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Chapter 5 Learning

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What is Learning? Learning: a (relatively) permanent

change in behavior.

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Wundt Studied images, sensations, feelings

“introspectionists”

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Classical Conditioning

Stimulus Reflex

Food (US) Salivation (UR)

Puff of air Eye Blink

ColdVasoconstriction

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Classical Conditioning

Food Salivation

(US) (Elicits UR)

Food + Bell Salivation

US + CS Elicits UR

Bell Salivation

Elicits CR

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Classical Conditioning

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Classical ConditioningSecond order conditioning

Bell + Salivation

Salivation

Will previous pairing make conditioning stronger or weaker?

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Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus Discrimination

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Extinction

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Physiological Reactions

Electric Shock Increase in BP

US UR

E.S. + Light Increase in BP

Light Increase in BP

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Treatment

Drinking Pleasant Flgs UCS UCR

Antibuse + Alcohol Nausea UCS + CS UCR

Alcohol Nausea

?? CS, UCS, UR, CR??

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Operant Conditioning Grew out of Watson Taste aversion

Class Cond Op CondElicits reflex Emits a behaviorForms Association Reward givenResponds after presentation Response before any

reward

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Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning occurs when an organism

operates on its environment to produce a change.

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Operant ConditioningLaw of Effect (Thorndike)

Behavior that is rewarded is repeated Behavior that is not rewarded dies out

So, have we learned all of our behaviors because they have been rewarded?

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Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated

Behavior that is not reinforced tends to die out.

Tested in the Skinner Box

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Operant Conditioning Reinforcement increases the frequency of

response Positive reinforcers: presented after the target

response Negative reinforcers: withdrawn or taken away

after the target response has been made.

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Operant Conditioning

Primary reinforcers (food, warmth, sex) satisfy basic biological needs.

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers (money, toys, praise) are associated with primary reinforces.

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Positive Reinforcers Negative Reinforcers

Regardless of direction, reinforcers make behavior more likely

Operant Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning Shaping Systematic desensitization

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Autoshaping

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Learned Helplessness

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Operant Conditioning–Schedules of reinforcement

Interval = time Fixed-interval = reinforcement after a

certain amount of time Variable interval = reinforcement after

varying time interval. Ratio = number of responses

Fixed-ratio Variable ratio

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Operant Conditioning–Schedules of reinforcement

Partial vs continuous reinforcement

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Counterconditioning CS (fear) + UCS (cookies) CR is now happy chewing instead of

fear/crying Making kids laugh instead of pout

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Punishment

A punishment decreases the rate of response