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The General Theory of Sustainable Transport, Sustainable Cities and Sustainable Lives is a book which is now available in two stages. The author of the book is Eric Britton, founding editor of World Streets and md of the New Mobility Partnerships in Paris France. The first edition which is immediately available at an introductory base price of $/€ 9.50, represents a saving of 50% over the second edition price which is set at $/€ 19.50. Since this is a public interest project which is to be funded entirely through revenues generated through sales, those who share our deep concerns and can afford it are invited to make more ample contributions to permit the work you go ahead. Full details are available in the first edition package which is now online here.
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The General Theory
of
Sustainable Transport, Sustainable Cities & Sustainable Lives
Eric Britton
First edition: EcoPlan International. Paris July 2011
Sustainable Transport, Sustainable Cities & Sustainable Lives 2011
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First published in France by the Association Ecoplan International
Copyright © 2011 Francis Eric Knight Britton
All Rights Reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) that the
prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
ISBN XXXX
Un projet de l'Association Ecoplan International (Loi de 1901)
8/10, rue Jospeh Bara • Paris 75006 France
+331 7550 3788 • [email protected] • Skype newmobility
Siret 304555295 00019 Arrêté du ministre de l’intérieur. 19 août 1975
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The Old Mobility Agenda
It was great while it lasted
United States. The mother of old mobility
If you drive to work alone in your car, if you enjoy convenient and affordable parking, if you have to spend at least twice as much time to get there by other means, if you are afraid to come by bicycle, then it's for sure -- you are enjoying the pleasures of old mobility.
Germany: Another day on the road with old mobility
China: The New Mobility dream keeps on going
India: Family running across a road in Calcutta
Greenland: Old Mobility: End of the Road
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About the author Trained as a development economist, Eric Britton is founding editor of the respected international policy journal World Streets and managing director of EcoPlan International, an independent advisory network providing strategic counsel for government and business on policy and decision issues involving social-technical change and sustainable development. Although he has an academic background the General Theory is primarily the fruit of his advisory work to governments, multi-nationals and municipalities around the world, bringing with it a real-world rather than an academic approach. This is highly important as ours is not a subject that one can just read about in a book – it is both too intricate and too case-specific a subject to approach with a purely academic lens.
As someone who has been actively involved in this field for nearly thirty years, he has been part of the discussion as it has unfolded from the beginning, and in the process has grown from a backroom exchange among “forward-thinking” individuals to the front-page debate involving all stakeholders of society that it has become today. Britton acknowledges a great debt to an impressive number of international colleagues and experts with whom he has worked and from whom he has learned much in this field over the last twenty five years. In fact, it is fair to say that the General Theory is very much a collaborative accomplishment, for which as much as anything else he is reporting on the contributions and ever expanding visions of others.
( - - >more)
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The First Edition?
This first edition of The General Theory has no less than three main and simultaneous objectives. The first is to provide all who are interested in our topic with a detailed structure for a fully completed second edition which is targeted for publication in mid-2013. People who underwrite the first edition will receive completed electronic copies of the second edition without any further charge. I anticipate that a full print edition will also be available in summer 2013, and I will make it my task to ensure that it is sold at a reasonable price. Given the way the publishing industry is doing things these days, we can anticipate that it will also be available, again at an affordable price, in electronic editions for such as Kindle, iPad, and whatever else may be on the market at the time. The second objective is to inform and rally friends and colleagues around the world who share the interests and values which make up the approach which has been for several decades now shared widely and daily through first the various programs and websites associated with the New Mobility Agenda, and over the last three years through the daily occurrence of articles and tools through the pages of World Streets, and more recently the sister publications which are in various degrees of operational readiness in which include: India Streets (aiming to cover the entire subcontinent), Nuova Mobilità in Italy, the streets of Iran, and Nova Mobilidade in Portugal. In addition to these developing sources, several thousand people are involved in different ways in more than twenty peer discussion groups and specialized social network groups, all of which you will find carefully spelled-out on the opening page of World Streets under Resources. The third objective is to use this is a means for inviting friends, colleagues and others around the world who share these values to step up and help finance the two-year work effort which is being initiated by the present "first edition". In order to make it an easy call on the part of people who share these values, this first edition is being sold on a scale of four different price levels au choix: $/€ 9.50, $/€ 99.50, $/€ 995.00 and, while we're at it $/€ 9,950.00. The base $/€ 9.50 price for the combine first and second edition package represents a fifty percent saving on the full price of $/€ 19.50. (Payment can be made in either dollars or Euros as is most convenient. See below for details.) On pricing: Since the beginning of the New Mobility Agenda in 1988, and continuing through the publication of World Streets and its various sister publications, a strict policy has been maintained that all the material coming out of this collaborative program would be available free to all. We also have a firm policy of not accepting advertising (for reasons that you will find spelled out in detail in the opening pages of World Streets. In this case however since a substantial effort is required to complete a major pathbreaking publication as first introduced in these pages, I have decided to reach out to get support to get the job done.
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Since many, but not all, of our readers and collaborators come from academic or the volunteer sector, it is obviously not appropriate to ask them to pay high prices to support this project. For this reason we have created these steps subscriptions, which start at very affordable contribution of a bit less than ten dollars. For others who have the means, they are invited to show their support in either the suggested levels or others that they feel to be comfortable and appropriate. Social networks: Given that it is the year 2011, and given that this is a significant public interest proposal, it would seem to make sense to see if we cannot make good use of social media in order to generate the support needed to get the job underway. This I will do directly and is thus possible through sites such as Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn,, but I am counting on others who share the basic values behind this work to join in and do their it by distributing news and background to their own channels and networks. If you do that, I want you to know that you have my sincerest thanks. I am very curious to see how this works. I have never done anything like this before, and in fact I have never known a case in which someone has sold the book to the general public based solely on a table of contents, albeit with a strong track record of publication and performance in the field being assessed. Finally an important caveat: given a project like this which is spinning out over a full two years, and which is targeting an area which itself is in rapid evolution, it makes sense that the author is going to learn a lot as he goes along. And to me it is important that the second edition reflect this learning process. Therefore of all of the chapter headings you see here, you can expect that virtually all of them will be covered in one way or another, but that also new items and chapters will appear. At the end of the day however, it is my hope that the second edition will be a happy surprise for all of those who have been good enough to support his first step.
I very much hope this will interest you, and I hope too that the concept makes you smile. Once the first wave of funding has come through, work can get underway here full speed. And if in the coming months you keep a weather eye on World Streets you will find that early drafts of many of these chapters and issues will appear in those pages. (In fact, if you would like to see an example, click here to view the article "Toward a new paradigm for transport in cities" which shows how the process of new concepts, creative interaction and exchange between international colleagues can help to define important policy issues in clear and powerful ways - http://wp.me/psKUY-1Lj )
Questions, suggestions for the work in progress and the second edition? Let me hear from you. Here is how to get in touch. Eric Britton. Paris. 16 July 2011
8/10, rue Jospeh Bara • Paris 75006 France
+331 7550 3788 • [email protected] • Skype newmobility
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To obtain your copy? To purchase the present first electronic edition, payment can be made in any of the following ways Direct bank wire transfers: Account Holder: Association EcoPlan International Account no. 00010465401 Crédit Industriel et Commercial de Paris Succursale BR (Montparnasse) 202 Blvd. Raspail / 75014 Paris, France SWIFT: CMCIFRPP IBAN : FR76 3006 6106 2100 0104 6540 105 By check: If you prefer to send a check direct our mailing address is: Association EcoPlan International 8/10, rue Joseph Bara F 75006 Paris, France Kindly make checks payable to “Association EcoPlan International”. PayPal: Make immediate payment via PayPal or credit card. It is simple and fast: (1) Click www.paypal.com. (2) Enter your account (or set one up quickly (and safely) as indicated). (3) Click “send money”. (4) Address: [email protected]. (5) Amount. (6) Click “Personal”. (7) Click “Gift”. (8) Thank you for helping World Streets to continue in 2010. PayPal also has provision for paying by credit card. It is fairly well explained on their site. Again, you are invited to place your order according to your possibilities, starting at €/$ 9.50 per copy and scaling up by an order of magnitude according to your possibilities , convictions and willingness to help underwrite this work. With your order, please let us have your full name, URL as appropriate, city and country. And let us know if we can indicate on World Streets your support of the book (x your email address of course).
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Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Part I: Why a General Theory . . . 5
Chapter 2 Reading the First Edition . . . 9
Chapter 3 Part II. The Building Blocks . . . 11
Chapter 4 15/30/50 . . . 15
Chapter 5 20% of the problem . . . 17
Chapter 6 8 to 80 . . . 19
Chapter 7 Active enforcement . . . 21
Chapter 8 Active transport . . . 23
Chapter 9 Advertising . . . 25
Chapter 10 Advisory council . . . 27
Chapter 11 Aggressive behavior . . . 29
Chapter 12 Antisocial . . . 31
Chapter 13 Average people - do not exist . . . 33
Chapter 14 Bad practices . . . 35
Chapter 15 Behavior . . . 37
Chapter 16 Behavior modification . . . 39
Chapter 17 Best practices . . . 41
Chapter 18 Bicycles . . . 43
Chapter 19 Bottom-up . . . 45
Chapter 20 BRT . . . 47
Chapter 21 Car free days . . . 49
Chapter 22 Car free living . . . 51
Chapter 23 car removal . . . 53
Chapter 24 Carbon . . . 55
Chapter 25 Carsharing . . . 57
Chapter 26 Choice expansion . . . 59
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Chapter 27 Click to fix . . . 61
Chapter 28 Climate . . . 63
Chapter 29 Collaborative learning . . . 65
Chapter 30 Congestion as policy . . . 67
Chapter 31 Consistency . . . 69
Chapter 32 Continuity . . . 71
Chapter 33 Credit . . . 73
Chapter 34 Crisis . . . 75
Chapter 35 Critical mass . . . 77
Chapter 36 Debates . . . 79
Chapter 37 Deep democracy . . . 81
Chapter 38 Distance . . . 83
Chapter 39 Donald Appleyard . . . 85
Chapter 40 Economic instruments . . . 87
Chapter 41 Electric cars . . . 89
Chapter 42 Environment . . . 91
Chapter 43 Eye contact . . . 93
Chapter 44 Eyes on the street . . . 95
Chapter 45 Failures of expertise . . . 97
Chapter 46 Feet . . . 99
Chapter 47 Four little words: green, clean, smart, intelligent . . . 101
Chapter 48 Free . . . 103
Chapter 49 Future leaders . . . 105
Chapter 50 Gender and transport . . . 107
Chapter 51 Good shoes . . . 109
Chapter 52 Hans Monderman . . . 111
Chapter 53 Happy city . . . 113
Chapter 54 Impatience . . . 115
Chapter 55 Incidents/accidents . . . 117
Chapter 56 Inverse squared: Education/distance . . . 119
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Chapter 57 Invisible incrementalism (parking, street conversion) . . . 121
Chapter 58 Isolation . . . 123
Chapter 59 Jan Gehl . . . 125
Chapter 60 Jane Jacobs . . . 127
Chapter 61 Job creation . . . 129
Chapter 62 Knowledge sharing . . . 131
Chapter 63 Leadership by example . . . 133
Chapter 64 Learning systems . . . 135
Chapter 65 Learning to listen . . . 137
Chapter 66 Lewis Mumford . . . 139
Chapter 67 Lifestyle change . . . 141
Chapter 68 Listen to everybody . . . 143
Chapter 69 Local environment . . . 145
Chapter 70 Loneliness . . . 147
Chapter 71 Luud Schimmelpennink . . . 149
Chapter 72 Mass transit . . . 151
Chapter 73 Metaphors . . . 153
Chapter 74 Monorails, PRT and other follies . . . 155
Chapter 75 Neighborhood cars . . . 157
Chapter 76 Neighborliness . . . 159
Chapter 77 New Mobility Agenda . . . 161
Chapter 78 New near (The) . . . 163
Chapter 79 Obesity . . . 165
Chapter 80 Off the economy . . . 167
Chapter 81 One-minute movies . . . 169
Chapter 82 Ownership . . . 171
Chapter 83 Packages of measures . . . 173
Chapter 84 Paradigm . . . 175
Chapter 85 Parking . . . 177
Chapter 86 PARK(ing) . . . 179
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Chapter 87 Partnership . . . 181
Chapter 88 Pattern recognition . . . 183
Chapter 89 Peak cars . . . 185
Chapter 90 Peddlers and hawkers . . . 187
Chapter 91 Pedicabs . . . 189
Chapter 92 Peer to peer . . . 191
Chapter 93 Personal responsibility . . . 193
Chapter 94 Peter Newman and Jeff Kenworthy . . . 195
Chapter 95 Posters – The art of . . . 197
Chapter 96 Private space . . . 199
Chapter 97 Public space . . . 201
Chapter 98 Ridesharing . . . 203
Chapter 99 Road pricing . . . 205
Chapter 100 Safety 1: through technology . . . 207
Chapter 101 Safety 2: through human beings . . . 209
Chapter 102 Share/transport . . . 211
Chapter 103 Slowth (Despacio) . . . 213
Chapter 104 Smart street architecture . . . 215
Chapter 105 Social networking . . . 217
Chapter 106 Social space . . . 219
Chapter 107 Social space format . . . 221
Chapter 108 Speed . . . 223
Chapter 109 Speeding . . . 225
Chapter 110 Spread . . . 227
Chapter 111 Straight Lines . . . 229
Chapter 112 Street code . . . 231
Chapter 113 Street people . . . 233
Chapter 114 Street sharing . . . 235
Chapter 115 Stress . . . 237
Chapter 116 Taxisharing . . . 239
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Chapter 117 Team building . . . 241
Chapter 118 Telemobility . . . 243
Chapter 119 The architecture of slowness . . . 245
Chapter 120 The cloak of the car (Harry Potter) . . . 247
Chapter 121 The easiest 20% . . . 249
Chapter 122 The future of the automobile in the city . . . 251
Chapter 123 The politics of transportation . . . 253
Chapter 124 Twentieth century trilogy: speed, distance, frequency . . . 255
Chapter 125 Time . . . 257
Chapter 126 Time-sharing . . . 259
Chapter 127 To present solutions . . . 261
Chapter 128 Tramway-sign of a happy city . . . 263
Chapter 129 Transportation monoculture . . . 265
Chapter 130 Transports of delight (happiness) . . . 267
Chapter 131 Truck sharing . . . 269
Chapter 132 Turn out the lights . . . 271
Chapter 133 Universal access . . . 273
Chapter 134 Value capture . . . 275
Chapter 135 Walk to school . . . 277
Chapter 136 Walking and democracy . . . 279
Chapter 137 What is a cyclist . . . 281
Chapter 138 Why "energy" is the wrong place to start . . . 283
Chapter 139 Winning (The importance of) . . . 285
Chapter 140 World government . . . 287
Chapter 141 World Streets . . . 289
Chapter 142 XTransit . . . 291
Chapter 143 Youth . . . 293
Chapter 144 YouTube . . . 295
Chapter 145 Part III. What next? . . . 297
Chapter 146 Afterword . . . 299
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[Chapters and text here.]
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[Selected Bibliography here]
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[Acknowledgements]
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[Index]
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World Streets
The world turns slowly to Social Space
UK: Pedestrians on what was formerly a street for cars
India: New BRT projects creating more social space
Italy: Can your children walk/bike safely to school every morning?
Denmark: Still biking (Ave. income/capita - $58,930. 7th in world).
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Colombia: On the TransMilenio in Bogota
Iran: Cyclist waking bike in Isfahan
France: Picking up a shared bike in Paris
Hangzhou China. Pedestrian zone
Anywhere in the world: Running, walking getting where you want to go in safety:
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What the experts are saying about the surprising first edition of the General Theory?
(The following in fun .. but with a purpose)
A GT for sustainable transport? I simply had never thought of that before. And the more I think about it, and the more I consult the draft ideas set out here, the more I understand that these is a
pressing need for this sort of much brooder, much more strategic treatment than we are accustomed to seeing in the literature.
- name
A real page turner. I could not set it down until I had finished it. - name
- Only Eric Britton could have written a book as concise as this.
name
- I can't wait for the second edition name
(Perhaps your real comment here?)
ISBN xxx-x-xxx-xxxxx-x
