atestat engleza.doc

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Colegiul National Pedagogic Constantin Bratescu" Constana

Atestat la limba engleza

Elev Profesor indrumator

Marin Cristiana Doina CarlssonClasa a XII-a E

Constanta

2010


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Argument

Chapter I Newspapers in the UK and the USA

!!Britis Ne#s$a$ers

!%&'( Ne#s$a$ers

Chapter 2 Teleision in the UK and the USA

%! )elevision in te &*%% )elevision in te &'(

Chapter ! "adio in the UK and the USA

+! ,adio in te &*

+% ,adio in te &'(

Con#lusion

$ibliograph%

Anne&es


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Argument

I ave cosen tis su.ect ecause of te #orld im$ortance of te mass media/ ricistor0/ diversit0/ and ever0 da0 usage and common use of it

)e media is te most im$ortant tool for mass communication in te modern #orld

In general/ "media" refers to various means of communication 1or e2am$le/ television/ radio/and te ne#s$a$er are different t0$es of media )e term can also e used as a collective nounfor te $ress or ne#s re$orting agencies In te com$uter #orld/ "media" is also used as acollective noun/ ut refers to different t0$es of data storage o$tions

'ass mediadenotes a section of temedias$ecificall0 designed to reac aver0 largeaudiencesuc as te $o$ulation of a nation state )e term #as coined in te !3%4s #it teadvent of nation#ide radio net#or5s/ mass-circulation ne#s$a$ersandmaga6ines7o#ever/some forms of mass media suc asoo5sandmanuscri$tsad alread0 een in use centuries )eterm publi# mediaas a similar meaning8 it is te sum of te $ulic mass distriutors of ne#sand entertainment across media suc as ne#s$a$ers/television/radio/roadcasting/#ic ma0re9uire union memersi$ in some large mar5ets suc as Ne#s$a$er :uild/ (1),(/ and te2t

$ulisers( ne#s$a$er is a$ulicationcontaining ne#s/ information/ and advertising:eneral-interest ne#s$a$ers often feature articles on$olitical events/ crime/usiness/ art;entertainment/societ0and s$orts Most traditional $a$ers also feature an editorial$age containingcolumns tate2$ress te $ersonal o$inions of #riters 'u$$lementar0 sections ma0 contain advertising/comics/ and cou$ons 1eatures in a ne#s$a$er include editorialo$inions/ criticism/ $ersuasion/entertainment and o$-eds< oituaries< comic stri$sand oter entertainment/ suc ascross#ords/sudo5uand orosco$es< #eaterne#s and forecasts< advice/ gossi$/food/and oter columnsalso 5no#n sim$l0 as "te Net" or "te =e"? is a more interactive mediumof mass media/ and can e riefl0 descried as "a net#or5 of net#or5s" '$ecificall0/ it is te#orld#ide/ $ulicl0 accessile net#or5 of interconnected com$uter net#or5stat transmit data0$ac5et s#itcingusing te standard Internet Protocol >IP? It consists of millions of smallerdomestic/ academic/ usiness/ and governmental net#or5s/ #ic togeter carr0 variousinformationand services/ suc aselectronic mail/online cat/file transfer/ and te interlin5ed=e $agesand oter documents of te =orld =ide =e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_ads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_stripshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_ads&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)


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Chapter( 1 Newspapers in the United Kingdom And The USA

1(1 $ritish Newspapers

)raditionall0 ne#s$a$ers could e s$lit into serious-minded ne#s$a$ers/ usuall0 referred

to asroadseetsdue to teir large si6e/ and sometimes collectivel0 as te 9ualit0 $ress/and lessserious ne#s$a$ers/ 5no#n for teir small si6e as taloids/and collectivel0 as te $o$ular $ress7o#ever/ due to considerations of convenience of reading/ for e2am$le in caf@s and on trains/)e Inde$endentand )e )imesot s#itced to a com$act format/ not muc igger tan tatused 0 taloids )e :uardians#itced in 'e$temer %44A to #at it descries as a Berlinerformat/ sligtl0 larger tan a com$act Its stalemate )e serveras since follo#ed suit

ter 'unda0 roadseets ave tended to 5ee$ teir larger si6e/ as te amount of contentand numer of sections te0 $rovide #ould/ in taloid form/ e too tic5/ eav0 andcumersome (ll ma.or &* ne#s$a$ers no# ave a freeonlineversion/ toug te fourMurdoc titles $lan to introduce carges for content(s #ell as individual ne#s$a$ers tere arene#s$a$ers #ic collect ne#s from eac of te ma.or ne#s$a$ers and comine it into one Inte &*tere is te )e =ee5end Cit0 Press ,evie# >=CP,?#ic summari6esusinessandfinancialne#s from !+ $a$ers and distriutes te $a$er electronicall0 on a suscri$tionasisMost to#ns and cities in te &* ave at least one local ne#s$a$er/ suc as te EveningPost in Bristoland )e Eco in Cardiff 7o#ever/ te0 are not 5no#n nationall0 for teir.ournalism in te #a0 tat >des$ite muc s0ndication? cit0-ased ne#s$a$ers in te&'(are>eg )e Ne# or5 )imes/ )e =asington Post/ )e Boston :loe?

( ma.or e2ce$tion to tis $attern #as te #ell-regarded Mancester :uardian/#ic dro$$ed te Mancester from its name >!3A3? and relocated its main o$erations toondon >!3FG? )e grou$ continues to $roduce a Mancunian $a$er/ te Mancester EveningNe#s 1reeseet ne#s$a$ers in uran centres) Metro >est !333? H o#ned 0Dail0 Mail and:eneral )rust $lc< distriuted free< #or5ing to#ards national status/ #ide availailit0 in tema.or cities ma5es it te &*s Gt igest circulation $a$er )e Metro en.o0s ig circulationamong users of$ulic trans$ort/ #it ne#s$a$ers $laced on trains and uses and distriutorso$erating near stations

Most to#ns and cities in te &* ave at least one local ne#s$a$er/ suc as te EveningPost in Bristoland )e Eco in Cardiff 7o#ever/ te0 are not 5no#n nationall0 for teir.ournalism in te #a0 tat >des$ite muc s0ndication? cit0-ased ne#s$a$ers in te&'(are>eg )e Ne# or5 )imes/ )e =asington Post/ )e Boston :loe? ( ma.or e2ce$tion to tis$attern #as te #ell-regarded Mancester :uardian/ #ic dro$$ed te Mancester from itsname >!3A3? and relocated its main o$erations to ondon >!3FG? )e grou$ continues to$roduce a Mancunian $a$er/ te Mancester Evening Ne#s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_(format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_(format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekend_City_Press_Review_(WCPR)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_(format)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekend_City_Press_Review_(WCPR)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust_plchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News


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1(2 USA Newspapers

Ne#s$a$ersave declined in teir influence and $enetration into (merican ouseoldsover te 0ears )e &' does not ave a national $a$er )eNe# or5 )imesand te=all 'treetournalare sold in most &' cities

(ltoug te )imes $rimar0 audience as al#a0s een te $eo$le ofNe# or5 Cit0/ teNe# or5 )imes as graduall0 ecome te dominant national "ne#s$a$er of record" ($art fromits dail0 nation#ide distriution/ te term means tat ac5 issues are arcived on microfilm 0ever0 decent-si6ed $uliclirar0in te nation/ and te )imes articles are often cited 0 otistoriansand.udgesas evidencetat a ma.or istorical event occurred on a certain date )eos (ngeles )imesand te =all 'treet ournal are also ne#s$a$ers of record to a lesser e2tent(ltoug &'( )oda0 as tried to estalis itself as a national $a$er/ it as een #idel0 derided0 te academic #orld as te "McPa$er" and is not suscried to >let alone arcived? 0 mostliraries($art from te ne#s$a$ers .ust mentioned/ all ma.or metro$olitan areas ave teir o#n localne#s$a$ers )0$icall0/ a metro$olitan area #ill su$$ort at most one or t#o ma.or ne#s$a$ers/

#it man0 smaller $ulications targeted to#ards $articular audiences (ltoug te cost of$ulising as increased over te 0ears/ te $rice of ne#s$a$ers as generall0 remained lo#/forcing ne#s$a$ers to rel0 more on advertising revenue and on articles $rovided 0 a ma.or #ireservice/ suc as te(ssociated Pressor,euters/for teir national and #orld coverage=it aver0 fe# e2ce$tions/ all te ne#s$a$ers in te &' are $rivatel0 o#ned/ eiter 0 large cainssuc as :annettor McClatc0/#ic o#n do6ens or even undreds of ne#s$a$ers< 0 smallcains tat o#n a andful of $a$ers< or in a situation tat is increasingl0 rare/ 0 individuals orfamilies

Most general-$ur$ose ne#s$a$ers are eiter eing $rinted one time a #ee5/ usuall0 on)ursda0 or 1rida0/ or are $rinted dail0 =ee5l0 ne#s$a$ers tend to ave muc smallercirculation and are more $revalent in rural communities or small to#ns Ma.or cities often ave

"alternative #ee5lies" to com$lement te mainstream dail0 $a$er>s?/ for e2am$le/ Ne# or5Cit0sJillage Joiceor os (ngeles ( =ee5l0/ to name t#o of te most #ell-5no#n Ma.orcities ma0 also su$$ort a local usiness .ournal/ trade $a$ers relating to local industries and$a$ers for local etnic and social grou$s

Proal0 due to com$etition from oter media/ te numer of dail0 ne#s$a$ers in te&' as declined over te $ast alf-centur0/ according to Editor K Puliser/ te trade .ournal of(merican ne#s$a$ers In $articular/ te numer of evening ne#s$a$ers as fallen 0 almost one-alf since !3L4/ #ile te numer of morning editions and 'unda0 editions as gro#n1or com$arison/ in !3A4/ tere #ere !/LL% dail0 $a$ers >and !/GA4 H or aout L4 $ercent H oftem #ere evening $a$ers? #ile in %444/ tere #ere !/G4 dail0 $a$ers >and LFFHor aout alfHof tem #ere evening $a$ers? )e $rimar0 source of ne#s$a$er income is advertising H in te form of "classifieds" orinserted advertising circulars H rater tan circulationincome 7o#ever/ since te late !334s/tis revenue source as een directl0 callenged 0 =e sites li5e eBa0 >for sales of secondanditems?/ Monstercom>.os?/ and Craigslist>ever0ting?)e largest ne#s$a$ers >0 circulation?in te &nited 'tates are &'( )oda0/ te=all 'treet ournal/teNe# or5 )imesand te os(ngeles )imes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Weeklyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifiedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Weeklyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifiedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times


6/16

Chapter 2 Teleision in the UK and the USA

2(1 Teleision in the UK

$ritish teleision broad#astingstarted in !3+F/ and no# as a collection of free and

suscri$tion services over a variet0 of distriution media/ troug #ic tere are over G4cannelsn !Ofor consumers as #ell as on-demand content )ere are si2 main cannel o#ners#o are res$onsile for most vie#ing )ere are %L/444 ours of domestic content $roduced a0ear at a cost of %F illion (nalogue terrestrial transmissions are currentl0 eing s#itced offand tis is due to e com$leted in %4!%

1ree and suscri$tion $roviders are availale/ #it differences in te numer of cannels/ca$ailities suc as te$rogramme guide >EP:?/ video on demand>JD?/ ig-definition>7D?/interactive television via tered utton/ and coverage across te &* 'et-to$ o2esare generall0used to receive tese services< o#ever Integrated Digital )elevisions>ID)Js? can also e usedto receive 1reevie#or1reesat)o$ &$ )J and B) Jision utilise 0rid o2es #ic receive1reevie# as #ell as additional suscri$tion services 7ouseolds vie#ing )J from te internet

>ou)ue/ oost/ do#nloads etc? are not trac5ed 0 fcom )e &*s five most #atcedcannels/ BBC ne/ BBC )#o/ I)J/ Cannel Gand 1ive/ are availale from all $roviders>altoug in man0 areas/ including almost te #ole of =ales/ 1ive is not receivale on analogueterrestrial television?

)is #as te traditional #a0 of receiving television in te &*/ o#ever it as no#largel0 een su$$lanted 0 digital$roviders )ere are A cannels #it regional variations/ of#ic te first to launc/ under te current&71P( s0stem/ #as BBC )#o in !3FG 'ince!33/ a small numer of local cannels o$erate under ,estricted service licences 7istoricall0/BBC ne and I)J #ere also availale using te J71G4A-line television s0stem#ic ceased in!3A

(s of anuar0 %443/ BBC ne/ BBC )#o/ I)J and Cannel G roadcast from a net#or5

of !/!+G transmitters 1ive roadcasts from A% transmitters/ and te,estricted 'ervice icencestations roadcast from !G transmitters!3O'eeCategor08)ransmitter sites in te &nited *ingdomfor information on some of tese )e transmitters are o$erated 0 (r9iva

Digital terrestrial television launced in !33 as a suscri$tion service namedNdigital'ince ctoer %44%/ te $rimar0 roadcaster is 1reevie#/ #it )o$ &$ )J andE'PN>$reviousl0 'etanta '$ortsefore it #ent ust? $roviding additional suscri$tion services)ere are tree $roviders of cale television/ targeting different geogra$ic areas #itin te &*In all cases cale )J is a suscri$tion service normall0 undled #it a $one line androadandSmallworld 'ediais availale in sout-east 'cotland and nort-#est England Pricing rangesfrom !4A4 >cost of $one line #it free )J? to 4 $er mont

*ightCableis availale in te Isle of =igt+irgin 'ediais availale to AAQ of &* ouseolds Pricing ranges from !! a mont >$oneline #it free )J? to +4A4 a mont/ #it additional fees for $remium services suc as '50'$orts Jirgin also mar5etJR/ a digital video recorderand ig-definition receiverJirgin Media is te onl0 cale $rovider to su$$l0 ig-definition television and video ondemand/ altoug tese arent availale in areas $rovided #it teir analogue )JserviceE2isting Jirgin Media customers can end teir ongoing suscri$tions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_programme_guidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Button_(Digital_Television)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_boxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Digital_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Twohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_(TV_channel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_service_licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405-line_television_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-analoguetransmitters-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-analoguetransmitters-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-analoguetransmitters-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transmitter_sites_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONdigitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Up_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallworld_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WightCablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_programme_guidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Button_(Digital_Television)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_boxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Digital_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freesathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Twohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_(TV_channel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_service_licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405-line_television_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-analoguetransmitters-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transmitter_sites_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONdigitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Up_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallworld_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WightCablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder


7/16


8/16

Chapter ! "adio in the U(K( and the U(S(A(

!(1 "adio in the U(K(

)ere are over %A4 radiostations in te &nited *ingdom1or a more com$reensive list

see ist of radio stations in te &nited *ingdom)e most $rominent stations are te national net#or5s o$erated 0 te BBC

BBC ,adio !roadcasts mostl0 current $o$ music out$ut on 1M and digital radio/ #it

live music trougout te 0ear

BBC ,adio %is te &*s most listened-to radio station/ featuring $resenters )err0 =ogan

and onatan ,oss/ and $la0ing $o$ular music from te last A decades as #ell as s$ecialinterest $rogrammes in te evening

BBC ,adio +is a classical music station/ roadcasting ig-9ualit0 concerts and

$erformances (t nigt/ it transmits a #ide range of.a66and #orld music

BBC ,adio Gis a current affairs and s$eec station/ #it ne#s/ deate and radio drama It

roadcasts te dail0 radio soa$ )e (rcers/ as #ell as flagsi$ ne#s $rogramme )oda0

BBC ,adio A iveroadcasts live ne#s and s$orts commentar0 #it $one-in deates

and studio guests)e introduction of digital radiotecnolog0 led to te launc of several ne# BBC

stations8

BBC F Musictransmits $redominantl0 alternative roc5/ #it man0 live sessions

BBC !Xtraroadcasts ra$/,nBand drumnass

BBC ,adio Luses te BBCs large arcive of s$eec $rogramming to roadcast classic

comed0 and drama/ mainl0 originall0 from ,adio G

BBC (sian Net#or5 - aimed at te large 'out (siancommunit0 in te &* >also

availale on (M in some areas?

BBC ,adio A ive '$orts E2tra - a com$anion to 1ive ive for additional eventscoverage)e BBC also $rovide G4 local radioservices/ mainl0 roadcasting a mi2 oflocal ne#s and music aimed at an older audience(lso availale nationall0 are tree national commercial cannels/ namel0 (solute

,adio/ Classic 1Mand tal5'P,) (s #it te BBC/ digital radio as rougt aout man0canges/ including te roll-out of local stations suc asXfm/*iss !44and *errang ,adio

Commercial radiolicences are a#arded 0 fcom/a government od0 #ic advertises alicence for an area and olds a so-called eaut0 contest to determine #ic station #ill egranted $ermission to roadcast in tat area 'tations sumit detailed a$$lication documentscontaining teir $ro$osed format and te outcome of researc to determine te demand for teir$articular st0le of roadcastriginal !4F >(erdeen? #as te last radio station to e granted a

licence 0 fcomCommunit0 radiostations roadcast to a small area/ normall0 #itin a + mile >A 5m?

radius/ and are mostl0 not-for-$rofitorganisations/ o#ned 0 local $eo$le/ on #ic teroadcasters are volunteers )e0 are recognised under te Communications (ct %44+ as adistinct tird tier of radio in te &* )e communit0 radio movement in te &* #as founded inte mid-!3L4s/ roadcasting troug ,estricted 'ervice icences/ teinternet andcale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Woganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ross_(television_presenter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_6_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_1Xtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RnBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum'n'basshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Asian_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live_Sports_Extrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Local_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkSPORThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_100_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_106_(Aberdeen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Woganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Ross_(television_presenter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_6_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_1Xtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RnBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum'n'basshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Asian_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live_Sports_Extrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Local_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkSPORThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_100_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_106_(Aberdeen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable


9/16

!(2 "adio in the USA

)e eginning of regular commerciall0-licensed sound roadcasting in te &nited 'tatesin !3%4 ended te $rint mono$ol0 over te media and o$ened te doors to te more immediateand $ervasive electronic media B0 !3%/ te &nited 'tates ad tree national radionet#or5s -

t#o o#ned 0NBC>te National Broadcasting Com$an0?/ and one 0 CB'>te ColumiaBroadcasting '0stem? &ntil !3G+/ tere #ere four ma.or national radio net#or5s8 t#o o#ned 0NBC/ one o#ned 0 CB'/ and one o#ned 0 Mutual Broadcasting '0stem )e NBCs secondnet#or5 ecame (BC/ te (merican Broadcasting Com$an0

)oug mostl0 listened to for entertainment/ radios instant/ on-te-s$ot re$orts ofdramatic events dre# uge audiences trougout te :reat De$ression of te !3+4s and =orld=ar II President 1ran5lin D ,ooseveltrecogni6ed te $otential of radio to reac te (merican$ulic/ and during is four terms >!3++-!3GA?/ is radio "fireside cats" informed te nation onte $rogress of $olicies to counter te De$ression and on develo$ments during =orld =ar II(fter =orld =ar II/ televisions visual images re$laced te audio-onl0 limitation of radio as te$redominant entertainment and ne#s veicle

,adio ada$ted to te ne# situation 0 re$lacing entertainment $rograms #itscedules of music inters$ersed #it ne#s and features/ a freeform format ado$ted 0 NBC#en it launced its $o$ular #ee5end-long Monitor in !3AA During te !3A4s/ automoilemanufacturers egan offering car radios as standard accessories/ and radio received a ig oostas (mericans tuned in teir car radios as te0 drove to and from #or5)e e2$ansion and dominance of 1Mradio/ #ic as etter sound 9ualit0 ut a more limitedrange tan traditional (M/ re$resented te ma.or tecnical cange in radio in te !3L4s and!34s 1M radio/ aided 0 te invention of ever smaller $ortale radios and ine2$ensive"=al5man" eadsets/ dominates music $rograms/ #ile (M as sifted to "tal5" and ne#sformats Barel0 in e2istence %A 0ears ago/ "tal5 radio/" in #ic celerities and e2$erts fromvarious fields ans#er listener "call-in" 9uestions and offer teir advice on various to$ics/ as

gro#n s$ectacularl0 in recent 0ears It as contriuted to te comeac5 of (M radio Bot 1Mand (M radio ave ecome increasingl0 s$eciali6ed Music formats/ for instance/ com$rise avariet0 of s$eciali6ationsHte to$ five in !33! eing "countr0and #estern/" "adultcontem$orar0/" "to$ G4/" "religious" and "oldies"In an era in #ic )J is clearl0 teglamourmedium/ te reac of radio is still e2tensiveNinet0-nine $ercent of (merican ouseolds in !333 ad at least one radio< te average is five$er ouseold Ever0 da0/ radio reaces 4 $ercent of te &' $o$ulation at one time or anoter,evenues more tan douled from TG illion in !334 to more tan T!L illion in %444

&ntil te !34s/ most commercial radio stations #ere affiliated to te large net#or5s/suc as Ca$ital Cities;(BC/ CB'/ Mutual Net#or5/ NBC/ and oters NBC sold its radionet#or5 in !3 Mutual #as $urcased 0 =est#ood ne Ca$ital Cities;(BC/ later sold toDisne0/ reduced graduall0 its radio o$erations No#ada0s/ most commercial radio stations arecontrolled 0 media conglomerates li5e Clear Cannel Communications/ Infinit0 Broadcastingand man0 oters

( ne# form of radio tat is gaining $o$ularit0 is satellite radio)e t#o iggestsuscri$tionsased radio services are'irius 'atellite ,adioand XM 'atellite ,adio&nli5eterrestrial radio music cannels/ most cannels feature fe# or no commercials 'atellite radio isnot regulated 0 te 1CC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireside_chatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(NBC_Radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireside_chatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(NBC_Radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC


10/16

Con#lusion

Media studies definitions are canging 9uic5l0 as digital tecnolog0 evolves/ ta5ing massmedia and advertising and mar5eting communications in ne# directionsB0 definition/ mass communication is a message created 0 a $erson or a grou$ of $eo$le sent

troug a transmitting device >a medium? to a large audience or mar5et'o =at E2actl0 is Mass MediaUMass media is an0 medium used to transmit mass communication &ntil recentl0 mass media#as clearl0 defined and #as com$rised of te eigt mass media industries< Boo5s/Ne#s$a$ers/Maga6ines/ and ,ecordings/ ,adio/ Movies/)elevisionand )e InternetDefining mass media is no longer clear cut or sim$le )e continuing e2$losion of digitalcommunication tecnolog0 is $roducing more tan a little confusion on te su.ectDevelo$ing ne# tecnolog0 reeds ne# 9uestions 'ould cell $ones e included in adefinitionof mass mediaU =at aout video and com$uter gamesU Is =orld of =arcraftV a mass mediumstrictl0 s$ea5ingU

Considerale deate surrounds tis to$ic at te moment and te ans#er is still not entirel0

clear( cell $one or an0 $one for tat matter is not t0$icall0 considered to e a mass medium (tele$one is a sim$le t#o #a0 communication device/ ca$ale of serving onl0 fe# $eo$le attime oo5ing at te definition of mass media/ it is clear tat a mass medium must communicatea message to a large grou$/ often simultaneousl0 7o#ever/ modern cell $ones are no longer asingle use device Most cell $ones are e9ui$$ed #it internet access and ca$ale of connectingto te #e #ic is in fact a mass medium Does tis ma5e cell $ones a mass medium or sim$l0a device to access te #eU

Currentl0/ tere is a $lan in motion tat #ill allo# mar5eters and advertisersto ta$ intosatellites and roadcast commercials and advertisements directl0 to millions of cell $ones/unsolicited 0 te $ones user )ransmitting mass advertising to millions of $eo$le is indeed

mass communication 'omeda0/ in te near future/ 0ou ma0 cec5 0our cell $one and find itflasing a message tat 0ou ave t#o missed calls (ND tat four out of five dentists cose)rident

Jideo games ma0 also e evolving into a mass medium Consider te fact tat videogames certainl0 contain messages and ideologies conve0ed to users &sers sometimes sare tee2$erience 0 $la0ing online ut $la0ers of video games are also saring a common e2$erience#en te0 ave $la0ed te game se$aratel0 It is $ossile to discuss in great detail te events of avideo game #it a friend 0ou ave never $la0ed #it ecause te e2$erience #as identical to0ou ot (re 0ou receiving te same message along #it millions of otersU Is tis masscommunicationU E2$erts disagree ut once again/ te 9uestion ma0 soon ecome moot asadvertisers are loo5ing into $lacing advertisements as #ell as incor$orating $roduct $lacementinto te games temselves

(s digital communication tecnolog0 continues to e2$and/ e2actl0 #at devicesconstitute a mass medium #ill undoutedl0 continue to evolve and e2$and te current definitione0ond te eigt mass media industries
http://medialiteracy.suite101.com/teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/newspaper_readershiphttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/radio_broadcastinghttp://medialiteracy.suite101.com/article.cfm/effects_of_television_on_kidshttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/media_studieshttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/media_studieshttp://advertising-influence.suite101.com/article.cfm/advertising_tacticshttp://medialiteracy.suite101.com/teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/newspaper_readershiphttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/radio_broadcastinghttp://medialiteracy.suite101.com/article.cfm/effects_of_television_on_kidshttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/media_studieshttp://teaching-media-literacy.suite101.com/article.cfm/media_studieshttp://advertising-influence.suite101.com/article.cfm/advertising_tactics


11/16

Biliogra$0

$ain- .eorge( .ot#ha/ ow The 'edia istort the News( Toronto Ke% 3orter $oo4s- 1556(

$ian#ulli- aid( Telelitera#% Ta4ing Teleision Seriousl%( New 7or4 Continuum- 1552(

Castleman- arr% and 3odrazi4- *alter 8( *at#hing T+ 9our e#ades o, Ameri#an

Teleision( New 7or4 '#.raw ill- 15:2(

Charren- 3egg% and Sandler- 'artin *( Changing Channels ;iing


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Anne&es


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