tail endSuperior and inferior------------------------------------superior: upper or
aboveinferior: lower or below
Medial and lateral ----------------------------------------medial: toward the midline
lateral: away from midlineProximal and distal --------------------------------------proximal: toward
the trunkdistal: farthest from trunk
Superficial or external ----------------------------------on or near the surface of body
Deep or internal ------------------------------------------inside or about a body cavity
Planes and SectionsSagittal plane ---------------------------------divides the body
into right and left parts
Coronal (frontal) plane ---------------------a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior
portions.
Transverse (cross section) -----------------a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.
CavitiesDorsal cavity – contains the brain and spinal cavity
Cranial cavity – where the brain is located
Spinal cavity – thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.
Pelvic cavity – urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.
Abdominal/Pelvic Regions
Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone), and the right hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs.
Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus, and the right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar sprain.)
Hypogastric – the pubic area
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Inguinal
Hypogastric
Left Inguinal
1H03.02 Body Tissues and Membranes Tissues
-Epithelial tissue
-Connective Tissue*adipose*cartilage*tendons*ligaments
-Muscle Tissue
-Nervous Tissue
TISSUES Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and
external surfaces Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an
impulseAdipose Tissue– type of connective tissue that stores fat cellsLigaments– strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold
bones firmly together at the joints (bone to bone)Tendons – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal
muscle to bone (muscle to bone)Cartilage – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and
part of the adult skeleton
TISSUESMEMBRANES – formed by putting two
thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid
MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining
TISSUESSEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane -
produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane2. the part that covers the organs is the
VISCERAL membrane.PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest
cavity and protects the lungsPERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity
and protects the heartPERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal
cavity and protects abdominal organs