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1
CH
AP
TE
R 4
Memory
Initial Studies
Hermann Ebbinghaus – late 1800s
Pioneering research
Nonsense syllables
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Models of Memory
Stages of memory• Encoding• Storage • Retrieval
Models of Memory
Eidetic imagery• Photographi
c memory• Relatively
rare
Memory
• Recognition• Recall
5
Initial Studies
Serial learning
• Learned material is repeated in order
• AKA ordered recall
Free recall
• Any order
Paired-associate Learning
• During recall, one member of pair is presented and other is to be recalled
Traditional Stage Model of Memory
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Traditional Stage Model of Memory
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Rehearsal• Maintenance
rehearsal• Elaborative
rehearsal
Types of LTM
Procedural
Semantic Episodic
Priming (or implicit) memory
Traditional Stage Model of Memory
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Flashbulb Memory
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Episodic memory
• Memory of personal experiences
Flashbulb
memories
• Detailed memories of situations that are very arousing, surprising, or emotional
Approaches to the study of memory
• Storage of general memory
Semantic memory
• Used to investigate the nature of semantic memory
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)
phenomenon
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Procedural Memory
“Body memory”
Approaches to Studying Memory
• Unconscious memory processing
• Prior exposure to stimuli contaminates recall
Priming or implicit
memory
Information-Processing Model
• A parallel between the computer and human memory.
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Other Approaches
• Craik and Lockhart
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Chapter 7 MemorySchemas will
help me remember
Memory Processes
Semantic networks
Serial Position Effect
Curve of Forgetting
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Forgetting
• Proactive Interference: old material interferes new.• Retroactive interference: new material interferes old.
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• Retrograde amnesia• Anterograde amnesia
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Amnesia
Mnemonics• Imagery • The method of loci • Peg-word• Acronyms • Acrostics
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Other stuff
• Encoding specificity
• Repressed memories
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Other stuff
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FactorsThat
influence your
academic recall
Number of study sessions
Distribution of study sessions
Meaningfulness of material
Similarity of items
Serial position
Other Approaches to Memory
State-dependent
learning
Other Approaches to Memory
• May be inaccurate
• While in STM, possible to add new infot and then re-encode modified memory
Eyewitness
reports