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Mihai Viteazu Technical College, Vulcan
Henry James
The Portrait of a Lady
Teacher: Student:
Socaci Malvine Buiu Elena
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2010
Table of contents
Argument...3
Prcis..4
1. Henry James...5
2. Context6
3. Plot summary..7
4. Characters.....10
4.1. Isabel Archer.10
4.2. Gilbert Osmond....12
4.3. Other characters...13
5. Themes. Style15
5.1. Themes...15
5.2. Style17
Conclusions19
Bibliography..20
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Argument
The main reason why I have chosen this theme The Portrait of a Lady generally
regarded as the masterpiece of Henry James phase of writing is the fascinating
story of Isabel and all the events that exist only to serve the purpose of revealing
this character to the reader. At the same time I was impressed how the author wascapable to build such a powerful character.
Another element that determined me to choose this work is the way how Henry
James explored many of his most characteristic themes, including the conflict
between American individualism and European social custom, the situation of
Americans in Europe and his dedicated observing of human being in society.
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Prcis
My work is entitled The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James and it is divided in
five chapters. In the first one I presented some details of Henry Jamess life and
works. An American writer, he was regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-
century literary realism. He is primarily known for a series of novels in which he
portrays the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans.
The second chapter deals with the circumstances in which the book appears. It is
often considered to be James's greatest achievement where he explored many of his
most characteristic themes. I continued with the next chapter that presents the plot
summary. It follows the life of Isabel Archer and her desire to remain independent,
but many people want to control her life and think she is an object they can keep it
under control.
The fourth chapter is divided into three sections with the characters
characterization. I started with the novel's central character Isabel. She is a young
American woman who embodies all the best of what James depicts as American
qualities, especially vitality, sincerity, and independence. The plot takes placearound her and the two suitors, Gilbert and Caspar. The next two sections presents
the other characters.
The last chapter is about themes such as American versus European character,social and motional maturation, independence and style. One of them is
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psychological realism; James is considered the foremost author of it. Another one
is the point of view, an innovation to which James was an important contributor.
1.Henry James
Henry James was an American writer, regarded asone of the key figures of 19th-century literary
realism. He was born in New York City into awealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr. was one
of the best-known intellectuals in mid-nineteenth-century America. In his youth James traveled back
and forth between Europe and America. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London,
Paris, Bologna and Bonn. At the age of 19 he briefly attended Harvard LawSchool, but preferred reading literature to studying law. James published his first
short story,A Tragedy of Errors two years later, and devoted himself to literature.
In 186669 and 187172 he was a contributor to The Nation andAtlantic Monthly.
From an early age James had read the classics of English, American, French andGerman literature and Russian classics in translation. His first novel, Watch and
Ward(1871), was written while he was traveling through Venice and Paris. Afterliving in Paris, where he was contributor to theNew York Tribune, James moved to
England in 1876, living first in London and then in Rye, Sussex. During his first
years in Europe James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad. In1905 James visited America for the first time in twenty-five years, and wrote "Jolly
Corner".
James's masterpieces areDaisy Miller(1879) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881), inwhich once again a young American woman becomes a victim of her
provincialism during her travels in Europe. Other works are The Bostonians (1886),
What Maisie Knew (1897), The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903)and The Turn of the Screw.
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James suffered a stroke on December 2, 1915, and died in London on February 28,
1916.He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes are interred at
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2.Context
Throughout his career, Henry James earned criticism for the slow pacing and
uneventful plotting of his novels, as well as for his elliptical technique, in which
many of a work's important scenes are not narrated, but only implied by laterscenes. But as a stylist James earned consistent admiration; he is often considered
to be a "writer's writer," and his prose is remarkable for its elegance of balance,
clarity, and precision.
First written in the 1880s and extensively revised in 1908, The Portrait of a Lady is
often considered to be James's greatest achievement. In it, he explored many of his
most characteristic themes, including the conflict between American individualismand European social custom and the situation of Americans in Europe. It also
includes many of his most memorable characters, including the lady of the novel's
title, Isabel Archer, the indomitable Mrs. Touchett, the wise and funny RalphTouchett, the fast-talking Henrietta Stackpole, and the sinister villains, Gilbert
Osmond and Madame Merle.
In The Portrait of a Lady, Isabel and the other American characters are products of
the Enlightenment whose lives show how completely these ideas were adopted in
the United States and how strong their influence still was a century later. It was the
big ideas of the Enlightenment that fueled the American Revolution and forever
shaped what it meant to be an American. Hence, Isabel takes for granted that she
should be able to make her own decisions in life and to do what she feels is best,
regardless of social conventions or other people's opinions.
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3.Plot summary
Isabel Archer is a woman in her early twenties who comes from a genteel family in
Albany, New York, in the late 1860s. Her mother died when she was a young girl,and her father raised her in a haphazard manner, allowing her to educate herself
and encouraging her independence. As a result, the adult Isabel is widely read,
imaginative, confident in her own mind, and slightly narcissistic; she has thereputation in Albany for being a formidable intellect, and as a result she often
seems intimidating to men. She has had few suitors, but one of them is Caspar
Goodwood, the powerful, charismatic son of a wealthy Boston mill owner. Isabelis drawn to Caspar, but her commitment to her independence makes her fear him as
well, for she feels that to marry him would be to sacrifice her freedom.
Shortly after Isabel's father dies, she receives a visit from her indomitable aunt,Mrs. Touchett, an American who lives in Europe. Mrs. Touchett offers to take
Isabel on a trip to Europe, and Isabel eagerly agrees, telling Caspar that she cannottell him whether she wishes to marry him until she has had at least a year to travelin Europe with her aunt. Isabel and Mrs. Touchett leave for England, where Mrs.
Touchett's estranged husband is a powerful banker. Isabel makes a strong
impression on everyone at Mr. Touchett's county manor of Gardencourt: her cousinRalph, slowly dying of a lung disorder, becomes deeply devoted to her, and the
Touchetts' aristocratic neighbor Lord Warburton falls in love with her. Warburtonproposes, but Isabel declines; though she fears that she is passing up a great social
opportunity by not marrying Warburton, she still believes that marriage would
damage her treasured independence. As a result, she pledges to accomplish
something wonderful with her life, something that will justify her decision to rejectWarburton.
Isabel's friend Henrietta Stackpole, an American journalist, believes that Europe is
changing Isabel, slowly eroding her American values and replacing them withromantic idealism. Henrietta comes to Gardencourt and secretly arranges for
Caspar Goodwood to meet Isabel in London. Goodwood again presses Isabel to
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marry him; this time, she tells him she needs at least two years before she can
answer him, and she promises him nothing. She is thrilled to have exercised herindependence so forcefully. Mr. Touchett's health declines and Ralph convinces
him that when he dies, he should leave half his wealth to Isabel: this will protect
her independence and ensure that she will never have to marry for money. Mr.Touchett agrees shortly before he dies. Isabel is left with a large fortune for the
first time in her life. Her inheritance piques the interest of Madame Merle, Mrs.Touchett's polished, elegant friend; Madame Merle begins to lavish attention on
Isabel, and the two women become close friends.
Isabel travels to Florence with Mrs. Touchett and Madame Merle; Merle
introduces Isabel to a man named Gilbert Osmond, a man of no social standing orwealth, but whom Merle describes as one of the finest gentlemen in Europe,
wholly devoted to art and aesthetics. Osmond's daughter Pansy is being brought up
in a convent; his wife is dead. In secret, Osmond and Merle have a mysteriousrelationship; Merle is attempting to manipulate Isabel into marrying Osmond so
that he will have access to her fortune. Osmond is pleased to marry Isabel, not onlyfor her money, but also because she makes a fine addition to his collection of art
objects.
Everyone in Isabel's world disapproves of Osmond, especially Ralph, but Isabel
chooses to marry him anyway. She has a child the year after they are married, butthe boy dies six months after he is born. Three years into their marriage, Isabel and
Osmond have come to despise one another; they live with Pansy in a palazzo in
Rome, where Osmond treats Isabel as barely a member of the family: to him, she isa social hostess and a source of wealth, and he is annoyed by her independence and
her insistence on having her own opinions. Isabel chafes against Osmond'sarrogance, his selfishness, and his sinister desire to crush her individuality, but she
does not consider leaving him. For all her commitment to her independence, Isabel
is also committed to her social duty, and when she married Osmond, she did sowith the intention of transforming herself into a good wife.
A young American art collector who lives in Paris, Edward Rosier, comes to Rome
and falls in love with Pansy; Pansy returns his feelings. But Osmond is insistentthat Pansy should marry a nobleman, and he says that Rosier is neither rich nor
highborn enough. Matters grow complicated when Lord Warburton arrives on the
scene and begins to court Pansy. Warburton is still in love with Isabel and wants tomarry Pansy solely to get closer to her. But Osmond desperately wants to see
Pansy married to Warburton. Isabel is torn about whether to fulfill her duty to her
husband and help him arrange the match between Warburton and Pansy, or to
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fulfill the impulse of her conscience and discourage Warburton, while helping
Pansy find a way to marry Rosier.
At a ball one night, Isabel shows Warburton the dejected-looking Rosier and
explains that this is the man who is in love with Pansy. Guiltily, Warburton admits
that he is not in love with Pansy; he quietly arranges to leave Rome. Osmond isfurious with Isabel, convinced that she is plotting intentionally to humiliate him.
Madame Merle is also furious with her, confronting her with shocking impropriety
and demanding brazenly to know what she did to Warburton. Isabel has realizedthat there is something mysterious about Madame Merle's relationship with her
husband; now, she suddenly realizes that Merle is his lover.
At this time, Ralph is rapidly deteriorating, and Isabel receives word that he isdying. She longs to travel to England to be with him, but Osmond forbids it. Now
Isabel must struggle to decide whether to obey his command and remain true to hermarriage vows or to disregard him and hurry to her cousin's bedside. Encouragingher to go, Osmond's sister, the Countess Gemini, tells her that there is still more to
Merle and Osmond's relationship. Merle is Pansy's mother; Pansy was born out of
wedlock. Osmond's wife died at about the same time, so Merle and Osmond spreadthe story that she died in childbirth. Pansy was placed in a convent to be raised,
and she does not know that Merle is her real mother. Isabel is shocked and
disgusted by her husband's atrocious behaviorshe even feels sorry for Merle forfalling under his spellso she decides to follow her heart and travel to England.
After Ralph's death, Isabel struggles to decide whether to return to her husband ornot. She promised Pansy that she would return to Rome, and her commitment tosocial propriety impels her to go back and honor her marriage. But her independent
spirit urges her to flee from Osmond and find happiness elsewhere. Caspar
Goodwood appears at the funeral, and afterwards, he asks Isabel to run away withhim and forget about her husband. The next day, unable to find her, Goodwood
asks Henrietta where she has gone. Henrietta quietly tells him that Isabel has
returned to Rome, unable to break away from her marriage to Gilbert Osmond. Theending is ambiguous, and the reader is left to imagine whether Isabel returned to
Osmond to suffer out her marriage in noble tragedy (perhaps for Pansy's sake) orwhether she is going to rescue Pansy and leave Osmond.
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4. Characters
4.1. Isabel Archer
The novel's central character, Isabel is a youngAmerican woman who embodies all the best of
what James depicts as American qualities,
especially vitality, sincerity, and independence.
As the novel opens, Isabel is arriving at the
English home of her aunt and uncle. Her father
has recently died. (Her mother died previously.)
Her aunt, who traveled to the United States after
Isabel's father's death, feels that Isabel has more
potential than her circumstances in America will allow her to fulfill, and so she
brings Isabel back to England with her.
Isabel wins the admiration of everyone she meets, including her cousin Ralph.
Ralph talks his dying father into leaving half his estate to Isabel so that she can be
free to do as she pleases. In addition to this benefactor, Isabel also has suitors.
Caspar Goodwood travels from America to urge Isabel to marry him. Lord
Warburton, a wealthy friend of the Touchett family, also wants to marry Isabel.
But Isabel's independent nature leads her to reject both men. She finds Casparboring and turns down Warburton partly because she is not ready to marry and
partly because she fears life with him would be too easy. She longs for some
adventure even for some difficulty that will test her resourcefulness and mettle.
Isabel's independent spirit is the driving force in her personality, and it is what
propels her into an unhappy marriage. When she falls in love with Gilbert Osmond,
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her friends and relatives almost unanimously warn her against him. But she refuses
to take anyone's counsel but her own and learns too late that she completely
misjudged her husband. Her failure to accurately judge Gilbert's character springs
from an innocence that is characteristic of youth and also, in James's view, of
Americans. Isabel's direct, trusting nature is contrasted to that of the book'sEuropean characters, which have secret pasts and ulterior motives for everything
they do.
Although she makes a bad marriage, Isabel is not a tragic character. Once she
realizes that she made a mistake in marrying Gilbert, she resolves to bring her
strength of character to bear upon the circumstances that she has created by her
own free choice. By refusing to leave her marriage, Isabel refuses to adopt the
corrupt ways of her European circle. Instead, Isabel intends to graciously and
courageously accept the consequences of her unwise decision and to make the best
life she can.
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4.2. Gilbert Osmond
Gilbert Osmond was born in the United States but has lived virtually his entire life
in Europe. He has the same qualities as Madame Merle, and Isabel is attracted to
both of them for the same reason. Gilbert is an art collector, and he has an air of
charm, sophistication, and refinement that greatly impresses Isabel. While all of
her friends and relatives see Gilbert for the self-centered dilettante he is, Isabel is
completely taken in and falls in love with him.
More than any other character, Gilbert is not what he appears to be. Although he
has expensive tastes, he does not have money. Although he is charming and
seductive, he does not really care about Isabel. And although he pretends that his
daughter is the child of his deceased first wife, she is actually the product of an
affair with Madame Merle.
A cruel, narcissistic gentleman of no particular social standing or wealth, who
seduces Isabel and marries her only for her money. An art collector, Osmond poses
as a disinterested aesthete, but in reality he is desperate for the recognition andadmiration of those around him. He treats everyone who loves him as simply an
object to be used to fulfill his desires; he bases his daughter Pansy's upbringing on
the idea that she should be unswervingly subservient to him, and he even treats hislongtime lover Madame Merle as a mere tool. Isabel's marriage to Osmond forces
her to confront the conflict between her desire for independence and the painful
social proprieties that force her to remain in her marriage.
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4.3. Others Characters
Madame Merle - An accomplished, graceful, and manipulative woman, MadameMerle is a popular lady who does not have a husband or a fortune. Motivated by
her love for Gilbert Osmond, Merle manipulates Isabel into marrying Osmond,
delivering Isabel's fortune into his hands and ruining Isabel's life in the process.Unbeknownst to either Isabel or Pansy, Merle is not only Osmond's lover, but she
is also Pansy's mother, a fact that was covered up after Pansy's birth. Pansy was
raised to believe that her mother died in childbirth.
Ralph Touchett - Isabels wise, funny cousin, who is ill with lung diseasethroughout the entire novel, which ends shortly after his death. Ralph loves life,
but he is kept from participating in it vigorously by his ailment; as a result, he acts
as a dedicated spectator, resolving to live vicariously through his beloved cousinIsabel. It is Ralph who convinces Mr. Touchett to leave Isabel her fortune, and it is
Ralph who is the staunchest advocate of Isabel remaining independent. Ralph
serves as the moral center ofPortrait of a Lady: his opinions about other charactersare always accurate, and he serves as a kind of moral barometer for the reader, who
can tell immediately whether a character is good or evil by Ralph's response to thatcharacter.
Lord Warburton - An aristocratic neighbor of the Touchetts who falls in lovewith Isabel during her first visit to Gardencourt. Warburton remains in love with
Isabel even after she rejects his proposal and later tries to marry Pansy simply to
bring himself closer to Isabel's life.
Caspar Goodwood - The son of a prominent Boston mill owner, Isabel's most
dedicated suitor in America. Goodwood's charisma, simplicity, capability, and lackof sophistication make him the book's purest symbol of James's conception of
America.
Henrietta Stackpole - Isabels fiercely independent friend, a feminist journalist
who does not believe that women need men in order to be happy. Like Caspar,
Henrietta is a symbol of America's democratic values throughout his book. After
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Isabel leaves for Europe, Henrietta fights a losing battle to keep her true to her
American outlook, constantly encouraging her to marry Caspar Goodwood. At theend of the book, Henrietta disappoints Isabel by giving up her independence in
order to marry Mr. Bantling.
Mrs. Touchett - Isabel's aunt. Mrs. Touchett is an indomitable, independent old
woman who first brings Isabel to Europe. The wife of Mr. Touchett and the motherof Ralph, Mrs. Touchett is separated from her husband, residing in Florence while
he stays at Gardencourt. After Isabel inherits her fortune and falls under the sway
of Merle and Osmond, Mrs. Touchett's importance in her life gradually declines.
Pansy Osmond - Gilbert Osmond's placid, submissive daughter, raised in a
convent to guarantee her obedience and docility. Pansy believes that her motherdied in childbirth; in reality, her mother is Osmond's longtime lover, Madame
Merle. When Isabel becomes Pansy's stepmother, she learns to love the girl; Pansyis a large part of the reason why Isabel chooses to return to Rome at the end of thenovel, when she could escape her miserable marriage by remaining in England.
Edward Rosier - A hapless American art collector who lives in Paris, Rosier fallsin love with Pansy Osmond and does his best to win Osmond's permission to marry
her. But though he sells his art collection and appeals to Madame Merle, Isabel,and the Countess Gemini, Rosier is unable to change Gilbert's mind that Pansy
should marry a high-born, wealthy nobleman, not an obscure American with little
money and no social standing to speak of.Mr. Touchett - An elderly American banker who has made his life and his vast
fortune in England who is Ralph's father and the proprietor of Gardencourt. Before
Mr. Touchett dies, Ralph convinces him to leave half his fortune to his nieceIsabel, which will enable her to preserve her independence and avoid having to
marry for money.
Mr. Bantling - The game Englishman who acts as Henrietta's escort across
Europe, eventually persuading her to marry him at the end of the novel.
Countess Gemini - Osmond's vapid sister, who covers up her own maritalinfidelities by gossipping constantly about the affairs of other married women. The
Countess seems to have a good heart, however, opposing Merle's scheme to marryOsmond and Isabel and eventually revealing to Isabel the truth of Merle's
relationship to Osmond and Pansy's parentage.
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5. Themes. Style
5.1. Themes
American Versus European Character
The contrast between the American character and the European character is a
theme that appears throughout James's work. This is not surprising, since it is acontrast he observed throughout his life as an American who spent most of his
adulthood in Europe. According to James, Americans tend to be naive, energetic,practical, sincere, direct, and spontaneous, and they value the individual above
society. Conversely, Europeans are sophisticated, lethargic, formal, insincere,
obtuse, and scheming, and they value society above the individual.
This theme is especially interesting in The Portrait of a Lady because most of itscharacters are Americans who have been living in Europe for varying periods of
time. In general, the longer an American-born character has been in Europe, themore European traits he or she has. Gilbert has lived nearly his whole life on theContinent and is completely European in character. James uses him to personify
the worst manifestations of European traits. At the other end of the spectrum isIsabel, who is just arriving in Europe as the novel opens. The things that make her
distinctively American, such as her energy and independent attitude, are fresh and
interesting to the European characters. They are also, however, the things that leadto her downfall. By refusing to take the counsel of those who care about her, Isabel
falls prey to the more sophisticated Europeans who manipulate her for their own
purposes.
James does make a moral judgment about which culture produces better people; heclearly portrays the Americans as having more integrity. But he also shows that,
taken as individuals, most Americans and Europeans alike have both good and badqualities. While Isabel is almost wholly admirable and Gilbert is almost wholly
despicable, the other characters are drawn in shades of gray. Henrietta is an
example of an American whom James portrays less positively. Her American
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qualities are exaggerated so that her directness is actually rudeness. Her lack of
regard for society and convention is so extreme that she offends as routinely asIsabel enchants. Lord Warburton, on the other hand, exemplifies European
qualities in their most positive form. He is sophisticated and conventional, but he is
also courteous, sensitive, and gracious even in defeat. Ralph is also a positiveEuropean character, a physically weak man who is nevertheless morally strong.
Social and Emotional Maturation
Isabel's social and emotional development is thrown into high relief by James'scontrast of American and European natures. Yet Isabel's experiences and the
wisdom she gains from them are certainly not unique to American women comingof age in European society. Isabel's naivet is common among young women in all
cultures, which is one reason why the novel remains popular. It is almost a rule that
young women make poor romantic choices. In fact, they often make exactly themistake that Isabel makes: they choose a man who is charming and seductive, yet
self-centered, over one who is less worldly but more substantial and caring. This
oft-repeated error of youth has been the subject of many works of literature.Perhaps the best-known is Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, which contrasts the
naive Marianne and her wiser sister, Elinor.
In The Portrait of a Lady, James uses one theme, the contrasts between Americansand Europeans, to intensify another, more universal theme of a woman's
development from naive youth to mature wisdom as she suffers the consequences
of a poor romantic choice.
Independence
The many women that Henry James depicts in The Portrait of a Lady specially the
principle character, Isabel, want independence and the freedom to make their own
choices and have hopes, dreams, and even schemes, but not all of them come true.
The novel examines the various obstacles (men, social pressureyou know, the
usual) that stand between these characters and true, unrestricted independence.
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5.2. Style
Psychological Realism
James is considered the foremost author of psychological realism, a subcategory of
American realism. The Realist period in American literature followed
Romanticism, a movement that produced stories of idealized love and that elevatedemotion above reason. The harsh realities of the Civil War suddenly made
Romanticism irrelevant. The year of the war's end, 1865, marks the end of theRomantic period and the beginning of American realism.
Realism got its name from the fact that its stories depicted realistic characters in
believable, lifelike situations. Heroes and heroines were not larger than life; theywere often "just plain folks" that readers could identify with. And these characters
faced problems similar to those that real people faced neither melodramatic and
overblown nor magically solved by some unexpected and incredible twist of theplot. These stories were told in straightforward, objective prose that sought to
engage readers' minds more than their emotions.
James was one of the leading authors of American realism, along with Mark Twain(who is sometimes classified as a regionalist) and William Dean Howells. Some
critics complained that there was nothing realistic about James's stories, in which
everyone was wealthy and refined. The simple answer is that James neverpretended to write about all elements of human society. He wrote about the
wealthy because it was the wealthy and their problems that he was familiar with
and interested in.
In addition to limiting his subject matter to the lives of the wealthy, James also
built his stories on the psychology of his characters. The stories are about what
goes on inside characters' minds, how they experience and think about the thingsthat happen to them, and how these inner experiences change them as people. The
events that happen in James's stories are included not primarily for their own
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importance but because they shed light on the minds and personalities of the
characters. The Portrait of a Lady is the story of Isabel's mind and how it shapesher destiny and her character. For this and other masterful tales of human
psychology, James is considered the father of psychological realism.
Point of View
Modern readers are unlikely to take special notice of point of view in The Portrait
of a Lady, but James's contemporaries did. While the point of view that James usesis common today, it was an innovation in James's time. In fact, it was an
innovation to which James was an important contributor.
In most novels published before this one, the author was a prominent narrator almost a character. In addition to telling the story, the author-narrator often
inserted asides directly addressing the reader, commenting on the characters'actions, and so on. This gives fiction an artificial quality; the reader never forgetsthat he or she is being told a story that has been invented and shaped by the author.
To put it another way, the author is always "visible" as an intermediary between
the characters and the reader.
This technique of storytelling was not suitable to realism, which strove to make thestory seem lifelike rather than artificial. James wanted readers to observe his
characters directly and to interpret characters' actions themselves, just as theywould observe people around them in life. This meant that he had to get himself as
author out of the picture. So, while The Portrait of a Lady does have a third-personnarrator, that narrator is not James and does not intrude into the story. Instead ofreaders learning about Isabel through a narrator's comments and interpretations,
readers learn about Isabel directly by observing Isabel's actions.
James was influenced by George Eliot, who was a pioneer in minimizing the
author's role in the story, but he developed the new point of view into the form thatis common today.
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Conclusions
All in all the Portrait of a Lady paints a sometimes grim picture of human
relationships, both romantic relationships and those among friends and family, but
there is also reason for hope. In Isabels life, there are people who want her only as
a prize, a portrait that they can hang on the wall and keep under their control. At
the same time there are other people who insist on giving Isabel the freedom she
wants.
The end is quite ambiguous, Henry James letting the readers to interpret it in their
own way he even manages to maintain the curiosity alive along the novel due tothe desire and the way Isabel tries to remain aimless and independent.
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Bibliography
Bowden, Edwin T. The Themes of Henry James. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1956;
Bamberg, Robert D. The Portrait of a Lady: An Authoritative Text; Henry
James and the Novel; Reviews and Criticism. New York: Norton, 1975;
Bloom, Harold. Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady. New York: Chelsea,
1987;
Buitenhuis, Peter ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Portrait of a
Lady: A Collection of Critical Essays, 1968;
www.enotes.com ;
www.sparknotes.com/lit/portraitlady/.
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