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14-1
Health PsychologyChapter 14
14-2
Health Psychology
• Health psychology is concerned with the social and psychological factors that influence health and illness.
14-3
Stress and Coping
Define stress
A biological reaction to external events; hormones are released that cause a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
14-4
Stress and Illness
• Stressors are demands that give rise to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/livepsych/media/interface/index.htm?atitle=14.1%20Stress%20and%20Selye%27s%20General%20Adaptation%20Syndrome&id1=32_1&id2=32_2&id3=32_3&id4=32_4&sid=32_1
14-5
Stress and Illness
• Among the circumstances that could lead to stress are catastrophes, major life changes such as divorce, traumatic events and hassles.
• Associated with physiological responses such as increased levels of stress hormones
• High levels of life change associated with Illness.• Interpretation often determines whether event is stressful.
Schedule of Recent Experience: http://www.mindtools.com/stress/ps/ScheduleofRecentExperience.htm Social Readjustment Rating Scale: http://chipts.ucla.edu/assessment/Assessment_Instruments/Assessment_files_new/assess_srrs.htm
14-6
Stress and Illness
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in aftermath of disturbing experience.
• A reliving of the traumatic event in dreams, flashbacks, or intrusive thoughts.
14-7
Stress and Illness
• Everyday minor annoyances can accumulate and become associated with subsequent health problems.
• Psychosomatic illnesses
• Conflicts
14-8
Stress/Perfomance Connection
14-9
Stress and Illness
• A wide variety of stressful events can affect immune system functioning.
• These sometimes result in psychophysiological illnesses
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/livepsych/media/interface/index.htm?atitle=14.2%20Stress%20and%20the%20Immune%20System&id1=33_1&id2=33_2&id3=33_3
14-10
• Differences in health among blacks and whites disappear when holding SES constant.
• Gender also makes a difference in health.– E.g., Arthritis more common
in men < 45; in women > 45
Ethnic and Gender Variations in Health
14-11
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
• The number one cause of death in the United States is heart disease.
• There is a strong association between men and heart disease.
14-12
Heart Disease in Middle Adulthood
• A) Modifiable Factors• Stress• High Cholesterol• High Triglycerides• Low HDL Cholesterol• Lack of Exercise• Diabetes• High Blood Pressure• Overweight or obesity• Smoking /
Chewing Tobacco• Type A personality/
Behavior
B) Non Modifiable Factors• Increasing age• Male• Family History
14-13
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
• Type A individuals tend to be aggressive, competitive, impatient, and have difficulty relaxing.
• The Western Collaborative Group Study indicated that a Type A individual was twice as likely to develop heart disease as the more relaxed and easygoing Type B person.
• Subsequent studies do not replicate this finding• Type H
14-14
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
• Efforts to change type A behavior reduced the rate of recurrent heart attacks as compared with the rate among victims who received typical heart patient counseling
14-16
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
• AIDS is now the 19th leading cause of death in the United States (5th among 35-44 yr-olds).
• Stress speeds onset of symptoms
• AIDS cases among men is substantially higher than the number of cases among women.
14-17
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk
• Men and women differ in their likelihood of being exposed to infection with HIV.
14-18
Coping With Stress
• Physical activity is associated with increased longevity and positive benefits on physical and psychological health.
14-19
Coping With Stress
• Hardiness
• Outlook
• Distractions
• Social Support
• Sense of humor