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The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
50000 to 20000 B.C.E.
Computing with digits,pebbles and bones.
pebble = calculus
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
6000 B.C.E.In the Indian Vedah, a verse (Richa) mentions the numerals of 12 (dwawash), 2 (treemi), and 300 (trishat). That was one of the earliest recordings of a decimal numeral system
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
2000 B.C.E.
First use of the abacus
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
780-850
Also, about a thousand years later Ada Lovelace honoured him when she coined the word Algorithm.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer working in Baghdad introduced the positional decimal system and the use of zero into Arabic mathematics.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1642
At age 19, Blaise Pascal invents the first calculator: the pascaline.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1670
Gotfried von Leibniz invents a more advanced calculator that can perform square roots.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1780
Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1804Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds the first automatic weaving loom programmed with punched cards.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1832Charles Babbage invents the analytical machine.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1832Babbage’s machine
1832(was built but was never functional)
1991(rebuilt from specifications by MIT students)
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1815-1852Ada Augusta Byron, Countess of Lovelace, is the first to design programs using punched cards for Babbage’s machine.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1854George Boole creates the algebra that bears his name today (boolean).
AND TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSEFALSE FALSE FALSE
OR TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUEFALSE TRUE FALSE
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1874
The QWERTY keyboard, was present on the very first typewriter... the Sholes & Glidden, made by E. Remington & Sons in 1874.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1890Herman Hollerith invents a system to tabulate the data of the great American census of 1890 (at that time the tabulations for 1880 census were not even finished yet). In FORTRAN, the character H was named in his honour.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
The information is first recorded on punched cards and then treated with electric sensors.
Hollerith’s tabulating machine
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
August 1890
Hollerith’s machine makes front page of Scientific American.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
Hollerith establishes his own corporation, the Tabulating Machine Company.
1896
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
TMC merges with two other corporations and becomes the Computing Tabulating Recording Co. also known as CTR.
1911
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
CTR is renamed International Business Machines Corporation after appointing Thomas J. Watson as general manager. It is better known today as IBM.
1924
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1937
Claude Shannon publishes A Symbolic Analysis of Relays and Switching Circuits, where he shows that Boole’s algebra may be used in electrical systems.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1937Alan Mathison Turing defines the notion of algorithm and introduces the concept of the universal machine now known as « Turing machines ».
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1939John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry conceive a digital computer using electromagnetic relays.
Atanasoff 1938 Atanasoff 1990 Berry 1962
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1939-1945During WWII, Germany used the Enigma machine to encode its transmissions.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1943A team of the British Code and Cipher School builds a machine to decode the messages. It was called Colossus.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1943Howard Aiken and a team from IBM build the first complete universal computer that is fully reliable and operational. The Mark I.Babbage’s dream is now a reality!
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1945John Presper Ecker and John Mauchly build the first electronic computer: the ENIAC.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
The ENIAC weighed 30 tons!
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
It was placed in a sort of U of 6 meters wide by 12 meters long.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
Energy consumption: 200 KW!
The lights of the whole city of Philadelphia dimmed when it was turned on!
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1945The first bug! – found on Sep 9th at 15:45 by Grace Hopper,
then working on the Mark II computer at Harvard University.
She became the highest ranking female Navy person of her time (Rear Admiral) and a role model to thousands of young women. The bug now resides at the National Museum of American History in Washington DC.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1946John von Neumann (along with Mauchly and Eckert) proposes the architecture that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a separate memory structure to hold both instructions and data. This architecture is still the basis of today’s computers.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1951Under the direction of Howard Aiken, an IBM team builds one of the first Von Neumann machines: the IBM SSEC.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1951The EDVAC in the Moore School of Computer Science.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1951UNIVAC built by Eckert and Mauchly: the first commercial computer, it used magnetic tapes instead of punched cards.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1952Article on use of UNIVAC to forecast 1952 presidential election results for CBS, from the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 15 October 1952.
Eckert at center, Walter Cronkite at right.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1957John Warner Backus with a team from IBM, creates the first high-level programming language: FORTRAN.
John Backus made another, critical contribution to early computer science: During the latter part of the 1950s Backus served on the international committees which developed ALGOL 58 and the very influential ALGOL 60, which quickly became the de facto worldwide standard for publishing algorithms.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1958John McCarthy invents the Lisp programming language at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also responsible for the coining of the term Artificial Intelligence.
Lisp (LISt Processing) rapidly became the programming language of choice for artificial intelligence applications.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1958IBM 7090: First computer using transistors.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1958Seymour Cray builds the first all transistor computer: the CDC 1604.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1962H. Ross Perot founds Electronic Data Systems (EDS), which will be the world's largest data processing company. It begins the automation of business application like payrolls.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1964IBM presents the first computer to use integrated circuits: the IBM 360.
IBM 360 supported multiprogramming
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1965
Introduction of the first time-sharing operating system: CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) was developed at MIT.
This advance permitted many users to share the same computer simultaneously.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1971
Nicklaus Wirth invents the Pascal programming language to facilitate the learning of programming.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1971Ken Thompson and his team at Bell Labs invent a new time-sharing operating system.
Brian Kernighan names it UNICS, but will become later known as UNIX.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1972Dennis Ritchie invents the C programming language as a tool to interface with the Unix OS.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1972Hewlett Packard released the first scientific calculator: the HP 35. This machine would wipe out the use of what is left of slide rules.
Cost: more than $600!
It used the Reverse Polish Notation, the basis of all stack machine math, including our PCs and laptops.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1975
Seymour Cray launches the first supercomputer: the CRAY-1.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1976
DEC launches the very popular mini-computer, the VAX 11/780 following other very successful PDP models like the PDP-11.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1977Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found the Apple Computer Company.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
Late 1970sMATLAB (meaning "matrix laboratory") was invented by Cleve Moler, then chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico.
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
The 1980sThe early 1980s were the first years of the golden age of micro computing
Atari 800TRS-80
Commodore 64Commodore PET
Sinclair ZX-81
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1982
Time Magazine eschewed its Man of the Year Award in favour of Machine of the Year: The Computer.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1982Sun Microsystems introduces its first workstation: the Sun 100.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1984Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first commercially successful computer using a graphical interface.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1989ANSI (American National Standards Institute) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.
Tim Berners-Lee invents hypertext, paving the way to establish the World-Wide-Web.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1989Microsoft Corporation introduces the Windows graphical interface.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1991• Linus Torvalds was a
computer science student at the University of Helsinki when he wrote the operating system Linux in 1991.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1994
Marc Andreesen, creates the Web browser known as Mosaic at the University of Illinois. Later co-founder of Netscape Corporation.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1995
The Internet explodes with a ton of new services and applications.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1996-1998New services still!
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
1999The concept of blogging is introduced
A blog (Web log) is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Blogs have since gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
2000 Microsoft releases Windows XP
Apple launches its iPod. A modern version of a walkman storing music in Mp3 format on a small 5Gb internal hard disk.
No problems are created by the feared millennium bug!
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
2002Dr. Isaac Chuang, research staff member at IBM's Almaden Research Center (San Jose, Calif.), holds a quantum computer -- the glass tube contains specially designed molecules.
Quantum computers promised to solve some of the most difficult mathematical problems exponentially faster than a conventional computer.
As of 2010, it is still in experimental phase.
The History of Computing - Copyright © Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
2003-2006The Internet becomes social!