Leonardo Marotta and Virginio Bettini Università IUAV di Venezia - University IUAV of

Venice leonardo.marotta@unisky.it; bettini@iuav.it

Landscape ecology from Italy to England

The IUAV project of Via Francigena

The Virginio Bettini Project, IUAV

2000-2007: El Camino de Santiago The Route of Santiago

2007-2012: Via Francigena

A Journey on Urban and Landscape ecology along the historic pathways

≈ 900 students involved ≈ 70 Master Thesis on the Themes

The Virginio Bettini Project, IUAV looking for european landscape

The Virginio Bettini Project, IUAV looking for european landscape

(von) Humboldt & Peirce

Impression

Scientific Analysis Synthesis

Object (referent)

Sign / meaning (interpretant)

LANDSCAPE

SIGN

Sign / significant (representant)

Knowledge Pathway (A. v. Humbolt)

Triadic Relationships between sign and object (C.S. Peirce)

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(adapted from Vallega, 1995)

Landscape and Humans

•  Landscape as the total Human Ecosystem (Naveh, 1995, Farina, 2000, 2004)

•  The open space system can give the observer a sense of the more permanent system of which he and the city are only parts. ..... To a sense of the Web of life, …interdependent system of living things, …(Lynch 1972, p 119)

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Landscape and Walking

  Greenways as compatibility of multiple use

  Greenways in historic landscape as social memory

  Song-lines and Bruce Chatwin   Flânerie and city-walking   Walking towards Santiago and in

Francigena Path-way

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Landscape, cultural routes and greenways

•  Cultural Routes are “a cultural infrastructure” able to redefine the level of de-growth and ecological sustainability based on natural, human and cultural resources.

•  The landscape and cultural heritage of ancient common roots, like Via Francigena, were created before political definition of contemporary Europe and define the actual Europe.

•  De-growing of transport footprint can be also regenerate and “re-memorize” the socio-ecological system.

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Landscape, Walking, Cultrual Routes and Greenway: a New

Model

The system made by human ecosystem and non-anthropized one is defined socio-ecological system (Gunderson e Holling 2002).

The socio-ecological system in geographic space is the the total human ecosystem (Naveh and Liebermann, 1994)

The students work: a vision “walking/landscape/pilgrim”

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Student: Luca Lazzarato

Spatial Analysis Scales

Geology - Climate

Geomorphology #Local Climate

Bioclimatic /biogeographic Region !(ecoregion):

Landscape System!

Landscape! Unit

Ecotope

Biogeochemical and physical homogeneous process

Patch Patch formation

Disturbances!

Landscape Interface-System /subsystem /unit!Ecotone (over multiple scales)!

Microchore

Mesochore

Macrochore

Ecotope/patch

Assumes coastal system stable and controllable

Accept disturbance as creator of diversity

Assumes coastal system predictable

Expect the unexpected (attention to black swans)

Sustainable yield management of coastal resources

Manage for diversity

Technological fixes always possible Harness human diversity in adaptive co-management

Society & nature separate Social-ecological co-evolution

Analysis (landscape and seascape)

Assessment (ecosystem approach, scale and thresholds) / Scenarios

Policy (objectives), Strategic Planning (actions and instruments)

Actions

These situations are, unfortunately, more common in laboratories and games than in real life. It is rarely observed this case in payoffs in environmental decision making

Simple decisions, under type-2 distributions: there is little harm in being wrong—the tails do not impact the payoffs.

Statistical methods may work satisfactorily, though there are some risks. True, thin- tails may not be a panacea, owing to pre-asymptotic, lack of independence, and model error.

It is where the problem resides: Black swans area,. the prediction of remote payoffs— though not necessarily ordinary ones. Payoffs from remote parts of the distribution are more difficult to predict than closer parts.

Post-Normal Science Post-Normal Science (Funtowicz, and Ravetz, 1993)

issue-driven approach relating to environmental debates on:

subjective facts, values in dispute, stakes high, and decisions urgent.

The management of such objective/subjective complexity should not be called "science” but being these problems present everywhere, these operative conditions for science are therefore "normal”.

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A post-normal design for smart landscape

Geo-eco-social analysis, assessment, integration (Bettini, 1996; Naveh, 2000; Tiezzi, 2006)

Integration of ecosystem services and landscape values (Farina et al., 2001)

Regenerative design of human ecosystems (Lyle, 1985, 1994)

Blue economy and systemic design (Pauli, 2010, Bistagnino, 2009)

The greenway as eco-marketing for local communities (Smith, D. S., and P. C. Hellmund, 1993.

Fabos, J. G.. and J. Ahern, 1995)

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Design slow mobility and De-growth

Slow mobility means greenways and smart landscapes

Smart landscape include alternative forms of agriculture, Slow and local food production in the landscape is integrated within transportation, trail recreation, and for the human need/preference for nearby nature and recreation (McHarg, 1969; Turner, 1995; Bettini et al., 2011).

The effects can be significant using “local sostainability metrics” as ecological footprint or landscape ecology indicators (Marotta, 2011 in Bettini et al., 2011).

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Landscape and De-growth: ecological footprint

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Ecological Footprint gHa/yr

Biocapacity gHa/yr

Global Hectares per Year

Actual state Smart landscape New tourist

Landscape assessment: multiple metrics, multi-scale, diachronic analysis

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Index Year 1: 1860-1890

Year 2 1948-1952

Year 3 2008-2010

Percolation (connectivity)

0.89 0.72 0.30

BTC (functionality)

12.1 8.7 2.2

LDI (impacts)

3.9 6.1 7.4

Design slow mobility and De-growth

Cultural pathway, greenways, and smart landscape are planned and implemented to support tourism, local economy, re-design of human settlement integrating geography, local ecological-economic development and alternative forms of transportation, particularly pedestrian and bicycle travel (Turner, 1995).

The benefits of this may be significant in terms of biodiversity, economy, traffic reduction, reduced air pollutants, and a healthier population (Santarossa, 1995; Bettini et al, 2011).

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Design landscape, slow mobility, slow food, local socio-economic development and

landscape

The goals are use the slow mobility in order to design the landscape within the idea of resilience, taking into account how the socio-ecological system self-organizes and evolves co-adapting with the environment (and responding to changes).

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The project “lentamente veloce” for a smart landscape design by EcoErgoSum (www.ecoergosum.it) is a project to improve Socioecological system Resilience and Quality, Citizens Participation and Responsibility, Social equity, Freedom, Trasparency and Beauty.

The Francigena in Italy: analysis, assessment, proposal,

planning and design

The students works on Francigena

Students: Giuseppe Passuello and Elena Sammarini

Assessment

Regenerative Design

over multiple scales

References   Bettini, V., 1996. Elementi di Ecologia urbana, Einaudi Torino, 259 p.   Bettini, V., L. Marotta, S. S. Tosi (a cura di), 2011. La Via Francigena in Italia, alla ricerca del paesaggio, Ediciclo editore, Portogruaro,

245 p.   Fabos, J. G.. and J. Ahern (Eds.), 1995. Greenways: The Beginning of an International Movement, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 498 p.   Farina, A., 2000. The Cultural Landscape as a Model for the Integration of Ecology and Economics, BioScience, 50 (4), 313-320.   Farina, A. 2004. Verso una scienza del paesaggio. Perdisa Editore, Bologna, 236 p.   Farina, A., 2010. Ecology, cognition and landscape : linking natural and social systems, Springer, Dordrecht, 169 p.   Farina, A., Belgrano, A. 2004. Eco-field: A new paradigm for landscape ecology. Ecological Research 19: 107-110.   Farina, A., J. Bogaert, I. Schipani, 2004. Cognitive landscape and information: new perspectives to investigate the ecological complexity.

BioSystems 79- 235-240.   Flink, C.A., and R. M. Searns, 1993. Greenways A Guide to Planning, Design and Development Island Press and The Conservation

Fund, Washington, D.C., 365 p.   Folke, C., S. Carpenter, T. Elmqvist, L. Gunderson, C.S. Holling, B. Walker, 2002. Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building

Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations, Ambio 31, 5, 437 - 440.   Folke, C. 2003. Freshwater for resilience: A shift in thinking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 358,

2027-2036.   Funtowicz, S. O., and J. R. Ravetz, 1993. Science for the post-normal age, Futures 25:7, 739-755.   Ingegnoli, V., 2011. Bionomia del paesaggio. L’ecologia del paesaggio biologico-integrata per la formazione di un “medico” dei sistemi

ecologici. Springer-Verlag, Milano, 320 p.   Little C., 1990, Greenways for America, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 288 p.   Lyle, J.T. 1985. Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources (new edition 1999). Island Press,

Washington, 287 p.   Lyle, J.T. 1994. Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 399 p.   Lynch, K., 1960. The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) , 201 p.   McHargh, I., 1969. Design with Nature, Natural History Press, New York, 197 p.   Naveh, Z., 2000. The Total Human Ecosystem: Integrating Ecology and Economics. BioScience, 50 (4), pp. 357–361.   Potschin, M.B., Haines-Young, R.H., 2006, “Landscapes and sustainability”, Landscape and Urban Planning 75, pp.155–161.   Rivas-Martinez S., Penas A., Diaz T.E., 2004, Biogeographic map of Europe, Cartographic service, University of Leon, Spain (http://

www.globalbioclimatic.org)   Santarossa, L., 1999. Le implicazioni socio-economiche delle Reti Ecologiche In DAU- ANPA -INU, "Piano e progetto nel riassetto

ecologico del territorio- Plan and project in territorial ecological settlement," 14 maggio 1999, Università dell’Aquila, DAU- Dipartimento di Architettura e Urbanistica, ANPA, INU, L'Aquila, pp. 4 - 9.

  Smith, D. S., and P. C. Hellmund, 1993. Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 308 p.

  Taleb, N. N., 2009. Errors, Robustness and the Fourth Quadrant, International Journal of Forecasting, 25, 4 , 744-759.   Turner, T., 1995. Greenways, blueways, skyways and other ways to a better London. Landscape and Urban Planning 33, 269-282.   Vallega, A. 2005. From Rio to Johannesburg: The role of coastal GIS. Ocean & Coastal Management, 48(7-8), 588-618.

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