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1
Sustainable Transport Rational Use of Energy
Francesco Contino
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source: io9.com
2
What is sustainable transport?
source: io9.com
What do you need for transport?
What are the possible solutions?
What should we consider?
Building on requirements
Building on potential
Follow us
3
What is sustainable transport?
source: io9.com
What do you need for transport?
What are the possible solutions?
What should we consider?
Building on requirements
Building on potential
Follow us
4
What is sustainable transport?( )
Transport is mainly by road
5
Final energy consumption (Mtoe, EU 2010)
All sectors 1153
Transport 365Road 300Air 50
Rail 7Water 8
32%
82%
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What is sustainable transport?Transport is sustainable if…
Fuel stock is replenished or no change on the time scale of humanity
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Fuel stock replenished biomass
No change of stock at our time scale
source: wikipedia.com
Fuel stock is replenished or no change on the time scale of humanity
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Fuel stock is replenished or no change on the time scale of humanity
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Unconventional oil extends the reserves Oil sands Oil shale Gas conversion (Fischer Tropsch)Canadian Tar Sands:
World’s largest earthmoving operation
Truck is bigger than a house, costs $5M. ~5 tons of sand and peat moved and ~1 barrel of wastewater produced per barrel of oil. At 2 mbd, that is a lot of polluted water!
Aerial view of one of the Tar Sand upgrading facilities
CO2 is taking care of = 0 net emissions
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Either 0 emissions local and global
Or CO2 is recycled how?
CO2 is taking care of = 0 net emissions
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We have a challenging target : -60% by 2050 compared to 1990
source:europa.eu
There is no local effect
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Welcome in Brussels 1900
watch out where you are walking
There is no local effect
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Welcome in Brussels 2015
watch out where you are breathing
There is no local effect
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Materials can be recycled
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Like CO2, materials should be recovered
Directive 2000/53/EC 95% target of car mass recycling but still some issues with batteries
Research project in Burn group: Phoebus (Dr. Coussement, Prof. Parente) recycling car plastics to make fuel
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What is sustainable transport?
source: io9.com
What do you need for transport?
What are the possible solutions?
What should we consider?
Building on requirements
Building on potential
Follow us
Transport, as we use it, needs to have sustainability, autonomy, and scalability
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autonomy: the giga joule threshold
scalability: the giga cars threshold
sustainability: the giga years threshold?
To maintain autonomy, it should be compact
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Need to carry around 1 GJ for current functionality of cars
Need a fuel with >>10kJ/g
Weight of this autonomy (fuel) should be lower than 100 kg
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43 of 42
Elements with enthalpy of oxidation > 10 kJ g-1
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44 of 42
Elements with non-solid oxides
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45 of 42
Elements with enthalpy of oxidation > 10 kJ g-1 and non- solid (or non-toxic) oxides.
Hydrogen and Carbon
source: wikipedia MJ/kg
MJ/l
Energy density of the fuel is important
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source: Jiang et al., 2010
Energy density of the system even more
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The solutions are scalable
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source: Elysium, 2013
Work for the majority Not only for privileged
Easy access to materials
Alternative to China: Afghanistan $1 trillion 1 000 000 000 000 $
600 US 44 China
The solutions are scalable
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1960 2012 2035
125
1000
2000
Millions of cars
source: Stacy et al., 2014
??
Any solution should meet the demand
# per 1000 persons
Scalability also means using the “legacy infrastructure”
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source: thesun.co.uk
source: suncountryhighway.ca
What about other forms of transport
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Professional transport: more constraints on the user is possible
Air: big limit on weight
Marine: very flexible and no constraint on weight and volume but well on emissions
source: solarimpulse.com
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What is sustainable transport?
source: io9.com
What do you need for transport?
What are the possible solutions?
What should we consider?
Building on requirements
Building on potential
Follow us
30
How much power do we need to sustain our daily life?
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How much power do we need to sustain our daily life?
17 terawatt17 000 000 000 000 W
540 1018 J / year (exajoule)31.5 106 s / year
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What are the possible solutions?
The best energy is the one not consumed
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changing habits signs of accomplishments logistics
Working locally: improving the top/mean efficiency
new combustion technologieshybridation and electrification
downsizing, downspeeding traditional engines
lightweight vehicles
Working globally: reducing overall consumption
What is the potential from renewable energy
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Current consumption: 17 TW
Biomass: 7 TW
Hydraulic: 7 TW
Wave: 14 TW
Geothermal: 44 TW
Wind: 72 TW
Solar: 85000 TW far, far away…
source: Verhelst, UBIA
What is the potential from renewable energy
35Map data ©2015 Google 500 m
Total distance: 5 km (3.1 mi)
TrafBc, Bicycling, Terrain, Directions
What is the potential from renewable energy
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Biomass
Hydraulic
Wave
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Primary energy sources
fuel
Fuels from biomass are already used
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In 2010 in the world , 100 109 liters2.7% of the fuel used for road transport
Ethanol : ~80%90% of production in the US and Brazil
EU Renewable energy directive (2009/28) target for 2020 : >10% of biofuels in transport
EU Fuel quality directive (2009/30) includes criteria for sustainable biofuel production
Biodiesel : ~20%2/3 of production in Europe
Jean Ziegler, Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food from 2000 to 2008
27 octobre 2007: « It's a crime against humanity to convert agricultural productive soil into soil ... which will be burned into biofuel... What has to be stopped is ... the growing catastrophe of the massacre (by) hunger in the world. »
But they don’t have a good reputation
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But they don’t have a good reputation
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Biofuels are not sustainable by default
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85
5148
17
sans LUC avec LUC ref. fossile
111
gCO2eq/MJ
source : JRC, 2010
Direct and indirect LUCGreat uncertainty
Amortization scheme?
mix of biofuelsgCO2eq/MJ
111
5148
17
85
without LUC with LUC fossil ref.
20 years selected by EU
Next generations, new hope?
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Biofuels from non food crops
Big potential but the limits remain
lignocellulose, algae, jatropha, hemp, …
we still need food for a growing populationphotosynthesis efficiency (0.5-2%)accessible land/waterenvironmental risk?
What is the potential from renewable energy
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Biomass
Hydraulic
Wave
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Primary energy sources
fuel or electricity
electricity
Electricity from the sun, not as you might think
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Production is energy intensive
Some material needed are rare
Recycling?
Low level/well known tech.
No rare material
High efficiency
Electric cars THE solution for everybody?
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Electric cars are very efficient, clean, and flexible
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Well-to-wheel efficiency: 2x gasoline
No local emissions (from combustion) tires? brakes?
Very flexible: electricity can be produced by many sources and existing infrastructure can be used
Electric cars are not the best option (yet)
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Rare materials, what about recycling
ScalabilityExisting infrastructure cannot sustain electric vehicles at full scale
Sustainability
Life time?
AutonomyEnergy density of batteries are low
source: adapted from Verhelst, UBIA
The same autonomy (with packaging)
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gasoline 60 kg
1150 kg
800 kg
What is the potential from renewable energy
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Biomass
Hydraulic
Wave
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Primary energy sources
fuel or electricity
electricity fuel
Electricity can be converted in many fuels
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electricity H2
waterused as fuel
Fuel cells are very efficient
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High efficiency up to 70%
Use H2 and produce H2O
Fuel cells are expensive, and not scalable
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Production cost is very high
Life-time?
Need Platinum => scalable?
We can use the traditional engine instead
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Well known technology
Dual fuel gasoline/H2
Scalable
H2 has a low energy density
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source: adapted from Verhelst, UBIA
The same autonomy (with packaging)
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gasoline 60 kg
1150 kg
100 kg
H2 storage is expensive
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about 10000€
Electricity can be converted in many fuels
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electricity H2
water
capture of CO2
used as fuel
CH4, methanol, …
capture of N2ammonia (NH3)
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is already used but same issues than H2
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Already commercial for production cars
Problem of storage: even at 200 bars low energy density compared to liquids
Ammonia is easily produced and stored
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Easy to store: Liquid at 9 bars and ambient T Storage similar to LPG
Does not required CO2 capture
N2 in high concentration in the atmosphere
But still some combustion issue to use it efficiently
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Laminar flame velocity (cm/s)ammoniagasoline 42
8
Ignition energy (mJ)ammoniagasoline 0.25
14
electrostatic discharge 20-30 mJ
Research work focuses on how to mix it with H2
60source: Koike et al., 2012
Laminar flame velocity (cm/s)ammoniagasoline 42
8
hydrogen 291
Methanol is a very good contender
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Easy storage (liquid)
Easy mixture with gasoline or ethanol
Potential for higher engine efficiency: high octane number, high evaporation heat
Can be used as a drop-in fuel
Methanol is a very good contender
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Easy storage (liquid)
Easy mixture with gasoline or ethanol
Potential for higher engine efficiency: high octane number, high evaporation heat
Can be used as a drop-in fuel
Dimethylether for diesel
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Dimethylether (CH3OCH3) similar to diesel (high cetane number)
Better combustion (no C-C)
Investigated for trucks and marine engines
64
What is sustainable transport?
source: io9.com
What do you need for transport?
What are the possible solutions?
What should we consider?
Building on requirements
Building on potential
Follow us
65
Sustainable Transport Rational Use of Energy
Francesco Contino
Follow us
References:
67
Sebastian Verhelst, UGent, UBIA, 2014
