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Lee et al., FR3.T03 IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada July 29, 2011 1
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNALLY-CALIBRATED, MMIC-BASED MILLIMETER-WAVE RADIOMETERS OPERATING AT 130 AND 166 GHZ IN SUPPORT OF THE SWOT
MISSION
Alexander Lee, Darrin Albers, and Steven C. Reising
Microwave Systems Laboratory, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO
Pekka Kangaslahti, Shannon T. Brown, Douglas E. Dawson, Oliver Montes, Todd C. Gaier, Daniel J. Hoppe, and Behrouz Khayatian
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission
Accelerated Tier-2 U.S. National Research Council Earth Science Decadal Survey Mission planned for launch in 2020 (NASA/CNES partnership)
• Oceanography Objectives:– Characterize ocean mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation at
spatial resolutions of 10 km and larger (1-cm ht. precision required)• Kinetic energy / Heat and carbon air-sea fluxes
• Climate change and ocean circulation
• Coastal and internal tides
• Hydrology Objectives:– To provide global height measurements of inland surface water
bodies with area greater than 250 m2 and rivers with width greater than 100 m
– To measure change in global water storage in these inland water bodies and river discharge on sub-monthly to annual time scales
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 2
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Scientific Motivation
• Current satellite ocean altimeters include a nadir-viewing, co-located 18-37 GHz multi-channel microwave radiometer to measure wet-tropospheric path delay. Due to the large diameters of the surface instantaneous fields of view (IFOV) at these frequencies, the accuracy of wet path retrievals begins to degrade at approximately 40 km from the coasts.
• Conventional altimeter-correcting microwave radiometers do not provide wet path delay over land.
Along track direction
High frequency footprint
Low frequency footprint
Along track directionAlong track direction
High frequency footprintHigh frequency footprint
Low frequency footprintLow frequency footprint
LandOcean• In order to enable wet path delay
measurements closer to the coastline and increase the potential for over land measurements higher-frequency microwave channels (90-170 GHz) are being considered for the SWOT mission
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 3
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
SWOT Mission Concept Study
Low frequency-only algorithm
Low frequency-only algorithm
Low and High frequency algorithm
Low and High frequency algorithm
High-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model results show reduced wet path-delay error using both low-frequency (18-37 GHz) and high-frequency (90-170 GHz) radiometer channels.
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 4
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
SWOT ACT Objectives
• Develop key radiometer components to enable additional low mass, low power, high frequency radiometers for the SWOT mission
• Design and fabricate a tri-frequency feed horn with integrated triplexer covering 90 to 170 GHz
• Design and fabricate PIN-diode switches and noise diodes for internal calibration from 90 to 170 GHz that can be integrated into the receiver front end
• Integrate and test components in MMIC-based low-mass, low-power, small-volume radiometer at 92, 130 and 166 GHz with the tri-frequency feed horn
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 5
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
PIN-Diode Switch Design
• Microwave switches were designed to cover three frequency ranges of 80-105 GHz, 90-135 GHz, and 160-190 GHz
• Monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) were realized in microstrip and coplanar waveguide technology
• Fabricated using Northrop Grumman’s 75-μm thick InP MMIC PIN diode process
• PIN diodes used because of low insertion loss and fast switching speeds
• Variations of each SPDT design with PIN diode sizes ranging from 3 to 8 μm were fabricated
• To date, 80-105 GHz and 90-135 GHz switches have been tested; 160-190 switches have not yet been tested
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 6
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
80-105 GHz MMIC Switch80-105 GHz MMIC Switch
Asymmetric Design
Isolation
Insertion Loss
Common Leg RL
Antenna Leg RL
Measured Performance
Antenna Leg
Common Leg
Reference Leg
1.52 mm
1.37
mm
Common Leg RL (Integrated Ref. Load Version)
Asymmetric design variation with integrated 50-Ω
reference termination
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 7
• Microstrip design
• SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors
• NiCr thin-film process for resistors
• Radial stubs used to provide well-defined virtual RF shorts
• Antenna and Common legs aligned and Reference leg at a 90°angle
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
80-105 GHz MMIC Switch80-105 GHz MMIC Switch
Post-Fabrication On-Chip Tuning of Isolation
• Higher frequency measurements demonstrated isolation was optimized for higher frequency
• By increasing effective electrical length of shunt diode radial stubs, optimal isolation was lowered to frequency range of interest
Measured Performance
Tuning ribbon added to shunt diode radial
stub
Isolation (Un-tuned)
Isolation (Tuned)
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 8
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
90-135 GHz MMIC Switch90-135 GHz MMIC Switch
Symmetric Design
Antenna Leg
Reference Leg
Common Leg
1.52 mm
1.3
7 m
m
Isolation
Insertion Loss
Common Leg RL
Antenna Leg RL
Measured Performance
Preliminary tuning of shunt diode radial stub
demonstrates decrease in isolation optimal frequency
Same technology as 80-105 GHz design (microstrip, SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors, etc.)
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 9
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
160-185 GHz MMIC Switch160-185 GHz MMIC Switch
Symmetric Design• Coplanar waveguide design
• SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors
• NiCr thin-film process for resistors
Simulated PerformanceAntenna
Leg
Reference Leg
Common Leg
1.10 mm
0.97
m
m
Insertion Loss
Isolation
Common Leg RL
Antenna Leg RL
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 10
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
PIN Diode Switch ResultsPIN Diode Switch Results
Switch Insertion
Loss Return Loss Isolation Comments
80-105 GHz <2 dB >15 dB >15 dB
80-105 GHz (Asymmetric)
<2 dB >18 dB >15 dBIsolation >20 dB from 85-
103 GHz after on-chip tuning
90-135 GHz <2 dB >15 dB >8 dB 160-190 GHz <2 dB >20 dB >20 dB Simulated Results Only
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 11
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
System Block Diagram
Waveguide Components
92-GHz multi-chip module
130-GHz multi-chip module
166-GHz multi-chip module
Common radiometerback end, thermal
control anddata
subsystem
Tri-Frequency Feed Horn
Coupler
Coupler
Noise Diode
Coupler
Noise Diode
Noise Diode
MMIC Components
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 12
Lee et al., FR3.T03 IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada July 29, 2011 13
• These Dicke radiometers use four LNAs to provide sufficient signal level at the input to the detector.
• Direct-detection architecture is the lowest power and mass solution for these high-frequency receivers. Keeping the radiometer power at a minimum is critical to fit within the overall SWOT mission constraints, including the power requirements of the radar interferometer.
130- and 166-GHz Radiometer Design
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
130-GHz Predicted Performance
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 14
Component Gain (dB) Noise Figure (dB)Cumulative Noise
Temperature
Directional Coupler -1.3 1.3 101
Waveguide Through Line -0.3 0.3 129Waveguide to Microstrip transition -0.5 0.5 180
Switch -1.9 1.9 438LNA 18 3.3 1267
Interconnect Attenuator -2.8 2.8 1278LNA 18 3.3 1278
Wide BPF -1.25 1.25 1303Attenuator -4.15 4.15 1304
Interconnect Attenuator -2.8 2.8 1305LNA 18 3.3 1307
Interconnect Attenuator -2.8 2.8 1307LNA 18 3.3 1307
Interconnect Attenuator -2.8 2.8 1307Narrow BPF -3.25 3.25 1308
Waveguide to Microstrip transition -0.5 0.5 1308
Total Gain (dB) 47.70Receiver noise figure (dB) 7.41
Receiver noise temperature (K) 1308
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
130-GHz Predicted Performance
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 15
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.0000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Microwave Humidity Sounder on Orbit at 89 GHzAdvanced Microwave Sounding Unit on Orbit at 89 GHz
Integration Time (Sec)
NE∆T (K)
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Predicted Performance
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 16
Component Gain (dB) Noise Figure (dB)Cumulative Noise
Temperature
Directional Coupler -2.00 2.00 170
Waveguide to Microstrip transition -0.50 0.50 226
Switch -1.90 1.90 509
LNA 17.00 3.30 1418
LNA - includes interconnect loss 14.00 3.30 1436
Filter -2.20 2.20 1436
LNA - includes interconnect loss 14.00 3.30 1437
LNA - includes interconnect loss 14.00 3.30 1437
Filter -2.20 2.20 1437
Waveguide to Microstrip transition -0.50 0.50 1437
Total Gain (dB) 49.70
Total Noise Figure (dB) 7.75
Total Noise Temperature (K) 1437
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Predicted Performance
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 17
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Microwave Humidity Sounder on Orbit at 89 GHz
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on Orbit at 89 GHz
Integration Time (Sec)
NE∆T (K)
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Band Pass Filter:Return Loss
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
HFSS Enclosed
HFSS Air
Measured Return Loss
Frequency (GHz)
-Re
turn
Lo
ss
(d
B)
0.94” (2.4 mm)
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 18
The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates.
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
HFSS Enclosed
HFSS Air
Measured Insertion Loss
Frequency (GHz)
-In
se
rtio
n L
os
s (
dB
)
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Frequency (GHz)
-In
se
rtio
n L
os
s (
dB
)
166-GHz Band Pass Filter:Insertion Loss
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 19
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Matched Load
The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates.
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 20
0.029” (.74 mm)
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50
HFSS enclosedHFSS airMeasured Return Loss
Frequency (GHz)
-Ret
urn
Lo
ss (
dB
)
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
0.8”(20.3 mm)
1.75” (44.5 mm)
1.45” (36.8 mm
)
0.077”(1.96 mm)
SW LNA LNA BPF-1 BPF-2ATN
WTM
WTM
0.094”(2.39 mm)
50Ω
LNA LNA
130-GHz Multi-Chip Module
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 21
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
130-GHz Multi-Chip Module
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 22
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Multi-Chip Module
0.093”(2.4 mm)
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 23
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Multi-Chip Module Assembly
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 24
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Summary
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 25
• The addition of high frequency radiometers on ocean altimetry missions will enable wet tropospheric path delay correction closer to the coastline.
• Key radiometer component technologies are under development to enable additional high frequency radiometers operating at 92 GHz, 130 GHz, and 166 GHz for the upcoming SWOT mission.
• High frequency switches have been designed and fabricated for all three high frequency radiometers.
• Switch testing has been completed on the 92 GHz and 130 GHz switches. The test results show less than 2 dB insertion loss and greater than 15 dB return loss. Additional tuning is required to optimize the isolation.
• Prototype radiometers at 130 GHz and 166 GHz have been designed and are in the process of being fabricated.
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Backup Slides
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 26
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Move to Higher Frequency• Supplement low-
frequency, low-spatial resolution channels with high-frequency, high-spatial resolution channels to retrieve PD near coast
• High-frequency window channels sensitive to water vapor continuum
• 183 GHz channels sensitive to water vapor at different layers in atmosphere
22.235 GHz (H2O)
55-60 GHz (O2)118 GHz (O2)
183.31 GHz (H2O)
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 27
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Design TopologyDesign Topology
Series-Shunt PIN-diode SPDT Switch Implementation
• Implements both series and shunt diode SPDT configurations together to maximize isolation
• Eliminates the need for quarter-wave transformer (reduces size)
• This configuration was used for SPDT switch designs being presented
RF OUTPUT RF OUTPUT
RF INPUT
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 28
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Design TopologyDesign Topology
SPDT Switch Circuit Schematic
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 29
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
80-105 GHz MMIC Switch80-105 GHz MMIC Switch
Symmetric Design
Antenna Leg
Reference Leg
Common Leg
1.52 mm
1.37
mm
Isolation
Insertion Loss
Common Leg RL
Antenna Leg RL
• Microstrip design
• SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors
• NiCr thin-film process for resistors
• Radial stubs used to provide well-defined virtual RF shorts
Measured Performance
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 30
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
80-105 GHz MMIC Switch80-105 GHz MMIC Switch
Measured Results vs. Simulated Results
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 31
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
130-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier
• MMIC LNA was packaged in WR-8 and WR-10 housings for characterization over a broad bandwidth.
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
75 90 105 120 135
Noi
se F
igu
re [
dB
]
Gai
n [
dB
]
Frequency [GHz]
Gain dB G[dB]
NF dB NF [dB]
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 32
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
166-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier
• 35-nm process InP HEMT• Three-stage design with separate gate bias for the first stage to optimize low-noise performance• Record low noise temperature of 300 K from 150 - 160 GHz• Chip area of 900 x 560 (μm)2 • The LNA was mounted in optimized WR-08 and WR-05 waveguide housings to test over a broad bandwidth.
Low-Noise Amplifier Layout and Measured Response
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 33
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10
-50
Measured
HFSS
HFSS air
Frequency (GHz)
-Re
turn
Lo
ss
(d
B)
130-GHz Band Pass Filter:Return Loss
0.94” (2.4 mm)
The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates.
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 34
IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada
120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Mea-sured
HFSS
HFSS Air
Frequency (GHz)
Ins
ert
ion
Lo
ss
(d
B)
125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Frequency (GHz)
Ins
ert
ion
Lo
ss
(d
B)
Note: Correction for CPW losses included
130-GHz Band Pass Filter:Insertion Loss
Lee et al., FR3.T03 July 29, 2011 35