NEPAL ADMINSTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Training programme on “Local Governance and Development” for Class-III

Technical Officers of the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage,

Government of Nepal

(2068/7/24 – 2068/8/28)

A Study Report on

Social Impact in Tunnel Outlet Zone

(Sundarijal-7)

Submitted by:

Er. Amit Ranjit

Er. Lokendra Prasad Yadav\

Er. Rajendra Sapkota

Er. Shekhar Chandra K.C.

Er. Yogendra Chitrakar

Submitted To:

Nepal Administrative Staff College

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

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Abbreviation

ADB Asian Development Bank

BS Bikram Sambat

CBO Community Based Organizations

CHRDU Central for Human Resource Development Unit

DWMB Drinking Water Management Board

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environment Management Plan

GoN Government of Nepal

HHs Households

JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation

JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency

km Kilo Meter

KUKL Kathmandu Upatkyaka Khanepane Limited

m Meter

MASL Meter above sea level

MLD Million Liters per Day

MoGA Ministry of General Administration

MoPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

MWSDB Melamchi Water supply Development Board

MWSP Melamchi Water Supply Project

NASC Nepal Administrative Staff College

NCCN Nepal Construction Company Nepal Limited

NDF Nordic Development Fund

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NGO Non Governmental Organizations

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PMU Project Management Unit

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

SUP Social Upliftment Program

US$ US dollar

VDC Village Development Committee

WDT Water Diversion Tunnel

WTP Water Treatment Plant

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AcknowledgementWe are heartily grateful to Nepal Administrative Staff College (NASC), Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) and Center for Human Resource Development Unit (CHRDU)for providing us such a valuable participation in the training program on “Local Governance and Development”. Accordingly we express our heartfelt gratitude to our coordinator team viz Mr. Braham Deo Roy, Dr. Sundar Shyam Maskey, Mr. Gokarna Aryal, Ms. Tulsa Hamal, Ms. Devi Basnet for providing us their valuable comments and suggestion during entire training period. Likewise we also would like to thank Mr. Punya Prasad Neupanne (Executive Director of NASC), Mr. Nawal Kishor Mishra (Ex. Chief of CHRDU) and other respected resource person of the training program.

Our special thank goes to Melamchi Water Supply Development Committee, Minbhawan for providing us logistic support as well as required information related to our study. We extremely appreciate motivating direction from executive director of the board Mr. Krishna Prasad Acharya. Similarly we would like to thank Chief Project Engineer Mr. Shivendra Jha, Er. Madhav Nepal, environment expert Naragopal Rai and all other staffs in the site.

Finally, we express our thanks to all professionals, who contributed directly or indirectly during the preparation of this report.

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Abstract

Water is one of the prime necessities of human life. Since last few decades, Kathmandu Valley is facing chronic drinking water crisis due to booming of population and shrinking of surface source and depletion of ground water. According to the study carried out for the fulfillment of water demand of the valley, Melamchi Water Supply Project became the most suitable drinking water supply option for the valley. The project areas stretch from the intake at Melamchi river in Shindhupalchok district to the outlet at Sundarijal in Kathmandu district through 26.21 km long tunnel in order to transfer 170 MLD water.

This study area covers the outlet of the tunnel zone, Sundarijal-7, Kathmandu and our study is limited to the social impacts due to tunnel construction. We have taken data of one-third of total households. This study addresses some of the questions and concerns related to Melamchi water transfer project at Sundarijal-7. This is done by adopting an exploratory case study approach of research methodology to carry out the field study of project sites. Analyzing the collected data, the findings are discovered in order to fulfill the scope our study.

During tunnel construction by blasting, cracks are observed in houses of local people. As a result of which they are terrified to live in their houses. Cracked houses are already mapped by implementing agency. Compensation must be given as soon as possible in order to implement the project smoothly in future.

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Table of Content

Contents Page No

Abbreviation ............................................................................................................................................ i

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. iii

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iv

Table of Content...................................................................................................................................... v

Chapter 1: Introduction of the study........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objective of the Study.................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 Organization of the study............................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2: Introduction of the organization/Department ........................................................................ 5

2.1 Background.................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 5

2.3 Organization structure and staffing pattern ................................................................................... 5

2.4 Others ........................................................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Organization Chart......................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 3: Introduction of the Topic........................................................................................................ 9

3.1 Social Impact in the Outlet of the Melamchi Water Transferring Tunnel in Sundarijal..................... 9

3.2 Social Upliftment Program (SUP).................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 4: SWOT Analysis..................................................................................................................... 11

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Chapter 5: Findings............................................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 6: Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 21

Chapter 7: Recommendations with Action plan ............................................................................... 22

References ............................................................................................................................................ 23

Page 1

Chapter 1: Introduction of the study

1.1 Background

Melamchi project is located in Kathmandu and Shindhupalchok District in the Central Development Region of Nepal. The intake site is located in the upper part of the Melamchi River basin about one km North West of Dorin Village and about 0.5 km south east of Ghwakang village at an elevation of about 1425 MASL near Riberma. The project areas stretches from the intake at Melamchi river to the outlet at Sundarijal, about 14 km north-east of Kathmandu valley.

The Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) is considered to be the most viable long-term alternative to ease the chronic water shortage situation within the Kathmandu Valley. The Project is designed to divert about 170 MLD of fresh water to Kathmandu Valley from the Melamchi River in Shindhupalchok district. Augmenting this supply by adding about a further 170 MLD each from the Yangri and Larke rivers, which lie in the upstream proximity of Melamchi are also being investigated as future supply sources.

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency for the Project and an autonomous Melamchi Water Supply Development Board, formulated for Project implementation, is the implementing agency.

The Board, as an independent project implementing body has come a long way to collect the necessary funds to implement the project since 1998. The major donor of the project, Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a Loan 1820-NEP (SF) on 21st December, 2000 and it was effective from 28th November, 2001. After six years of project implementation, Government of Nepal and the project's funding partners, felt necessity to change the scopes of project implementation arrangement by splitting the MWSP into the following two distinct sub-projects in 2007;

(i) the Melamchi River Water Diversion Subproject (Sub-Project-1) covering all project activities in Melamchi Valley including constructions of Water Diversion Tunnel (WDT) and Water Treatment Plant (WTP) at Sundarijal and

(ii) Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject (Subproject -2) comprising water distribution activities in Kathmandu Valley. EMP implementation requirements as per EIA and EMP of MWSP, 2000 and 2001 have been covered both of these sub-projects.

The MWSP originally comprised four parts:

i) Infrastructure development;

ii) Social and environmental support;

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iii) Institutional reforms; and

iv) Project implementation support.

Photo 1: Layout of Project

Source: Annual Progress Report, Melamchi Water Supply Board, 2065

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Total estimated cost of the MWSP is US$317.3millon. Out of US$317.3 million Subproject I ,Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) will be utilizing US$ 249.4 million with following contribution of different donors ADB - US$ 103.8 m 41.62%, JBIC(JICA) – US$47.5 m 19%, NDF- US$- 10.5 m 4.2%, OPEC- US$ 13.7m 5.5% and GoN US$73.9 m (29.63%) and Subproject II, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject will be utilizing remaining US$ 67.9 million.

The major work under this scheme is the construction of Diversion tunnel approximately 26.3 km long excavated by drill and blast method in order to divert 170 MLD of raw water from Melamchi River to Sundarijal.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to review and summarized key social issues in Sundarijal VDC ward no 7 and 8 due to construction of tunnel. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

a. To review and synthesize key social issues due to tunnel construction by blast method

b. To study the social impacts due to project activities.

1.3 Scope of Study

The scope of this study is limited to the social issues in Sundarijal V.D.C ward no. 7 due to the construction of tunnel. The study mainly focuses on adverse impact due to blasting and other activities of the projects.

1.4 Methodology

This study has adopted the review of past studies on the impact of tunnel construction at Sundarijal. The social impacts assessment of the existing livelihood activities has been carried out based on villager’s response. This study addresses some of the concerns related to tunnel construction. This is done by detailed field studies, key informant’s interviews, focused group discussion and direct conversation in the field.

The field visit has been carried out in the project area of Sundarijal-7 to conduct the above mention activities from 4th Dec to 6th Dec, 2011. The detail of the field study has been presented in Annex.

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Photo:2 Interview with Community

1.5 Organization of the study

This report provides background information of the Melamchi water supply project and brief discussion of tunnel construction at Sundarijal, objectives of the study, methodologies of the study and the scope of the study in the introductory chapter one of this report. This was followed by the background information of organization, objective of the organization, organization structure and staffing pattern in the chapter second. The report then followed by introduction about the social impact due to tunnel construction in the chapter third. SWOT analysis is presented in chapter four. Similarly the people’s perception about negative and positive impacts of the project implementation and the findings are presented in chapter five. This was followed by the conclusion of the study on chapter six and finally, the recommendation with action plan is presented on chapter seven.

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Chapter 2: Introduction of the organization/Department

2.1 Background

Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (MWSDB) was established by the Government of Nepal in November 9, 1998 (2055/7/23 BS) as an implementing agency of Melamchi water supply project.

Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) was designed to finance four major components (i) Infrastructure Development, (ii) Social and Environmental Support; (iii) institutional reforms; and (iv) Project implementation Support.

2.2 Objective

The primary objective of the Project is to alleviate the chronic shortage of potable water inKathmandu Valley on a sustainable long-term basis, and thereby to improve the health and well-being of its inhabitants, particularly the poor.

The project is designed to serve good quality potable drinking water as per World Health Organization’s guideline to feed in improved distribution network as set out by the Melamchi Water Supply Project – Subproject II.

In addition to this, project also aims a reliable, affordable, consumer oriented and sustainable potable water supply and sanitation services in the Kathmandu Valley.

2.3 Organization structure and staffing pattern

Constitutions of the MWSDB comprised the following designations:

Chairman –The Secretary, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

Member – Representative (Gazetted First Class), Ministry of Finance

Member – Representative (Gazetted First class), Ministry of Water Resources (This member is replaced by the Chairman/representative from Hyolmo Sindhu Melamchi SUP Implementation Committee as amended by the government of Nepal on 27 April 2010 (14/01/2067)

Member – Mayor, Kathmandu Metropolitan City

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Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (MWSDB) consists of a highly dedicated, experienced and professional team of staffs serving in different positions. The Board has its own staff who has been working on a regular basis since its establishment in 1998.

Many experts in the areas of water supply, sewerage, environment and sanitation management are also working from different ministries and departments of the government of Nepal such as Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MoPPW), Kathmandu Upatkyaka Khanepane Limited (KUKL), Ministry of General Administration (MoGA), Nepal Construction Company Nepal Limited (NCCN) etc. So, the Board has a team of experts from diverse field of expertise.

In addition, there are several staffs who are working on a contract basic in different phases of the project implementation. Whenever the Board deemed necessity in any stage to the project work, it will hire required national and international experts as per the need.

2.4 Others

The Management Structure of MWSDB refers all management units established to support different activities of the Melamchi Water Supply project. The central office at Minbhawan, Kathmandu (Board’s Office) is headed by the Executive Director (Member Secretary of the Board) with two major unit each headed by the Deputy Executive Director.

i. Project Management Unit (PMU) and

ii. Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

i. Project Management Unit (PMU)

Under PMU, at the central office, there are again five major divisions i.e. Administration, Procurement, Finance and Accounts, Engineering and Legal.

Most of the managerial services pertinent to administration, procurement, finance and engineering are performed from the central office (Kathmandu). Also, the legal division provides counseling on different legal issues relating to project implementation, compensation, re-settlement and tendering related activities.

Further, PMU coordinates with line agencies like – ministry, national planning commission, ministry of finance and other government bodies which need different services and support while implementing the project. All activities pertinent to communicate with Donors, Experts and Specialist etc. are also a major task of PMU. This includes reporting and maintaining a balance

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among the government, donors and other stakeholders which are working in different sectors in the project.

ii. Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

PIU on the other hand mainly refers to the management of Melamchi Camp site Office located at the Melamchi Pool Bazaar of Shindhupalchok district and is responsible for the implementation of construction activities carried by MWSDB. This site office is focused to serve different project related services and support from the field level. Not only this, PIU works to its best to create a friendly working environment at the Project Site.

This office provides all sorts of administrative and managerial services to Contractors who performs different construction work at the project site. PIU also facilitates all local bodies to execute various project related services implemented under Social Upliftment Program (SUP). In case of difficulties and emergencies PIU can coordinate/report to PMU for further support to facilitate the project activities at the project site.

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2.5 Organization Chart

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Chapter 3: Introduction of the Topic

3.1 Social Impact in the Outlet of the Melamchi Water Transferring Tunnel in Sundarijal

It is the evidence fact that during the implementation process of any development program, it is compulsory to analyze program implementation area and the effects to the inhabitants of that area. The effective evaluation of the effects to the society, individuals and the environment helps to implement the project and lead to success and consecutive sustainability.

Likewise, In this Melamchi Water Supply Project, those VDCs, community and areas which are directly affected by the project are included in the detail study during the process of transferringdrinking water from Melamchi to Kathmandu. Sundarijal area is one of the important part of this project. That area is considered to be the outlet from where water from Melamchi valley is transferred to the Kathmandu valley. In Sundarijal-7, 170 MLD water is transferred from Melamchi area to Kathmandu through 26.21 km long artificial tunnel. Water treatments Units arealso being constructed. Social, environmental and geographical conditions are considered during the study since important units are to be constructed in this Melamchi Water Supply Project. Majorities are found to be Tamang in those areas. Brahmans and Newars are living together in perfect harmony. In this area, approximate 200 ropanies land acquisition has been done for the purpose of water treatment process. During the process of blasting, excavation and transferring necessary equipments, it is felt that community has been adversely affected.

During the process of construction of tunnel, it was noticed that both RCC, cement mortar and mud mortar houses were damaged. Some cracks were observed in temporary houses. People living in that area are terrified due to the vibration during blasting. Similarly, shelters of domestic animals were also found to have some cracks. Cows and goat had miscarriage problems. Due to the blasting, some electrical instruments had gone to worst condition. Some landslides were also noticed. In the process of acquisition, two households were displaced. But those displaced family had been re habilitated. Access road (Blacktop and Gravel road) had been constructed which helped the people living in that area to increase economic activities.

3.2 Social Upliftment Program (SUP)

In order to minimize the direct and indirect adverse effect on the social and economic activities and to uplift the life standard in long run, Social Upliftment Program (SUP) has been implemented. This program has been implemented to confirm the advantages of the project and to prevent the deviation of life standard of the citizens. It is purely social development program.

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This program is conducted in three phases i.e. pre-construction, during construction and post construction. This includes important programs such as education, health, income generation, community development and central area development etc. in 14 affected VDC’s. This program helps to solve the problem in local level only. Not only this, this program has also created the environment to make the expenses by the local people only. Furthermore, Social upliftment program operating committee has been established.

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Chapter 4: SWOT Analysis

SWOT is an acronym that stands for Strengths. Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)it is also called SWOC, where C stands for Constraints.

Strength: A skill or capacity that enables an organization to conceive of and implement its strategies.

Weakness: A skill or capacity that makes an organization incapable to choose and implement strategies that support its mission.

Opportunities: An area in the environment that, if exploited, may generate high performance.

Threats: An area in the environment that increases the difficulty of an organization achieving high performance.

SWOT Analysis is a very effective way of examining a firm's strengths and weaknesses and of identifying the opportunities and threats that the firm may face. When dealing with complex situations in a limited amount of time, trying to address the issues involved often dose not pay off. Rather, strategic planners limit their effort to those issues that have the most impact on the situation SWOT analysis provides a framework for identifying these critical issues. First the focus is on the concerned entity, a region, a city, a neighborhood, a building and a person. Then, analyses are limited to the significant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and weaknesses that characterize the situation.

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SWOT ANALYSIS

A) Strength and WeaknessStrength Weakness

1. Satisfaction due to the effective distribution of compensation for their land and houses.

No clear guidelines to distribute compensation to affected people whose houses have been damaged due to blasting.

2. Improvement in the motorable road to run effectively for 12 months.

Long and formal process for solution of any problems.

3. Improvement in the education infrastructure due to the funding by the project.

Intensity of sound level is comparatively high due to the mechanism installed for the artificial ventilation into the tunnel and power generators.

4. Improvement in the health due to the funding by the project

Pollution has increased especially due to the insanitation behaviors by the Chinese worker..

5. Opportunity of employment for local people.

Conventional method of tunnel boring activities has created adverse effects to the locality so the modern methods of boring has to be used instead of that.

6. Project construction without deforestation i.e. Environmental friendly project.

Dissatisfaction to local people as they felt that they are not being prioritized for the employment due to political biasness.

7. People are being more empowered and awareness has been increased.

Some of the committed programs like SUP have not been implemented till date.

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B) Opportunity and Threat

Opportunity Threat

1. Project can be implemented in economical and sustainable approach.

Project cost may excessively increase due to delay.

2. Spreading of market There may be the possibilities of disturbances in case the project failed to give them compensation with full satisfaction which may raise the question to the sustainability of the project.

3. Capacity development of Nepalese manpower in new sector.

People are increasing their demand day by day.

4. Solution for insufficient drinking water supply in Kathmandu.

Untreated water (effluent) from tunnel may deteriorate the fertility of the agricultural land..

5. Space for tourism development. Possibility of mosquito breeding due to the construction of water treatment plant in future.

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Chapter 5: Findings

Sundarijal-7, the field of our re-search about the social impacts due to the water transferring tunnel outlet construction was made reconnaissance on the 6th December 2011 and we were acknowledged by the field engineer and environment export. On the following day our topics related questionnaire were prepared to ask to the villagers. Our focus were to stick around the social effects to the village and villagers in the construction period. We have randomly selected 20 households from around 80 households for our survey and as far as possible the selected households were made inclusive by gender, cast and age wise.

Graph 1: Social survey status

1. About the familiarity with the Project

100% or 20 out of 20 randomly selected personnel has responded that they were aware of the activities going over their area. As the project is recognized as the national level project and the inauguration of the construction was done by the prime minister of that time made the villagers conscious about the project.

2. Purpose of the construction

100% of the villagers were familiar with the intention of the tunnel construction and the land acquisition in their area. Despite of the result some of the people has also informed us that along with the drinking water there is some other purposes of the project like fisheries, irrigation, access road, hydropower etc.

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3. Interaction with the local people about project

Major number of the local people has positively responsed with the interactions held before and during the construction phase. Such interactions act as the medium to put the demands, difficulties and other issues to the project from the people whereas the project also gain an opportunity to put its strategy to the people.

4. Effects due to Project

Almost people has poured their grievances of damaging of the house due trembling effects created during blasting activities for tunnel excavation. The other most vulnerable effect was miscarriage of the cows and goats. Some of the people electrical appliances were damaged. Few people were unaware of the effects due to construction of the project. The local people was threatened by the small scale of the land slide in some places.

Graph 2: Social Impact Survey

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Graph 3: Consequences due to crack

5. Satisfaction by the compensation provided

More than 50% of the people were satisfied with the compensation given by the project for acquisition of the land and houses. Some of the household were entertained by the additional compensation for the cracking effect to their house due to vibration during blasting. Some people show their dissatisfaction though they were provided the compensation.

Graph 4: Satisfaction Survey

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6. Methodology of demands

More than half of the population was aware of the methodology of the way of the demands and pouring dissatisfaction to the projects. They were used to put their needs through the committee especially formed in order to act as bridge in between local people and the project. Some people were unknown of the existence to the committee.

7. Aware of Social Upliftment Program (SUP)

Social uplift program (SUP) is intended especially for the project effected peoples welfare program to help the people in their income generation activities, empowering social structure, uplifting current lifestyle and ultimately sustainable benefits to the project. Though the project is appraising for the program and preparing to launch the program almost of the people unknown of such kind of the program except negligible number of the people.

Graph 5: SUP survey

8. Benefits from the Project

75 % of the people informed us that the village and people were directly benefitted by the construction of the road from the Gokarna to the project site as the access road to the tunnel construction. The consequences of the road construction directly impact theincrement of the land price, opportunity of employment. The project has supported to

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the education sector by constructing school building nearby site. Some of the people does not mention the benefits by the project as they do not realize them.

Graph 6: Benefits

9. Disadvantages due Project

As it is already mentioned that most of the houses are adversely affected by the vibration, and most of the people was not satisfied with such effects. Some people was against of the increment of market price, dust, dumping of muck and sound pollution. Some percentage of the people was not happy with insanitation behavior by the Chinese workers.

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Graph 7: Disadvantages

10. Pre Commitment to the Community

Almost of the people say that the commitment that were put to them has to be fulfilled most. Though there was implementation of some commitments still there was a lot to do by the project. Most of the people were not satisfied by the commitment done in the matter of compensation, the extension of the motor able road.

11. Comment about the behavior about the employee

Cent percent of the people was found to be positive towards the behavior of the employee both Nepalese and Chinese employee. But they were sick of the insanitation activities spreading foul smell around.

12. Overall view to the Project

All the people of the project area was found to be positive view towards the success of the project though they were not directly bona fide by the completion of the project. This aspect of the community definitely leads to the swiftness of the construction, ultimately successful completion of the project and sustainability.

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In sum up, the people was found to be positive towards the successful implementation project and become the part of the contributors in the list of Melamchi water Supply Project in Kathmandu Valley.

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Chapter 6: Conclusion

This study briefly summarized the social impacts at Sundarijal VDC Ward No 7 due to construction of tunnel at Melamchi Water Supply Project outlet. In this kind of project, social issues must be addressed for smooth implementation. There must be the perfect coordination between the local level and the implementing agency. As the demand of local people is increasing day by day and resources are constraint, this trend has created difficulty in the implementation of the project. During our field visit to Sundarijal tunnel construction site, we observed the above mentioned scenario. Through the questionnaire and interaction with local people of Sundarijal VDC Ward No 7, following conclusions are drawn on social impacts.

1) As most of the social issues are addressed in this project, it was noticed that the people

are satisfied.

2) During tunnel construction through blasting, cracks are observed in houses of local

people. As a result of which they are terrified to live in their houses.

3) Cracked houses are already mapped by implementing agency. So, local people are

waiting for the compensation. Compensation must be given as soon as possible in order

to implement the project smoothly in future.

4) This project has increased the awareness and empowered them.

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Chapter 7: Recommendations with Action plan

In this study we have only incorporated the social impacts due to tunnel construction only. This

study doesn’t include socio- economical, technical and environmental aspects. On the basis of

study worked out by our group, following are the recommendations and suggestions after the

field study and analysis.

1. As no clear guidelines to distribute compensation to affected people whose houses have

been damaged due to blasting, clear guidelines must be made.

2. It was noticed that SUP program was not implemented. SUP program must be

implemented as soon as possible.

3. Inorder to empower the local people, intensive awareness program must be conducted.

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ReferencesCenter for Policy Analysis and Development (CPAD) Nepal, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Nepal Program (2006), Governance and Economics of Urban Water Transfer: A case study of melamchi Intersectoral Water Transfer Project in Nepal, South Asian Network for Economic Institutes(SANEI), Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)

Dhurba Panta, Madhusudhan Bhattarai, Govinda Basnet, (2008), Implications of Bulk Water Transfer on Local Water Management Institutions- A Case Study of the Melamchi Water Supply Project in Nepal, CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi)

Melamchi Water Supply Development Board (2011), Annual Progress Report of FY 2066-67,

Melamchi Water Supply Development Board

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Official website of Melamchi Water Supply Project (2011), www.melamchiwater.org

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Annexes

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Annex-1: Sample of Social Questionnaire

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!@_ o; cfof]hgfn] cfof]hgf z'? x'g' eGbf cufl8 tkfO{x? ;dIf u/]sf k|lta4tfx? xfn;Dd s] slt k'/f ePsf 5g\<

s_ 5g\ v_ 5}gg\ u_ w]/} ug{ afsL 5g\

!#_ o; cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Jojxf/ k|lt tkfO{x?sf] s'g} u'gf;f] 5 <

s_ 5}g v_ 5

5 eg] s] s] 5g\<…======================================================================================================

Page 27

!$_ cfof]hgf k|lt tkfO{sf] wf/0ff s] 5 <

s_ /fd|f] v_ g/fd|f]

Page 28

Annex-2: Survey Data

Page 29

Annex-3: Photographs

Page 30

Page 31

Page 32

Page 33