MicrobiologyPart I:Microbiology & Immunology

Part II: Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Textbook MICROBIOLOGY

AN INTRODUCTION

TORTORA, FUNKE AND CASE9th. Edition (2007)

Part 1 Microbiology & Immunology

•## Introduction to Microbiology----classification, history, & how Microorganisms affect human lives

•## Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes

•## Morphology, metabolism, reproduction

•## Physical factors that affect microbial growth•

General Microbiology

•## Antimicrobial chemotherapy

•## Normal flora & host parasite relationship

• ##Mechanisms of virulence

•## Virology, Parasitology, Mycology

• ## Immunology• # innate = physical & chemical

•(Phagocytosis, complement activation, interferons)

• • #Acquired = Naturally & artificially

•Humeral & cell-mediated immune responses

• ##Vaccines & vaccination program

•First exam. = 20 marks

•Second exam. = 20 marks

•Quiz & reports = 20 marks

•Final exam. = 40 marks

•Total = 100 marks

Microbiology microorganisms

Is the biology of microorganisms.

-It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution, classification , morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology of microbes under certain definite conditions

The law of their life activities

and their interaction with human being, animals or

plants as well as with natural environment.

•Is a science dealing with Microorganisms

What are Microorganisms?

•. - Microorganisms

•--are minute living things that are too small to be seen by naked eye

•microscope

What are Microorganisms?

• -Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in this category

• -All with the exception of plants and animals

Branches of Microbiology

• Bacteria - Bacteriology

•Mycology - Fungus•Parasitology - Protozoology &

Helminthology

•Immunology - Host defenses

•Virology - Viruses

•Recombinant DNA technology

Distribution of microorganisms

•Air •Soil

•Water

•Animals

•Human body

Microorganisms and Human Beings

•Beneficial activities: Most microbes are of benefit to human beings, some are

necessary( nitrogen, carbon cycles)

•Harmful activities: A portion of microbes cause diseases and are poisonous to human, and these are really that concern us in the study of Medical Microbiology, etc.

The Importance of Microbiology

•Environment

•Medicine

•Food

•Industry •Biotechnology

•Research

The Importance of Microbiology

•Ecological importance

•Maintaining the ecological balance in the environment )on the earth( by recycling chemical elements such as Carbon & Nitrogen between the soil & the atmosphere

The Importance of Microbiology

•Soil microbes help breakdown wastes &incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds

•--certain microbes play important roles in photosynthesis (carbon)

•--a food & oxygen generating process that is critical to life on earth

The Importance of Microbiology

•Humans & many other animals depend on the microbes in their intestines

)microflora( for :

•The digestion & the synthesis of some vitamins that their bodies require

•some B vitamins = metabolism

• vitamin K = blood clotting

The Importance of Microbiology----Some microorganisms are used in

commercial & industrial application

# Industry: Chemicals --- organic acids ,enzymes & alcohol )ethanol, acetone, etc.(

# Food: cheese, yogurt, bread, pickles & vinegar

• #Drugs --- antibiotics )penicillin(

The Importance of Microbiology

•Biotechnology: Recombinant products )e.g., human insulin, vaccines(

Modern Biotechnology & Recombinant DNA technology

•Biotechnology =practical application of microbiology to produce some common foods & chemicals

•Recombinant DNA technology=have been used to produce a number of natural proteins vaccines & enzymes

•Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or replacing defective one in human cells ,,,harmless virus to carry gene

•Recombinant DNA technology: A series of procedures that are used to join together )recombine( DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, either on its own or after it has been integrated into a chromosome.

•

•The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.

The Importance of Microbiology

•Environment: microbes used to treat sewage and clean up pollution

•Bioremediation

• microbes cultured for their ability to digest oil and other petroleum derivatives.

The History and Scope of Microbiology

• ##today we understand that microorganisms are found almost everywhere

• ##before the invasion of the microscope microbes were unknown to scientist

• ##thousands of people died in devastating epidemics, the causes of which were not understood

• ##entire families died because vaccination & antibiotics were not available to fight infections

The History and Scope of Microbiology

• ####we can get an idea of how our current concepts of Microbiology developed by looking at a few of the historic milestones in Microbiology that have changed our lives

History of Microbiology

•Experience phase

•Experimental phase

•Modern phase

Experience phase

The most important discovery in the history of biology occurred in 1665 with crude microscope ,

Robert Hooke report that living thing are made of small unite (cells) Cell Theory

Experience phase

•Cell theory = all living things are composed of cells

•The structure & functions of cells were based on this theory

•Robert Hooke 1665 )English( = reported that life’s smallest structural units were cells

Experience phase

•Anton van Leewenhoek )Dutch merchant( 1673 = the first to actually observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lens

•He made detailed drawings

•(bacteria & protozoa)

Mic

rob

iolo

gy,

b. 1

674

Microscope of Antony van Leeuwenhoek )1673(Simple-single-lens microscope

Spontaneous generation Dr. Francsco Redi tried to disprove it

Experimental phase

Spontaneous generation = living organisms could arise from non-living matter

Dr. Francsco Redi )1668( tried to disprove it

He demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on meat

The Theory of biogenesis (1861) :Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

Experimental phase

Louis Pasteur )French( 1861

He was Able to disproved the spontaneous generation and proved the Biogenesis theory the development of aseptic techniques used in the laboratory & medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms

Louis Pasteur

Fermentation & pasteurizationYeast ferment sugars alcoholBacteria oxidize alcohol acetic acid

Heating process is used to kill bacteria in milk

Louis Pasteur

•Introduced “Germ Theory of Disease” = causal relationship between microorganism & disease

•.

•Developed Pasteur treatment for preventing rabies

•Disproved spontaneous generation

•Biogenesis theory

•Fermentation

•Pasteurization

•Rabies treatment

•Germ theory of disease

Germ Theory of Disease

•Microorganisms cause disease

•Robert Koch )1876( proved that a particular microorganism cause a particular disease

19th Century surgery using Lister’s carbolic acid sprayer.

The golden age of Microbology

Vaccination

Vaccination –immunity (= resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine

•Pasteur )1880( discovered that avirulant bacteria could be used as a vaccine for cholera )vaccine(

•Now modern vaccines are prepared from living or killed pathogens

•Recombinant DNA techniques

The Birth of modern Chemotherapy: “Dreams of Magic Bullet”

•Treatment of disease by using chemical substances Chemotherapy

•If prepared from chemical in the laboratory

synthetic drugs

Or produced by Microorganism

Antibiotics

(1910 )introduce salvarsan to treat syphilis

Modern Biotechnology & Recombinant DNA technology

•Biotechnology =practical application of microbiology to produce some common foods & chemicals

•Recombinant DNA technology=have been used to produce a number of natural proteins vaccines & enzymes

•Gene therapy=inserting missing gene or replacing defective one in human cells harmless virus to carry gene

•Cell theory

•Spontaneous generation

•The Theory of biogenesis

•“Germ Theory of Disease”

•Anton van Leewenhoek

•Louis Pasteur

•Robert Koch

•Joseph Lister

•Paul Ehrlich

•Alexander Fleming

•Edward Jenner

•Classification of Microorganisms

•&

•Taxonomy

Rel

atio

nsh

ip o

f M

icro

bes

Classification of microbes and taxonomy

Classification of microbes and taxonomy

Types of Microorganisms •Bacteria )singular: bacterium( are relatively

simple single-celled prokaryotes•Cell shape are either rods or coccus

•Enclosed in cell wall largely composed of carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan

•Bacteria reproduce by binary fission •For nutrition, most bacteria use organic

chemicals derived from living or nonliving

•Some can do photosynthesis•Some are motile

Archae•Like bacteria

•Cell wall lack peptidoglycan-

•Extremely salty environment

•Not cause disease in human

•microorganisms that are composed of single or multicellular Eukarya

• -Algae - Fungi - Protozoa - Helminths

•Are photosynthesis Eukaryotes with wide variety of shapes

•Reproduce sexually or asexually•Cell wall like plants are compose of

cellulose •Algae are abundant in

fresh water and saltPlay an important role in

the balance of nature (produce Oxygen&

carbohydrates)Major food source of

small aquatic animals

•Fungi (singular: fungus) are Eukaryotes

•They may be unicellular (yeast)- are oval in shape larger than bacteria

• OR• multicellular (mold)- form visible masses called mycelia

compose of long filaments ( hyphae)cottony growths on bread&fruit.(

•Large multicellular like mushroom look somewhat like plant but they are not photosynthesis

•Cell wall compose of chitin

•Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually •They absorbing solution of organic materials to get their

nourishements

•Protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotic microbes

•Move by flagella, cilia, pseudopods

•Have variety of shapes ,

•Lives free or as parasite

•They absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment

•They reproduce by sexually or asexually

Compare Algae, Fungi, & Protozoa.

Multicellular animal parasites

Helminths included:

•Flat helminths and round helminths

•During some stages of their life cycle, helminths are microscopic in size

Rel

atio

nsh

ip o

f M

icro

bes

Viruses are differ from all others They are so small that need electron microscopy to be seenthey are acellular )not cellular(Structurally very simple:

core made of only one type of nucleic acid ) either DNA, or RNA(This core surrounded by protein coatSometimes this coat is enclosed by an additional layer , a lipid layer called envelopeViruses can reproduce only by using the cellular )Replication( ٌmachinery of the host ,living when inside living cell , non living outside

•viroids•generally cause plant diseases

•prion •- mad cow disease in cattle

-Kuru & - Creutzfeldt-Jakob in man