Participation Defined for Socail Dev

7/29/2019 Participation Defined for Socail Dev

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means various types and

degrees of involvement, control

over and decision-making in anactivity (or a planning,

assessment, research or

evaluation process

Participatory M&Eparticipation or taking part in)


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Monitoring is the systematic, regularcollection and occasional analysis of

information to identify and possibly measure

changes over a period of time.

Evaluation is the analysis of the effectivenessand direction of an activity or research project

and involves making a judgment about

progress and impact.


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The main differences between

monitoring and evaluation are thetiming and frequency of observations

and the types of questions asked.

However, when monitoring andevaluation are integrated into an

extension strategy as a project

management tool, the line between

the two becomes rather blurred.


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Typology Characteristics of Each Type

Passive

Participation

People participate by being told what is

going to happen or has already

happened. It is a unilateral

announcement by an administration or

project management without any

listening to people's responses. The

information being shared belongs onlyto external professionals.

Participation

in

InformationGiving

People participate by answering

questions posed by extractive

researchers using questionnairesurveys or similar approaches. People

do not have the opportunity to

influence proceedings, as the findings

of the research are neither shared nor

checked for accuracy.


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Participation by

Consultation

People participate by being consulted, and

external agents listen to views. These

external agents define both problems and

solutions and may modify these in the light

of people's responses. Such a consultativeprocess does not concede any share in

decision making, and professionals are

under no obligation to take on board

people's views.

Participation for

Material

Incentive

People participate by providing resources, for

example labour, in return for food, cash, or

other material incentives. Much of extension

falls in this category, as farmers provide the

fields but are not involved in the

demonstration or the process of learning. Itis very common to see this called

participation, yet people have no stake in

prolonging activities when the incentives

end.


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Funcional

Particip

ation

People participate by forming groups to meet

predetermined objectives related to the project, which

can involve the development or promotion of externally

initiated social organization. Tends to be dependent on

external initiators and facilitators, but may become self-dependent.

Interactive

Particip

ation

People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action

plans and the formation of new local institutions or the

strengthening of existing ones. It tends to involve

interdisciplinary methodologies that seek multipleperspectives and make use of systemic and structured

learning processes. These groups take control over

local decisions, and so people have a stake in

maintaining structures or practices.

Self-

Mobiliz

ation

People participate by taking initiative independent of

external institution to change systems. They develop

contacts with external institutions for resources and

technical advice they need, but retain control over how

resources are used. Such self-initiated mobilization and

collective action may or may not challenge existing

inequitable distribution of wealth and power.


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PM&E is about partnerships


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The 4Is and the 4Cs of ParticipationThe 4Is1.Integrated2.Involving3.Inclusion4.Interaction

The 4Cs1.Collaboration2.Collegial3.Co-ordination4.Cooperation


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What Influences Peoples

Participation in social development

perceived benefits (and partial orshort-term costs)

relevance of SD to the priorities of

participating groupsquick and relevant feedback offindings

flexibility of the SD process to dealwith diverse and changing informationneeds


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meeting expectations that arise fromSD, such as acting on anyrecommendations that are made

degree of maturity, capabilities,leadership, and identity of the groupsinvolved, including their openness tosharing power

incentives to make the SD possible(e.g. Inputs piglets, Seedlings etc.)

What Influences People to Participate

in SD?


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What Influences Peoples Participation

in SD?

local political history, as this influencessocietys openness to stakeholdersinitiatives

whether short term needs of participantsare dealt with, while considering thelonger term needs of SD (especially innatural resource management)


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Criteria for Good Participatory

Approach/Tool

A common agenda and shared

decision making

A balanced and integrated

approach

Respecting triangulation

Forward looking potentialInformation sharing and feedback

loops


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A common agenda and shared

decision making

Good stakeholder representation in

partnerships

Clear empowerment strategy

Clear strategy for how to achieve

change

Good leadershipGood documentation of the

participatory process and tools used


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A balanced and integrated

approach

Iteration practice.

Balanced analysis of Inherent

characteristics and impact of

innovative management

Balanced consideration of biophysical

and socioeconomic factors


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Respecting triangulation

Use of triangulationprinciple

Comparison of results

from different methodsComparison of resultsobtained from differentsources

Comparison oftraditional and scientificknowledge

P

T P

People(Social)

Place(Spatial)

Time(Temporal)


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Forward looking potential

Comparisons of options and

scenarios

Extrapolation and scaling practice

Inclusion of exit strategy


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Information sharing and

feedback loops

A central aspect should be the meaningfulparticipation by the different stakeholdersin these activities.

Regular exchange and reflection events

scheduled involving key stakeholders.Quantity and quality of participation inexchange and reflection events

Multi-flow streams of information.

Regular SD events scheduled involving key

stakeholders.Outcomes of SD activities are translated intorevised actions.

Documents

Participation Defined for Socail Dev