PSC 125

The History of Science

Prehistory to 1900

Prehistoric Science

Observation

Knowledge Acquisition

Technology

Humanoid to Human

Homo Neanderthalis

Great Leap Forward

Art in Prehistory

Fertility sculptureVenus of Willendorf

~ 22,000 BC

Limestone tintedwith Red Ocher

ART IN PREHISTORY

CAVE PAINTINGLASCAUX,

ALTAMIRACOSQUER

PIGMENTS:CharcoalHematiteLimonite

Metallurgy

Copper Age

Bronze AgeAlloy

Neolithic Revolution

Why There?

Access to Fresh Water

Temperate Climate

Native plants, animals

Why Change?

Large Animal extinction

Carrying Capacity

Climate shifts

Population growth

Neolithic Revolution

• Domestication of plants and animalsmainly in resource - rich areas

• Emergence of trade societies

• Diet: Protein –> Carbohydrate

• Reduction of Biodiversity

New Necessities

Storage

Textiles

Structure materials

When/Where did this occur?SW Asia 8500 BC Wheat, peas Goats,

Sheep

China 7500 BC Rice, Millet Pigs, Silkworms

S. America 3500 BC PotatoManioc

Central US 2500 BC Sunflowers

Sahel 5000 BC Sorghum Fowl

Egypt 6000 BC Figs Donkey, CAT

India 7000 BC Sesame Cattle

How Do we Know?

EVIDENCE:

Geological

Atomic

Biological

Radioisotope Analysis

14Carbon Dating

Argon/Potassium

Tritium

Carbon Isotopes

The Ice Man (Otzi)

Shroud of Turin

Half Life

Elements of Civilization Development of Agriculture

irrigation systems, Trade

Monuments

Writing systems

Mathematics

Astronomy calendars, navigation

Monuments

Ziggurat of ur

Pyramids

Monuments

BEIJING

HARAPPA

STONEHENGE

Writing Systems

Pictures

Pictograms

syllabic systems

ALPHABETIC SYSTEMS

Numerical Systems

Vigesimal (Base 20)

Astronomy

Navigation

Circumpolar stars

Fertile Crescent

Cuneiform

Hammurabi

Legal Code

Diagnosis/Treatment

Magic vs. Medicine

Fee Schedules

Mathematics

Sexigesimal (Base 60)

Astronomy

Wanderers

The 7-day WeekEnglish Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

French Dimanche Lundi Mardi Mercredi Jeudi Vendredi Samedi

Spanish Domingo Lunes Martes Miercoles Jueves Viernes Sabado

Italian Domenica Luedi Martedi Mercoledi Giovedi Venerdi Sabato

German

Sonntag Montag Dienstag Mittwoch Donnerstag Freitag Samstag

Dutch Zondag Maandag Dinstag Woensdag Donderstag Vrijdag Zaterdag

The Ancient World

Ancient Egypt

Pyramid orientation

Sopdet

Hieroglyphs

Rosetta Stone

Egyptian Calendars

• 360 day + 5 festival days

• Rising of Sopdet

Mathematics

Decimal system

No zero value

Math Problems

Geometry

“Sacred ratio”

Φ=1.618033988749894848204586834365638117720309179805762862135448622705260462818902449707207204189391137484754088075386891752126633862223536931793180060766726354433389086595939582905638322661319928290267880675208766892501711696207032221043216269548626296313614438149758701220340805887954454…

Egyptian Medicine

Sekhmet

Medicine

Embalming

Afterlife

Hapi, Duamutef, Qebehsenuef, Imseti

Alchemy

• Emerald Tablet(Hermetica)

The Central Kingdom

Calendar

LUNAR MANSIONS

The heavens

White Road - Moon’s path

Yellow Road - Sun’s path

Red Road - Equator

Astronomy

Celestial Palaces:

Fire Star

Bird Star

Seven Sisters

Empty Sky

Celestial Stems

Five Elements/Principles

x

Two (Yin/Yang)

Decimal System

Pictograms

Herbalism Tradition

300+ plants

36 minerals

Indus Valley

Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro

Indus ScriptJar Priest

Man Servant

Spear Warrior

Fish Fish or Star

Bearer Officer

THE AMERICAS

Monuments

Agriculture

Monuments

Chichen Itza

Macchu Picchu

Olmec Script

Calendar Stone

Mediterranean World

Greece

Mycenae

Ionian Dawn

Miletus

Materialism

Myth tocosmology

Thales(640 - 546 BC)

Water

Eclipse 585 BC

First Proof(Geometry)

Anaximander(611 - ?? BC)

Apeiron(chaos)

Ceaseless Motion

Curved Earthsuspended in Air

Anaximenes(585 - 525 BC)

MistRarefactionCondensation

Flat Earth

Pure Atoms forceothers Downward

Heraclitus vs. Parmenides

CHANGE/FLUX

Earth’s Axis

Flux = Illusion

Finite Universe

Eleatic School

Greek Colony

LOGIC

ZENO

Xenophanes

Pythagoras

Pythagoreans

“EVERYTHING IS NUMBER”

Irrational Numbers

“Inexpressibles”

Immortality

PYTHAGOREAN MUSIC

Harmonics

Pythagorean Astronomy

Spherical Earth

Earth & Counter-Earth

Democritus(460 - 370 BC)

Atomist

“Laughing philosopher”

Human Evolution viatrial & Error

Empedocles(490 - 430 BC)

4 Roots

Two Forces

Naturalselection

Clepsydra

“Water-Stealer”

The End of Empedocles

“To the elements it came from

Everything will return.

Our bodies to earth, Our blood to water, Heat to fire, Breath to air. “

Elements

All Things are a combinationof the 4 roots

Greek Medicine

Temple medicine

Asclepiosphysician -> God

Alcmaeon of Croton

Cnidos

Dissection

Pythagorean?

Brain = centerof sensory Function

Hippocratic Medicine

School of Cos

Observation:dreamsastrological signbody fluids

Humors

Balance

of

Black BileYellow BileBloodPhlegm

Hippocrates of Cos Father of

Professional Medicine

Case Histories

Therapy

Cause of Disease

Role of Weather

Abortion Ban

Dissection

Hippocratic Oath

“I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked”