Microbiology

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LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

I. Definition

II. Brief History of Microbiology

III. Basic Fields of Microbiology

IV. Divisions of Microbiology

V. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION

I. DEFINITION

MICROBIOLOGY

The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their roles in human disease as well as beneficial processes.

I. DEFINITION

MICROORGANISMS

A microscopic form of life including bacterial, fungal, and protozoal cells.

I. DEFINITION

MICROORGANISMS

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

BRIEF HISTORY

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT HOOKE

English natural philosopher (the term scientist was not coined until 1833), was one of the most inventive and ingenious minds in the history of science.

As the Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society of London, Hooke was the first to take advantage of the magnification abilities of the compound microscope.

Although these microscopes only magnified about 25 times (25x), Hooke's observations of thin slices of cork showed that these slices consisted of "a great many little boxes"

MICROGRAPHIA

This book contained Hooke's descriptions of microscopes and was filled with stunning handdrawn illustrations, including the first microorganism (a common bread mold) made from the objects he saw with his microscope.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

CORK SLICE

He called the empty, enclosed spaces cella-from which today we have the word cell.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Contemporary of Hooke, was a successful tradesman

Cloth merchant

First to observed microbes

Present his animacules

to the Royal Society

SIMPLE MICROCOPE

Microscope of Anton van Leeuwenhoek

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ANIMACULES

Leeuwenhoeks drawing on animacules (bacterial cells)

I. BRIEF HISTORY

I. BRIEF HISTORY

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

In the early 1600s, most naturalists were "vitalists," individuals who thought life depended on a mysterious "vital force" that pervaded all organisms. This force provided the basis for the doctrine of SPOTANEOUS GENERATION.

It suggested that organisms could arise from where there was purefaction and decay.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Regarding the latter, Leeuwenhoek suggested that maggots did not arise from wheat grains, but rather from tiny eggs laid in the grain that he could see in his microscope.

Such divergent observation required a new form f investigation EXPERIMENTATION and new generation of experimental naturalist arose.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

FRANCESCO REDI

Performed one of historys first

biological experiments to see if

maggots could arise

from rotting meat.

REDIS EXPERIMENT

The idea of spontaneous generation could produce larger living creatures soon subsided.

However, what about the mysterious and minute animacules that appeared to straddle the boundary between the non-living and living world?

1668

I. BRIEF HISTORY

I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR

1859

Disproved the Spontaneous Generation through his experiment in many years

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 1

I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2A

I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2B

I. BRIEF HISTORY

SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSFracostoroMid-1500sContagion passes among individuals, objects, and airHookeLate-1600sThe compound microscope is used for magnifying small objects;reproductive structures of a mold observed and describedFabriciusEarly 1700sFungi cause diseases in plantsJablotEarly 1700sVarious forms of protozoa observedNeedhamMid-1700sAnimalcules in broth arise by spontaneous generationSpallanzaniMid-1700sHeat destroys animalcules in brothJennerLate 1700sVaccination against smallpox is successful

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSEhrenbergEarly-1800sMany of the microscopic animalcules are called bacteriaHenleMid-1800sLiving organisms could cause diseaseSemmelweisMid-1800sChlorine hand washing prevents disease spreadSnowMid-1800sWater is involved in disease transmissionPasteurMid-1800sSpontaneous generation does not occur

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSEhrenbergEarly-1800sMany of the microscopic animalcules are called bacteriaHenleMid-1800sLiving organisms could cause diseaseSemmelweisMid-1800sChlorine hand washing prevents disease spreadSnowMid-1800sWater is involved in disease transmissionPasteurMid-1800sSpontaneous generation does not occur

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR

Proved that yeast are the organisms that are responsible for the chemical process of wine fermentation

I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR

Germ Theory of Disease

He recommended a practical solution for the wine disease problem: heat the grape juice to destroy all the evidence of life.

PASTEURIZATION

Heating technique to kill the pathogens

I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR

His experiment demonstrated that yeast and bacterial cells are tiny, living factories in which important chemical changes takes place.

Infections could cause disease- GERMS

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT KOCH

He developed methods of staining bacterial cells and preparing permanent visual records.

In 1877, he accepted an appointment to the Imperial Health Office, and while there, he observed a sliced potato on which small masses of bacterial cells, which he termed colonies, were growing and multiplying.

I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT KOCH

He tried adding gelatin to his broth to prepare a solid culture surface in a culture (Petri) dish.

He innoculated bacterial cells on the surface and set the dish aside to incubate.

Withing 24 hours, visible colonies were present on the surface.

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSJoseph Lister (1865)Great BritainDeveloped the principles of aseptic surgeryOtto Obermeier (1868)GermanyObserved bacterial cells in relapsing fever patientsFerdinand Cohn (1872)GermanyEstablished bacteriology as a science; produced the first bacterial taxonomy schemeGerhard Hansen (1873)NorwayObserved bacterial cells in leprosy patientsErnst Karl Abbe (1878)GermanyDeveloped the oil-immersion lens and Abbe condenser for the compound microscope

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSFriedrich Loeffler (1883)GermanyIsolated diphtheria bacillusGeorg Gaffky (1884)GermanyCultivated the typhoid bacillusHans Christian Gram (1884)DenmarkIntroduced staining system to identify bacterial cellsElie Metchnikoff (1884)UkraineDescribed phagocytosisPaul Ehrlich (1885)GermanySuggested some dyes might control bacterial infections

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSDaniel E. Salmon (1886)United StatesStudied swine plagueEmile Roux and Alexandre Yersin (1888)FranceIdentified the diphtheria tOxinShibasaburo Kitasato (1889)JapanIsolated the tetanus bacillusEmilvon Behring (1890)GermanyDeveloped the diphtheria antitoxinSergius Winogradsky (1891)RussiaStudied the biochemistry of soil bacteria

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSDimitri Ivanowsky (1892)RussiaStudied tobacco mosaic disease from which heisolated a filterable agentRichard Pfeiffer (1892)GermanyIdentified a cause of meningitisWilliam Welch (1892)United StatesIsolated the gas gangrene bacillusTheobald Smith (1893)United StatesProved that ticks transmit Texas feverMasaki Ogata (1897)JapanDiscovered that rat fleas transmit plague

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSRonald Ross (1898)Great BritainShowed mosquitoes can transmit malariaKiyoshi Shiga (1898)JapanIsolated a cause of bacterial dysenteryMartinus Beijerinck (1899)Netherlandsmicrobiology and provided some of the first clues for viruses as infectious agentsWalter Reed (1901)United StatesStudied mosquito transmission of yellow feverin CubaDavid Bruce (1903)Great BritainProved that tsetse flies transmit sleeping sickness

INVESTIGATORTIME FRAMEACCOMPLISHMENTSAlmroth Wright (1903)Great BritainDescribed opsonins to assist phagocytosisJules Bordet (1906)FranceDescribed opsonins to assist phagocytosisAlbert Calmette (1906)FranceDeveloped immunization process for tuberculosisHoward Ricketts (1906)United StatesShowed that ticks transmit Rocky Mountainspotted feverCharles Nicolle (1909)FranceProved that lice transmit typhus fever

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY


MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY

VIROLOGY

MYCOLOGY

PHYCOLOGY

PROTOZOOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY


BACTERIOLOGY

Study of Bacteria and Archea

Today, it is estimated that there may be more than 10 million bacterial species. Most are very small, single-celled organisms (although some form filaments, and many associated in a bacterial mass called a "biofilm").

Based on recent biochemical and molecular studies, these bacterial species have been divided into two domains, called the Bacteria and the Archaea.


Study of Virus

Although not correctly labeled as microorganisms, currently there are more than 3,600 known types of viruses.

Viruses are not cellular; rather, they have a core of nucleic

acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Among the features used to identify viruses are morphology (size, shape), genetic

material (RNA, DNA), and biological properties (organism or tissue infected).

VIROLOGY


Study of Fungi

The fungi include the unicellular yeasts and the multicellular mushrooms and molds.

Most fungi grow best in warm, moist places and secrete digestive enzymes that break down nutrients into smaller bits that can be absorbed easily Fungi thus live in their own food supply.

MYCOLOGY


Study of parasitic protozoan and parasitic animals

PARASITOLOGY


Study of Protozoa

The protista consist of singlecelled protozoa and algae. Some are free living others live in association with plants or

animals.

Locomotion may be achieved by flagella or cilia, or by a crawling movement.

PROTOZOOLOGY


Study of algae

PHYCOLOGY

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY



DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY

DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL

PROKARYOTES

A microorganism in the domain Bacteria or

Archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound compartments;

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Referring to cells or organisms having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound compartments.

EUKARYOTE

An organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane bound compartments

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Referring to a cell or organism containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments.

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES: THE SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATION PATTERNS

GENETIC ORGANIZATION

All have a similar genetic organization whereby the hereditary material is communicated or expressed.

The organizational pattern for the hereditary material is in the chromosome.

COMPARTMENTATION

All prokaryotes and eukaryotes have an organizational pattern separating the internal compartments from the surrounding environment but allowing for the exchange of solutes and waste.

METABOLIC ORGANIZATION

The process of metabolism is a consequence of compartentation. By being enclosed by a membrane, all cells have internal envirnonment in which chemical reactions occur.

The space is called cytoplasm.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

All organisms must make proteins, are workhorses of cells and organisms. The structure common to all prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the ribosome, an RNA-protein machine that cranks out proteins based on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA.

LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES: THE STRUCTURAL DISTINCTIONS

Eukaryotic microbes have a series of membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytosol that compose the cell's endomembrane system, which is designed to transport protein and lipid cargo through and out of the cell.

This system includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which consists of flat membranes to which are attached (rough ER) and tubelike membranes without ribosomes (smooth ER).

PROTEIN/LIPID TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC

Prokaryotes lack an endomembrane system, yet they are capable of manufacturing and modifying proteins and lipids just as their eukaryotic relatives do.

However, many bacterial cells contain so-called microcompartments surrounded by a protein shell.

In eukaryotic microbes, this occurs in the cytosol and in membrane-enclosed organelles called mitochondria.

ENERGY METABOLISM

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC

Bacterial and archaeal cells lack mitochondria; they use the cytosol and cell membrane to complete the energy converting process.

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is organized into an interconnected system of fibers, threads, and interwoven molecules that give structure to the cell and assist in the transport of materials throughout the cell.

CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC

Prokaryotes to date have no physical cytoskeleton, although proteins related to those that construct microtubules and actin filaments aid in determining the shape in some bacterial cells.

EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

ORGANELLES/ CHARACTERISTICSPROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSize of CellTypically 0.2-2.0 m Typically 10-100 mNucleusNo NucleusHave NucleusDNAExist as Single, Circular StrandExist as many strandsLocation of DNALocated in the nucleotide, an area without a protective membraneThe nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, regulating what goes in and outChromosomesHave chromosomesHave Chromosomes

ORGANELLES/ CHARACTERISTICSPROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESOrganellesHave no organelles wrapped in membranesOrganelles are wrapped in membranesSize of CellSmallerBiggerRibosomesThey have smaller ribosomesThey have bigger ribosomesMicrotubules in their FlagellaDo not have Microtubules in their FlagellaThey have Microtubules in their Flagella /CiliaPlasma MembraneThe plasma membrane is made of peptidoglycans, or protein sugar.The plasma membranes are made of phospholipidMicrotubules in their FlagellaDo not have Microtubules in their FlagellaThey have Microtubules in their Flagella /CiliaPlasma MembraneThe plasma membrane is made of peptidoglycans, or protein sugar.The plasma membranes are made of phospholipid

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