2.a. Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential - Basic Knowledge of MHP - Ifnu Setyadi & Iman Permana

7/29/2019 2.a. Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential - Basic Knowledge of MHP - Ifnu Setyadi & Iman Permana

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Ifnu Setyadi Gunawan

Iman Permana

Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential

of Micro Hydro Power (MHP)Basic Knowledge of MHP

the Training Programme on Renewable Energy :

Micro Hydro Power for Rural Development in ASEAN Region

Bandung, 18

25 June, 2012


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The diversion weir a barrier built across the river used todivert water through and opening in the riverside (the intake

opening) into a settliing basin


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The sand trap is used to trap sand or suspended silt from the water beforeentering the penstock. It may be built at the intake or at the forebay.


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A channel leading water to a forebay or turbine. The headrace follows thecontour of the hillside so as to preserve the elevation of the diverted water.

Head race can be constructed as open earth channel or as stone masonry/concreted channel.


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Pond at the top of a penstock orpipeline; serves as final settlingbasin, provides submergence ofpenstock inlet and accommodationof trash rack and overflow/spillwayarrangement.


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A water turbine is a machine to directly

convert the kinetic energy of the flowingwater into a useful rotational energywhile a generator is a device used toconvert mechanical energy intoelectrical energy.


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There are of course manyvariations on the design layout

of the system. As an example,the water is entered directly tothe turbine from a channelwithout a penstock. This type isthe simplest method to get thewaterpower.


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Another variation is that the channel could be eliminated, and the penstock will rundirectly to the turbine. Variations like this will depend on the characteristics of theparticular site and the requirements of the user of system.


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A hydro scheme requires both water flow and a drop in height(referred to as Head) to produce useful power. The power

conversion absorbs power in the form of head and flow, anddelivering power in the form of electricity or mechanical shaftpower.

Drop head can directly to get from drop water fall/irrigation orfrom slope of river


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The flow rate is the quantity of water flowing past a point at a given time.

Typical units used for flow rate are cubic metres per second (m3/s), litres persecond (lps).

The head is the vertical height in metres (m) from the level where the waterenters the intake pipe (penstock) to the level where the water leaves the turbinehousing

to determine thehydro potential ofwater flowing from theriver or stream, ithave to know the flowrate of the water and

the head throughwhich the water can

fall, as defined in thefollowing:


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Three main aspects commonly used forclassification of hydropower plants

- design capacity (kW installed capacity)

- design head

- design type

type of supply : grid type 7 destination of supply


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Term Power output

Pico hydropower < 5 kW

Micro hydropower 5 kW - 100 kW

Mini hydropower (MHP) 100 kW 1.000 kW (=1 MW)

Small hydropower (SHP) 1 MW - 10 MW

Full scale (large)hydropower > 10 MW


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Power supply for singleor few households

Cost start below 100US$ per unit

Only suitable for

isolated operation Depending on type of

installation usually verymaintenance intenseand less cost efficient

than larger community-based systems


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Power supply for severalhundred households

Cost start at 2000 US$ perkW installed capacity

Mostly used for isolated

micro grids in the contextof rural electrification

Grid connection possible


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Power supply for upseveral thousandhouseholds

Promising potential onsmaller rivers

Can substantiallycontribute to stabilizationof grid, especially at end-points

Larger-scale productiveuse possible (e.g. teafactories)


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Power supply for up toseveral ten thousandhouseholds

Promising potential onmedium sized rivers

Can contribute tostabilization of grid


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Power supply formunicipalities of largecities and supply tonational grids


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Most literature recommends the followinggeneral limits:

- low-head plants H < 15m

- medium-head plants H = 15 to 50m

- high-head plants H > 50m


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Low head river barrage


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Low head with diversion channel

Low head


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High head with no headrace channel


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High head with headrace channel / pipeline


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Most common type in the context of mini and micro

hydropower The diversion weir installed in the river causes a

minimum impact to the river as it has no impact on theseasonal flow pattern downstream of this structure.

In some cases an enlargedforebay serves as dailystorage to cover dailypeak demands.These schemes also countto the run-of-river-type.


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off-grid / captive generation

The MHP supplies to an islandgrid, not interconnected with thenational grid

Hybrid-operation is also possible

(supply from various sources tothe micro-grid)

on-grid

The MHP directly supplieselectricity to (usually) the national

utility.


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Intake & Sandtrap

Storage Pond

Penstock

Headrace CanalPowerhouse

Tea Factory

Workers Village


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Thank you

Documents

2.a. Micro Hydro Basic Knowledge and Potential - Basic Knowledge of MHP - Ifnu Setyadi & Iman Permana