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Introduction ofIntroduction of

Animal Feed FormulationAnimal Feed Formulation

Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc.

Department of Nutrition and Feed TechnologyFaculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural UniversityE-mail: permana@ipb.ac.id

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

In animal production, feed has important role.Feed cost is as major variable cost (60-80%) in animal production.Therefore, the ration formulation is very important as major contribution on farmer’s profit. To formulate a Least Cost Ration needTo formulate a Least-Cost Ration need computer to running a ration formulation program.

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Least-Cost Feed Formulation

Combining many feed ingredients in aCombining many feed ingredients in a certain proportion to provide the target animal with a balanced nutritional feed at the least possible costUse Linear ProgrammingNeed computer programNeed computer program

RATION FORMULATIONRATION FORMULATION

Animal nutrient requirement (depend on typeAnimal nutrient requirement (depend on type, age, sex, weight, production, etc)Feed ingredient and compositionLimitation of feedstuff usage

Nutrient contentAntinutrient contentAntinutrient content

Ingredient pricePrice in nutrient unit

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Nutrient RequirementsNutrient Requirements

Maintenance (nutrient for basic activities ((breath, blood flow, low activities) without body weight changeProduction (milk, meat, egg, woll, reproduction, etc.)

Nutrient StandardNutrient Standard

As some nutrients which need by the animalAs some nutrients which need by the animal for maintenance and production purposes such as for growth, fattening, egg production, lactation, reproduction etc.

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Nutrient

EnergyEnergyProtein (Amino Acids)VitaminMineralFatty AcidsWater

Energy Utilization in Poultry

Heat Increment600 kkal

FAESES800 kkal

URINEMaintenance

1500 kkal

RATION4000 kkal

300 kkal

EGG800 kkal

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Protein and Amino AcidsProtein and Amino Acids

Principal body component tissuePrincipal body component, tissue development, immune system, controlling body chemical reaction.There are 22 amino acids, but 8 essential.In poultry the CP level based on the AA requirementrequirementIn ruminant, CP is degraded in rumen into amonia (RDP and RUP)

Relationsip between AARelationsip between AA

Methionine + CystinMethionine + CystinPenilalanine + TyrosinGlycin + SerinNiacin can be syntesis from TryptophanNeed AA balance

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AA Synthetic AA Synthetic

Such as:Such as:L-LysinDL-Methionin

Depend on:Digestible AA requirementsPriceAA digestibility

FatFat

As energy source (2.25 x charbohydrate),As energy source (2.25 x charbohydrate), cell membrane, process regulation in cell, improvement brain structure, nerve and reproduction systemME value variesIncrease net energy production (low heatIncrease net energy production (low heat increament)As essential fatty acids sources

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CharbohydrateCharbohydrate

Consist of carbon atom hydrogen danConsist of carbon atom, hydrogen dan oxygen; the major part feed; provide fiber component (cellulose, hemicelluse), glucose, starch.Cellulose, hemicellulose, pentosan dan oligosacharide difficult to digest inoligosacharide difficult to digest in monogastric.

MineralMineral

Macro:Macro:Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, S, Cl

Micro (trace)Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn

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VitaminVitamin

Fat soluble vitamin:Fat soluble vitamin:Vit A, Vit D, Vit E and Vit K

Water soluble vitamin:Vit B and Vit C

Sources of Nutrient Req StandardSources of Nutrient Req Standard

NRC (US), ARC (UK)NRC (US), ARC (UK)UniversityGoverment (Dirjen Peternakan)Commercial Industry (Rhone Poulenc, Novus, de Gussa)A i ti (ASA)Association (ASA)Research

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National Research Council

NRC for Poultry (1994)NRC for Beef Cattle (2000)NRC for Dairy Cattle (2001)NRC for Goat (1981)NRC for Sheep (1985)NRC for Swine (1998)NRC for Fish (1993)NRC for Fish (1993)NRC for Laboratory Animals (1995)NRC for Primat

>> NRC for Poultry>> NRC for Poultry

BroilerLayerTurkeyGeesDuckQuailQuail

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>> NRC for Beef Cattle>> NRC for Beef Cattle

Growing and Finishing CattleGrowing BullsGrowing BullsPregnant Replacement HeifersBeef Cows

Nutrient:NEmNEgMPCaP

>> NRC for Dairy Cattle>> NRC for Dairy CattleCows

small (450kg) and large (680 kg) breed; ( g) g ( g) ;early and midlactation

Heifers: small (450kg) and large (680 kg) breedCalves: young, calves, weaned

Nutrient:NElRDPRDPRUPCPCaP

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FeedstuffsFeedstuffs

•Concentrate•Concentrate•Roughage•Feed Supplement•Additive

ConcentrateConcentrate

As energy and protein sourcesUse of concentrate depend on:

ProcessingPalatabilityAmino acid compositionContaminationContaminationStorage

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RoughagesRoughages

Important as energy source in ruminantQ lit f h d dQuality of roughages depend on:

HarvestingSoil fertilityPalatabilityVariety BulkinessBulkinessLaxativeness effect

SupplementSupplement

Need in small amount for enrichment of nutrientnutrientAs micro nutrient sources (mineral and vitamin) or AA syntetisComposited in Premix

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Feed AdditiveFeed Additive

Non nutrientNon nutrientProbiotic, enzyme, hormon, anti mould, etc.)

Poultry RationPoultry Ration

40%20%

10%

GrainByproductProtein MealsOthers

30%

Others

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Dairy RationDairy Ration

50%

20%5%

ForageEnergy sourcesProtein sourcesOthers

25%Others

Square (Pearson) Method

RATION FORMULATION METHODS

Square (Pearson) MethodSimultaneous Equation MethodMatrix MethodTrial and Error MethodComputer Method (LP)

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Square MethodSquare Method

Formulate a ration (CP 20%) from Soybean Meal (SBM) and Corn

SBM (45%) 10 Unit(10/35)= 28.6%

20%

Corn (10%) 25 Unit(25/35)= 71.4%

20%

Simultaneous Equ. MethodSimultaneous Equ. Method

Use mathematical equationsIf X = used corn and Y = used SBM, then the nutrientrequirement can be calculate with this equation 1818 == 00..1010XX++ 00..4545YY;; and if X + Y = 100, then both equations can beused to calculate the level of X and Y.

0.10X + 0.45Y = 20- 0.10X + 0.10Y = 10 from (X + Y = 100)/0.10

0 + 0.35Y = 100 0.35Y 10then Y = (10/0.35) = 28.6%; SBM = 28.6%

X = 100 – 28.6 = 71.4%; Corn = 71.4%

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Matrix MethodMatrix Method

similar with Simultaneous Method

a1 X + b1 Y = C1a2 X + b2 Y = C2

a1 b1 X = c1a2 b2 Y c2a2 b2 Y c2

X = (c1 b2 - c2 b1) / (a1 b2 - a2 b1)Y = (c1 c2 - a2 c1) / (a1 b2 - a2 b1)

Trial and Error MethodTrial and Error Method

Need experiencesNo consider lowest costTrial and Error method can use Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet

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Computer MethodComputer Method

Based on Linear ProgramBased on Linear ProgramLeast Cost RationLP, QM, Lindo, Excel Solver.Feed formulation programs: Mixit, Spartan, FeedMania, UFFDA, WinFeed, FeedLive, Bestmix, Feedsoft, Brill, etc.

Linear Programming

Linear Programming (LP) is a technique for ea og a g ( ) s a ec que ooptimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Informally LP determines the way to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost)Developed by George B Dantzing publishedDeveloped by George B. Dantzing, published the simplex method in 1947

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Mathematic model of LP

Minimize c1x1 + c2x2 + c3x3 + ... + cjxje 1 1 2 2 3 3 j j

Constraintsa11x1 + a21x2 + a31x3 + ... + aijxj > b1

a12x1 + a22x2 + a32x3 + ... + aijxj > b2

......ai2x1 + ai2x2 + ai2x3 + ... + aijxj > bi

cj = ingredient pricesxj = use of ingredientsaij = nurient contentsbi = nutrient requirements

j j

x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xj = 1

Assume:x1, x2, x3, ... , xj > 0

Ration Formulation using Excel SolverRation Formulation using Excel Solver

The objective functionThe decision variablesThe constraints

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Ration Formulation using QMRation Formulation using QM

No simpleNeed to entry feed database

Feed ManiaFeed Mania

Developed by ManiaDeveloped by Mania Software Ltd.SimpleStand-alone DOS program

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UFFDAUFFDA

Developed by G M Pesti andDeveloped by G.M. Pesti and BM Miller

Stand-alone DOS program

www.poultry.uga.edu/ poultrysoftware.htm

WinFeed

Developed by University ofDeveloped by University of Cambridge UKUsefull for ruminants, poultry,pets, fish,etc.Simple and user friendlyCompatible fo Window 98Compatible fo Window 98, 2000, XP, Vista www.winfeed.com

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FeedLive

Developed by Feed LiveDeveloped by Feed Live Informatics Company, Nothaburi, ThailandUsefull for monogastric and ruminant animalsSimple and user friendlySimple and user friendly Compatible fo Window 98, 2000, XP.www.feedliveinformatics.com

Feedsoft

Developed by FeedsoftDeveloped by Feedsoft Corporation,USAUsefull for monogastric and ruminant animalsSupports for client and plants Support multi blendingSupport multi blendingCompatible fo Window 98, 2000, XP.www.feedsoft.com

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Brill Feed Formulation

Developed by Feed Management System Inc, USA.Advance feed formulation softwareUsefull for monogastric and ruminantsMinimize cost of a formula, multiple formulas in multiple feedmills (multi blending)Compatible fo MS Windowwww.feedsys.com

Conclusions

Feed formulation software use LP asFeed formulation software use LP as basic analysisAll softwares do not consider animal performanceAnimal nutritionist is responsible for the best result of the formula

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