Introduction to Human

Anatomy & Physiology

Overview of Anatomy

Anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another

Overview of Physiology

Physiology: The study of how the body and its parts work or function

Relationship

What is relationship between the terms anatomy and physiology?

The parts of your body form a well-organized unit and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

Levels of Structural Organization

Simplest level – chemical level

– Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins

– Molecules then associate to form cells

Organ System Overview

Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

Integumentary System

The external covering of the body or the skin

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Muscular System

The skeletal muscles, those responsible for the movement of the body, form the muscular system

Nervous System

The body’s fast-acting control system

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine System

Controls the body activities, but much more slowly than the nervous system

Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the blood to travel to distant target organs.

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other organs like the spleen and tonsils

Helps defend the body against disease- causing agents

Respiratory System

Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

Digestive System

Responsible for breaking down food and delivering the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.

Urinary System

Removes the nitrogenous-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

Bellringer

Compare and contrast the terms ‘anatomy’ and ‘physiology’.

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position Movement Body Cavities Directional Terms Regional Terms Body Planes

Anatomical Position

Body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.

Movement

Abduction Adduction Antagonistic Eversion Inversion

Circumduction Supination Pronation Rotation Extension Flexion

Types of Body Movements

Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline

Adduction: moving a limb towards the body midline

Types of Body Movements

Supination: moving the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (anatomical position)

Pronation: moving the palm of the hand from an anterior, position to a posterior position.

Types of Body Movements

Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together

Extension: movement increases the angle of the joint and increases the distance between two bones.

Types of Body Movements

Rotation: movement of bone around longitudinal axis; shaking head “no”

Types of Body Movements

Circumduction: proximal end of the limb is stationary, and its distal end moves in a circle

Types of Muscles – Related to Movement

Antagonist: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement of the prime mover.

Types of Body Movements

Inversion: turning the sole of the foot so that it faces medially

Eversion: turning the sole of the foot laterally

Body Cavities

•Figure 1.7, page 15

Regional Terms

Anterior Body Landmarks– Nasal, Oral, Cervical, Thoracic, Abdominal,

Umbilical, Pubic, Patellar, Orbital, Sternal, Axillary, Brachial, Carpal, Digital, Inguinal, Femoral, Tarsal

– Fig. 1.5a, page 13

•Nasal•Oral•Cervical•Thoracic•Abdominal•Umbilical•Pubic•Patellar•Orbital• Sternal•Axillary•Brachial•Carpal•Digital•Inguinal•Femoral •Tarsal

Regional Terms

Posterior Body Landmarks– Cephalic, Occipital, Deltoid, Scapular, Vertebral,

Lumbar, Gluteal– Fig 1.5b, page 13

•Cephalic

• Occipital

•Deltoid

•Scapular

•Vertebral

•Lumbar

•Gluteal

Directional Terms

Directional terms are used to describe the directional relationship of one body structure to another

Table 1.1, page 12 Terms: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior,

Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep

Body Planes

Body Planes

Sagittal Plane: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts

Body Planes

Frontal Plane: separates the body on a longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

Body Planes

Transverse Plane: separates the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Tissues

Groups of cells that are similar in structure

4 Types of Body Tissue

Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscle

Epithelial Tissue

Lines body organs, covers the body surface, and found in glandular tissue

Fits closely together Lower surface rests on a

basement membrane Lacks blood vessels Divide rapidly, quick

healing

Epithelial Classified by Layers

Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Simple Epithelial

One layer of cells

Stratified Epithelial

More than one cell layer

Pseudostratified Epithelial

Looks layered but is not Has cilia at its surfaces

Epithelial Classification by Shape

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

Squamous Epithelial

Flattened like fish scales or tiles on a floor

Broad and thin nuclei

Cuboidal Epithelial

Cube shaped like dice Centrally located

nucleus

Columnar Epithelial

Column shaped Nucleus is near the

basement membrane

Transitional Epithelial

Change shape– Vary in appearance at the free surface, so that

when the organ is contracted it is thinner than when the wall is stretched.

Found in urinary bladder

Epithelial Examples

Simple Squamous single layer of thin

flattened cells Common site of

diffusion and filtration Line air sacs (alveoli),

walls of blood vessels

Epithelial Examples

Simple Cuboidal single layer of cube-

shaped cells Secretion and

absorption Found in ovaries,

kidney tubules, and ducts of glands

Epithelial Examples

Simple Columnar single layer of

elongated cells Specialize in

absorption Line the uterus and

portions of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

Epithelial Examples

Pseudostratified Columnar All cells have contact with

basement membrane, but resembles layers

Cilia at surface Found in nasal cavity, trachea,

and bronchi

Epithelial Examples

Stratified squamous epithelium Occurs in areas of severe stress

– Lining of mouth, esophagus, tongue, surface of skin

Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Receive and send information

Connective Tissue

The most abundant type of tissue in the body by weight

Well vascularized Can vary from fluid

to solid

Connective Tissue Functions

Bind structures Provide support and protection Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infection Help repair tissue damage

Connective Tissue Types

Loose Connective Tissue– Areolar– Adipose– Reticular

Dense Connective Tissue Bone – Connective Tissue Blood – Connective Tissue Cartilage – Connective Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

Fibers loosely arranged Three Types

– Areolar– Reticular– Adipose

Areolar – Loose Connective Tissue

Most abundant connective tissue Found beneath all epithelial tissues where its

blood vessels nourish the epithelial cells Binds skin to underlying tissues and fills

space between muscles

Reticular- Loose Connective Tissue

Supports the walls of certain internal organs (Liver, Spleen)

Adipose – Loose Connective Tissue

Forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin

Cushions joints and some organs

Provides insulation and fuel

Dense Connective Tissue

Made of strong, collagenous fibers

Found in tendons, ligaments, white portion of the eye, and deep skin layers

Bone

The most rigid connective tissue Involved in protection and support

Blood

Transports substances and helps maintain a stable internal system.

Composed of– Plasma– Red Blood Cells– White Blood Cells– Platelets

Cartilage

Made of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a firm gel substance

Lacks direct blood supply and slow to heal

Support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues

Three main types:– Hyaline– Elastic– Fibrocartilage

Muscle Tissue

Very cellular, highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels), innervated (have nerves)

Three Main Types– Skeletal– Smooth – Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Attached to bones and skin to provide voluntary movement

Contraction generates heat

multi-nucleated with striations

Cardiac Muscle

Found in walls of heart

Smaller, branching cells

One or two nuclei, Striated

Involuntary Control Intercalated disks –

where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Small, cigar shaped (tapered at ends) cells

Uni-nucleated, no striations Found in walls of

– Digestive tract– Arteries and veins to control

blood flow and blood pressure– Ureters, urinary bladder, and

urethra to control movement of urine

– Muscles of eye to control pupil size