Unit-C Human Body

Systems

Anatomy & Physiology1H03.01

Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another.

Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism.

For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.

Body Planes:

• Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections.

Directions/Position

Anterior and ventral – front or in front ofPosterior or dorsal - back or in back ofCranial and caudal - cranial:head end

caudal: tail endSuperior and inferior- superior: upper or above

inferior: lower or belowMedial and lateral - medial: toward the midline

lateral: away from midlineProximal and distal - proximal: toward the trunk

distal: farthest from trunkSuperficial or external - on or near the surface of

bodyDeep or internal - inside or about a body cavity

Directions/Positions

Anatomical position

•Median/Saggittal Plane – divides body into right & left parts.

•Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides into anterior and posterior portions

•Transverse/Horizontal Plane – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Planes and Sections

Transverse (cross-section)

A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Coronal Plane

A vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left parts.

Cavities

The urinary bladder is found in the pelvic cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.

Thoracic Cavity• The second largest hollow space of

the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular & membranous partition, the diaphragm.

• It contains the lungs, the middle & lower airways—the tracheobronchial tree—the heart, the vessels transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, the great arteries bringing blood from the heart out into general circulation, and the major veins into which the blood is collected for transport back to the heart.

Spinal Cavity

• The space in vertebrae

through which the spinal cord passes.

Cranial Cavity

Where the brain is located.

Dorsal cavity

Contains the brain and spinal cord

4 quadrants

• upper left quadrant ULQ

• lower left quadrant LLQ

• upper right quadrant URQ

• lower right quadrant LRQ

The second way of dividing the abdominal surface is into 9 regions:

• left hypochondriac LH • left lumbar LL • left iliac (inginal) LI • epigastric E • umbilical U • hypogastric H • right hypochondriac RH • right lumbar RL • right iliac (inginal)RI

Abdominal/Pelvic Regions

• Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone)

• Right Hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs.

• Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus

• Right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar pain.) and on either side of the umbilical region

• Hypogastric – the pubic area

• Right & Left Iliac regions are located on both sides of the hypogastric region.

Body Tissues and Membranes 1H03.02

Levels of Organization in the Body

• Cells

• Tissues– Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

• Organs– Examples include stomach, liver, heart

• Organ Systems– Examples include digestive and circulatory

systems

Tissues in the Human Body

• Epithelial– Covering or lining tissue

• ConnectiveI.e. adipose, cartilage, tendons &ligaments

– Joins, stores and supports

• Muscle– Internal and external movement

• Nerve– Conducts electrical signals

Blood

Muscle

Nerve

Cartilage

Firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

Tendons

White bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone.

Adipose Tissue

A type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

Ligaments

• Strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body

Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue

• Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces.

MEMBRANES

• SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs.

• 1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane.

• 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.

PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE

Lines the heart cavity & protects the heart.

PERITONEAL MEMBRANE

Lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs.

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining.

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

• ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular  Digestive Respiratory  Circulatory- most complex Excretory Nervous- brain nerves and spinal cord Endocrine- makes hormones Reproductive

IntegumentarySystem I.e. SKIN

Skeleton System

Sternum

Skull

Clavicle

Ribs

Pelvis

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Scapula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpals Metacarpals

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Phalanges

Muscular System

DeltoidPectoralis major Biceps brachi

Gluteus maximus

Rectus femoris

Gastrocnemius

Digestive System

Villi

Mouth

Liver

Pharynx

Stomach

Large Intestine

Small Intestine

Esophagus

Respiratory System

Nasal Passage

Pharynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Larynx

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Urinary System

Nephron

Kidney

Ureter

UrinaryBladder

Urethra

Kidney

Nervous System

Dendrite

Axon terminals

Cell body

Axon

Myelin sheath

Node of Ranvier

Cerebrum

Corpus callosum

Cerebellum

ThalamusHypothalamus

MidbrainPons

Medulla oblongataSpinal cord

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus andPituitary gland

Thyroid and Parathyroid glands

Thymus

Adrenal gland Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

Reproductive System

Sagittal

View

Anterior View

Fallopian tube

Ovary

Uterus

Vagina

Uterus

Vagina

Fallopian tube

Urinary bladder