Urban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asiahicec/coe/coe/PPT/seminar37-1.pdfUrban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asia Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI ... Conclusion Urban green space Big

Urban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asia

Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI

Prof. Hiroshima university

[email protected]

and

Jae-Eun KIM

COE Researcher, Hiroshima University

Urban Green Space

Ecological•Nature conservation•Urban climate•Clear air•Ground water•Biodiversity•Soil protection•Noise reduction

Economical•Property values•Reducing energy costs•Reducing damage risks•Increasing tourism

Social•Recreation and wellbeing•Regional identity•Aesthetics•Mobility•Human health•Nature experience and nature education

Sustainable Urban Land Use

Improvement of Urban life

Contents

• Model of Green Resource Management in Hiroshima (JP) –Short Summary

• Urban Green Space Dynamics in Jakarta (Indonesia) –Chapter Conclusion

• Case Studies on Metropolitan Cities in Monsoon Asia: Beijing, Jinan (CN), Seoul (KR), Tokyo, Kyoto, Hiroshima (JP), Hanoi (VN), Manila (PH), Kuala Lumpur (MY), Dhaka (BD)

• Summary

Just after the Atomic Bombing

Complete collapseｄarea <2km

Half collapseｄ area<3km

Green Resource Management

Declaration of Revegetation(1975)

Society for the Development of Greenspaces(1975)

Hiroshima CityBasic Plan

(1978)

Revegetation FoundationHiroshima City Basic Plan(1980)

Comprehensive RevegetationPlan (1986)

Hiroshima 3rd Basic Plan (1989)

1st RevegetationCampaign

2nd RevegetationCampaign

Hiroshima ReconstructionPlan (1946)

Hiroshima City ReconstructionBureau (1946)

Town Planning Law (1952)Redevelopment Project(1969)

Town Planning Law (1972)

Town Planning Law(1996)

Green Fiesta Hiroshima(1997)

Hiroshima 4th Basic Plan(1999)

Citizen's Association for Flower and Green(1999)

Basic Greenery Promotion Plan (2001)

3rd RevegetationCampaign

Parks and Green Tracts/Strips of Recreational Land Designated in Conformity with

Town Planning Law (1952)

3,644 haZones for Certain Uses

1,172 haSewerage

2 sites (1,520 ha)Land Readjustment Sites

8 locations (398.34 ha)

including 2 green strips

Green Tracts/Strips

of Recreational Land

78 locations

(219.67 ha)

Parks

27 roadRoads

1 site (12.21 ha)Memorial Places

ScaleDescription

Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Plan (1952)

Peace Memorial Park (1955)

Vegetation Change in Hiroshima

0 40000 80000

1994

1970

1948

Forest Farmland

Residential area

1948 1994

1970

Pre-system-making Stage Self-management Stage

System-making Stage

Master Plan of Greenery (2001)

• Environmental Conservation– Watershed protection

– Curb global warming

• Ecological Conservation– Conservation endangered

species and community

– Habitat for wildlife

– Ecological network

• Recreation

• Disaster Prevention

• Landscape Improvement

Greenery Zoning in Hiroshima City (2001)

1. Inland greenery zoneWatershed management

2. New urban greenery zoneConservation remaining vegetation

3. Aogakiyama zoneAogaki mountain forest management (greenbelt)

4. Delta urban greenery zoneGreen space management including private landPromotion of urban revegetation (road, factory, roof..)

5. Islands greenery zone Forest and coastal vegetation (bay greenbelt)

1

2

3

4

5

Conservation Priority of Forest Patch in Delta and Aogakiyama Zones

Green Strips of Recreational Land(River Bank)

Green strip

Improvementgreen strip

Present

Distribution of Park Types A, B and C

City Park with Mid-level Tree Diversity and Stratification

Potential of Tree Plantation

Ｆor group A

Area(ha)

Num

ber

o f t r

e e s

p eci

es

ABC

Buffering from the green belt:Aogakiyama zone

Connectivities of Forests

Social Capacity for Environmental Management of Hiroshima City

• With increase of ability for SCEM, a number and area of the parks increased. However, due to the area dependent problems, the ecological quality decreased

• Lack of public land for revegetation needed the collaboration system of local government, citizens and firms

• The department of urban design thinks beautiful landscape is more important than functional landscape. It is necessary to focus on the issue by which the green spaces improve the quality of the wildlife and ecosystem in urban area

Potential of Ecological and Biological Function

• Forest connectivity

– Forest fragmentation and decrease of Satoyama landscapes in the delta and greenbelt areas occurred

– Revegetation in industrial area in the bay area is necessary to develop the ecological networks to maximize the effectiveness of dispersal and movement for wildlife

Jakarta, Capital of Indonesia

• Field surveyJuly 2004 and 2006

• Statistical analysisSimple linear regression analysis

• Green network analysisLeast Cost Path Network

• Soil microbial diversity analysis(Mabuhay et al. 2005)

• Vegetation surveyDBH (Diameter Breast Height), Species number

• Land use map

Procedure of Study

0.0527Sand beach & Bare land

2.71528Road

0.4204Water surface

9.91411Swamp

2.55648Agricultural area

15.48772Green space

69.239509Build up

Ratio of area

(%)Area (ha)Land use type

Study Area

Hutan Kotan11

Srengseng10

Taman Jalambar Hadiah9

Taman Kodok8

Taman Seno7

Taman Cisanggiri6

Taman Langsat5

Complex Senayan4

Taman Surupati3

Taman Gunung Agung2

Taman Monas1

Study SitesNo.

Location of Study Sites

Classification of Urban Green Space(modified to Kong and Nakagoshi 2005)

Public park and nursery

Roadside green space

Nursery

Village green space

Public park

Reclassified urban green space

Public park and nurseryP·NMixed green space

Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in crossroads has planted vegetation with limited diversity

RAttached green space

Propagating and cultivating vegetation, breeding and supplying sapling for urban greening

NNursery

Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree space trees, most is shorter shrubs and small area

V

Open to the public to provides education, pleasure and recreation has nature and planted vegetation and big area

PPublic park

DescriptionAbbreviationType of

urban green space

P: Public park




Nursery

Village green space

Public park






NNursery

Open to the public especially village people in surrounding park to provides open space, recreational opportunities has planted vegetation, sparse tree, most is shorter shrubs and small area

V


PPublic park


urban green space

V: Village green space




Nursery

Village green space

Public park



Linear corridors between sidewalks, curbs of island in cross roads has planted vegetation with limited diversity



NNursery


V


PPublic park


urban green space

R: Roadside green space




Nursery

Village green space

Public park






NNursery


V


PPublic park


urban green space

N: Nursery




Nursery

Village green space

Public park






NNursery


V


PPublic park


urban green space

P·N: Mixed with public park and nursery

3.25

2.89

1.98

2.26

2.85

2.58

2.81

3.03

3.46

3.23

3.09

2.67

2.69

2.15

1.98

1.66

2.21

2.27

2.15

2.21

1.89

2.92

76.64

72.10

0.01

0.27

1.90

0.01

4.47

8.62

23.68

0.75

5.17

38

31

10

5

6

7

31

15

4

11

22

P

P

P

V

V

V

P·N

P·N

N

R

R

Taman Monas

Complex Senayan

Taman Jelambar Hadiah

Taman Kodok

Taman Surupati

Taman Cisanggiri

Taman Langsat

Taman Seno

Srengseng

Taman Gunung Agung

Hutan Kotan

1

4

9

8

3

6

5

7

10

2

11

S-W diversity

E

S-W diversity GM

Area (ha)

No. species

ClassificationStudy sitesNo.

Characteristics of urban green spaces

Shannon-Weaver Diversity of General Microbes

Number of Tree Species in Study Sites

DBH Composition of Trees

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 4 9 3 6 8 5 7 10 2 11

10-50 cm 51-100 cm >100 cm

NP V P·N R

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

Species number and area Species number and general microbes diversity

Least-cost Path: The path in a network between two points, among possibly many, which has the lowest cost, where cost is a function of time, distance, or other user-defined factors.

Discrete cost

Accumulated cost

Steepest path

Least Cost Path Network for Green Space

2002 Land use map

Green space map

Identifying core area

Source

Land use map

Reclassify land use map

Cost distance

Least Cost Path

Flow Chart of Least Cost Path Network Analysis

Least Cost Path Network for Urban Green Space

Cost distance Least cost path

1562.1Km

Conclusion

Urban green space

Big area

NetworkHigh

microbial diversityin soil

Highspecies number

Conclusion

• Size: Big urban green space

• Biodiversity: Soil microbial diversity and number of tree species

• Application method: Least cost path network

Consideration in Urban Planning and Management

Beijing with Grid System, Capital of China

± 1989

Residential land Industrial land Public facilitiesRoad Green spaces AgricultureWater Others

Agriculture, 40%

Water, 2%Others, 3%

Residential land, 17%

Industrial land 5%

Public facilities,

6%

Green spaces, 23%

Road, 3%

Urban land use structure change

•Built-up area 172.86 km2

•Green space area 125.72km2

1989

Land-use in Jinan, China, 1989

2004

Road, 5%

Greenspaces,

22% Publicfacilities,

9%

Industrialland, 8%

Residentialland, 21%

Others, 4%Water, 2%

Agriculture, 29%

•Built-up area increased 58.3 km2

•Green spaces decreased 5.91 km2

•Agriculture land lost 58.2 km2

Land-use in Jinan, 2004

Water Unit (Lake) of Landscape in Jinan

Build-up Area in Jinan, 2004

Planning scenario of urban green space network system in 2010

±Urban Green Space Planning

0 2 4 6 Km

Green corridor

Building areaGreen patchesOther land use

Seoul (KR), Grid Systems Based on Fengshui Geographic Theory

Land-use of Seoul in 2005

Restoration of Cheonggyestream(2003)

1990s1990s PresentPresent

River Restoration Project in Downtown Seoul

Restoration of Cheonggyestream(2003)

1990s1990s PresentPresent

CheonggyeCheonggye Stream was Stream was completely covered over with completely covered over with concrete for roads until 2003.concrete for roads until 2003.

In July 2003, Seoul In July 2003, Seoul Government initiated a project Government initiated a project to to uncover and restore the stream. It was a major . It was a major undertaking as not only did the undertaking as not only did the highway have to be removed, highway have to be removed, but also years of neglect and but also years of neglect and development had left the development had left the stream nearly totally dry and stream nearly totally dry and 120,000 tons of water had to 120,000 tons of water had to be pumped daily. be pumped daily.

Cheonggue River Restoration Project

Manila in the Heavy Smog, Capital of the Philippines

Roadside Green Space, Sometime Monoculture

• Batasan Hills

• Commonwealth Ave. (AIT)

• Greenmeadows Avenue

• Greenhills area (along Xavier St.)

• CCP Complex

• Along Roxas Blvd.

• Along C-5/E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue

• Ayala, Alabang

• Pest infestation of so-called ErythrinaGall Wasp (EGW)

MaleMale FemaleFemale

Scientific Name:Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim

Family Name: Eulophidae

Order: Hymenoptera

1 mm1 mm1.5 mm1.5 mm

• minute in size

Hanoi, Capital of Vietnam

Study AreaHanoi and its Vicinities

Map of Large Hanoi

- is a part of Hong river watershed - is the capital of Vietnam (one of the most important political-economic-cultural- scientific center).

- has population 3,145,300 people(2005), and average populationdensity is 3317 persons/ km2.

- has an area of about 920.97 km2.- has 9 urban and 5 rural districts.

Map of

vegetation

in Hanoi

whole

region,

2005

0 5 102.5 Kilometers

¯Legend

Vegetative cover

<all other values>

Acacia forest

Agricultural vegetation

Aquatic plants

Attached vegetation in built-up areas

Construction site

Eucalyptus forest

Grass land

Mixed forest

Orchard

Parks and other public green spaces

Pine forest

Water body

Road

Roadside Green Space

Plant Diversities of Different Type of Green Space

0

200

400

600

species 165 64 424 272 239 330

genus 108 46 141 159 140 197

family 44 21 82 59 60 72

public green space

road lined trees

park institutional private industrial

Source: Hanoi department of agriculture and rural development

Using the spatial analysis functions of GIS to produce the

composite map and Comparing with the 2020 Hanoi Master Plan

The composite map = [map of air]*0.2506 + [map of water system]*0.2555 + [map of industrial zone]*0.1544 + [map of existing land-use]*0.2959 + [map of valuable landscape]* 0.0437

The composite mapThe 2020 Hanoi Master Plan

Kuala Lumpur, Capital of Malaysia

Land-use in Kuala Lumpur, 2000Land Use

• Urban land use are the major component of urban ecosystem. Urban expansion had brought changes in land use pattern．

• Total of Open space, recreational and sports facilities land use includes city park, district park, neighbourhood park, local park, local play area, sports complex, golf course, polo field and as well as forest reserves increased to 1,580 hectares in 2000, although there has been a steady decline in public open space in the City Centre largely because of conversion to other uses.

• Major issues facing concerned to land use are shortage of public open space and shortage of undeveloped land includes agriculture, major parks, shrub and bushes.

• Kuala Lumpur local government strategies are encompassing and cover every aspect of the city fabric from spatial and infrastructural development to urban design and the less tangible qualities of the city experience.

LAND USE, 2000

Green Network• The green network shall connect

major open spaces or heavily treed areas radiating from outside the City Centre. Existing open spaces, road, river and utility corridors and mature tree coverage in low density residential areas shall be utilised to form the green network.

• The issues facing by Kuala Lumpur are incomplete green network and lack of continuity of pedestrian and open space linkage.

• To overcome this, the green network are proposed to combine with pedestrian network utilising the river corridor linking activity centre to existing open spaces, parks and nodes distributed throughout the city centre.

• The natural features of some of district will be protected and developed as parks for eco-tourism.

Green Network in Kuala Lumpur, 2020

Water Corridors of Monsoon Asian City: Dhaka, Capital of Bangladesh

Summary

• Core green-spaces are mainly parks with open land in temperate and tropical cities.

• Rich tree plantation in the park contributes

keeping biodiversity (eg. Jakarta, Hanoi)

• Ecological network is seldom seen in the city excluding Kuala Lumpur.

• Water corridors are unique in the cities of monsoon Asia (Lake, river, riverside etc.)

Acknowledgements

• Authorities: Citiy Governments of Beijing, Jinan, Seoul, Hiroshima, Manila, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Dhaka

• Projects: 21st C COE Hiroshima Univ., Scientific Funds of Ministry of Edu-JP

• Peoples: C Hashimoto, F Kong, HJ Lee, Luchman Hakim, VQ Nguyen, DU Pham, Shazwin, B Talulder, S Watanabe

Documents

Urban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asiahicec/coe/coe/PPT/seminar37-1.pdfUrban Green-Space Dynamics in the Monsoon Asia Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI ... Conclusion Urban green space Big