The Human BodyAnatomy

and

Physiology

http://www.brainpop.com/health/cellsandbodybasics/yourbody/

• Anatomy –structure

• Physiology –functions

Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical level

Atoms

Elements

Compounds

Chemicals divided into two major- inorganic chemicals

- Ex: H2O, 02 and CO2

- Organic chemicals- Ex: Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Nucleic

Acids

• 2. Cellular Level

– cells are the smallest living subunits of organisms

– many different types of cells• Each made of

chemicals and carries out specific chemical reactions.

• 3. Tissue Level

– A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function

4 different groups of tissue

• 1. Epithelial– Covers or lines body

surfaces• Examples: outer layer

of the skin,

• line the various cavities and tubes of the body

• 2. Connective – Connects and supports

parts of the body; some transport or store materials

– Supporting• cartilage. Example:

the outer ear • bone.

– Binding • Tendons connect

muscle to bone. • Ligaments connects

one bone to another

• 3. Muscle– Specialized for contraction, which bring about

movement – 3 Types of muscle tissue

• Skeletal muscle - contraction provides the force of locomotion and other voluntary body movements.

• Smooth muscle lines the walls of the hollow structures of the body, such as the intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Its contraction, which is involuntary, reduces the size of these hollow organs.

• cardiac muscle – makes up the heart

• 4. Nerve

– Specialized to generate and transmit impulses that regulate body functions

• Examples: the brain and optic nerves

4.Organ Level

– An organ is a group of two or more different types of tissues that has a specific function

– Examples: heart, brain, kidneys, liver, lungs

• 5. Organ Systems

– An organ system is a group of organs that contribute to a particular function.

• Integumentary System– The skin and structures

derived from it, such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.

– Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, pressure and pain.

• Skeletal System– Made up of bones

and ligaments– Supports, protects

provides framework

• Muscular System– Specifically refers

to skeletal muscle tissue and tendons

– Brings about movement, maintaining posture and produces heat

• Circulatory System– The heart, blood,

and blood vessels– Transports oxygen

and nutrients to tissues and removes waste

• Lymphatic System– The lymph,

lymphatic vessels, and structures containing lymph tissue (spleen and lymph nodes)

– Cleans and returns tissue fluid to the blood and destroys pathogens that enter the body

• Nervous System– The brain, spinal cord,

nerves, and sense organs, such as the eye and ear

– Interprets sensory information, regulates body functions such as movement by means of impulses

• Endocrine System– All hormone

producing glands and cells such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas

– Regulates body functions by means of hormones

• Respiratory System– The lungs and a

series of passageways, such as the pharynx(throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes

– Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood

• Digestive System– Gastrointestinal

tract (GI) and organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and the pancreas

– Breaks down and absorbs food for use by cells and eliminates solid and other waste

• Excretory System (Urinary System)– The kidneys,

urinary bladder, and urethra

– Remove waste products from the blood and regulates volume and pH of blood

• Immune System– Consists of several

organs, includes the lymph nodes, spleen, blood vessels, bone marrow

– as well as white blood cells (WBC)

– Provides protection against infection and disease

• Reproductive System– Ovaries, uterus,

mammary glands (woman)

– Testes (men)– Produces eggs and

sperm– In women, provides

a site for the developing embryo-fetus

• All of the body systems function together to help the body maintain homeostasis.

• Homeostasis reflects the ability of the body to maintain relative stability and to function normally despite constant changes. – Changes may be external or internal, and the

body must respond

• Homeostasis mechanisms work like a thermostat that is sensitive to temperature and maintains a relative constant room temperature whether the room gets hot or cold.

•Homeostasis (animation) http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200092.htm

• 

BODY CAVITIES

• Many  organs and organ systems in the human body are housed in compartments called body cavities.

• These cavities protect delicate internal organs

• The human body has 4 main body cavities

• 1. Cranial cavity- encases the brain.

• 2. Spinal cavity - extending from the cranial cavity to the base of the spine, surrounds the Spinal Cord

• 3. Thoracic cavity - The upper compartment, contains the heart, the esophagus, and the organs of the respiratory system - the lungs, trachea, and bronchi.

• 4. Abdominal cavity - The lower compartment, contains organs of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.

• The abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity are separated by a wall of muscle called the diaphragm.