AD-A263 147 ENTATION PA3E I___________ ,_I~ e "a 5ý;e `b. *-' pe~c' -I V en "Q4(

t. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Dbanx) 2. REPORT DATEs3c°PR YPfNinaSCOEE

1988 3 f REOT YEANDDTS OE

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERSIntensive Cultural Resources Survey Ditch 61 Extension

Poinsett Co.,AR A Negative Finding C DACW66-88-M-0716

6. AUTHOR(S)

W. 3. Bennett, Jr. D T IC7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S)AND ADDR ELE•T APR!8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Archeological Assessments , Inc. APR 19 1993 ,REPORT NUMBERS2 Pleasant Mountain Dr.g

PO Box 1631 C No. 83Nashville, AR 71852

9. SPONSORING.'MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Dept. of the ArmyMemphis District Corps of EngineersB-202 Clifford Davis Federal Bldg. 37Memphis, TN 38103

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12• DISTRIBUTION.'AVALABIUTY STATEMENT 12b DISTRtB TION COD-

Unlimited

13. ABSTRACT (Maxntum 200 worcs)

Project activities included a records check, background study, and fieldinvestigations. No cultural resources were located within the project area.

:. •. 93-08013

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15, NUMBER OF PA17

A6. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLA5SIFICA00 ON 18, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1919. SECURITY 120. LIM, ATiON Of ABSTRACTOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACTj

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 S a~da d ;:-'98 Qev 2-89N

II

H ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS REPORT No. 83

Intensive Cultural Resources SurveyDitch 61 Extension

Poinsett County, ArkansasA Negative Finding

by

W. J. Bennett, Jr.

II

Work Sponsoredby

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis DistrictIContract No.

DACU66-88-M-0716

I4I Accesior For

DTIC TABUnannounced

1988 Justttfc~tion

I8yDistribution I

Avalabtftty Codes

AvO•iand I orfis

I

I.

I ABSTRACT

IA cultural resources survey was undertaken in support of planned projectdevelopment by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District, atDitch 61, Poinsett County, Arkansas. The project area consisted of twcnarrow corridors comprising approximately 81 acres. The area is situatedwithin the St. Francis Sunk Lands. Project activities included a recordscheck, background study, and field investigations. No cultural resourceswere located within the project area. No further archeologicalinvestigations are recommended for the project area.I

III

II

I

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTSIPage

Abstract iTable of Contents iiList of Figures ii

INTRODUCTION 1

* Project Authorization 1Project Area Location and Description 1Project Goals and Orientation 1Environmental Context 4Archeological Context 4

SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS 6

Records Check 6Field Work 6Results 7Recommendations 7

* REFERENCES CITED 9

I LIST OF FIGURES

* Page

Figure 1. Project vicinity map. 2Figure 2. Project area location. 3Figure 3. View of project area. East-west arm near railroad 8

bridge (photo).Figure 4. Project area. General view between levee and ditch. 8I

-- ii

m Intensive Cultural Resources SurveyDitch 61 Extension

Poinsett county, ArkansasA Negative Finding

INTRODUCTION

Project Authorization

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District, has proposed theco~nstruction of an extension of Ditch 61 near the Marked Tree Siphon,Poinsett County, Arkansas. As part of the fulfillment of itsresponsibility for the proper management of cultural resources under theNational Historic Preservation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-515) and otherauthorities, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District,I determined that it was necessary to conduct an intensive pedestriansurvey of the project area to locate and assess the cultural resourcesthat might be impacted by this action. This work was performed byArcheological Assessments, Inc., Nashville, Arkansas, under Contract No.DACW66-88-M-0716.

Project Area Location and Description (Figures 1 and 2)

The project area is located in Poinsett County, Arkansas, northwest ofthe town of Marked Tree.

m The project area consists of two linear corridors. The east-west line,approximately 5,100 feet in length, extends from station 6+00 to station57+00 (part of the B & N Railroad trestle). Here the area examinedconsisted of a corridor 400 feet landward from the left top bank and 200feet landward from the right top bank. From station 6+00 to station17+50 on the left bank, the area of concern extends to the top of the

* existing levee.

A second corridor runs roughly north/south for approximately 1.75 milesfrom the sharp bend in the levee (station 34+94 P.C.) to the B & NRailroad levee crossing. Here the area of concern consists of anapproximately 50-foot-wide corridor extending from the levee toe (on the

m west side) to the existing borrow pits.

The area examined consists of approximately 81 acres.

Project Goals and Orientation

The aim of this effort was to record the cultural resources that existedin the area, to formulate an estimate of their possible significance, andto estimate possible project impacts to these resources. Thus, theeffort was essentially an inventory.

I

m-ssour

*- 4 PA Marked4' Tree

9P4p

O UACHITA P

MOJUNTAINS Rac

V1 0

I -VIC 0

Ii

Ii Figure 1. Project vicinity map.

I

10 -7.AT>. 1f

....... .-.- LOCKU

".;' ... ~ . .. 1....

L. _ C~GAGE 20q

IL J

A. A.

1' A.SC)

ARK FOWE__ Tr- -32

OR2 7 MI~s

I Ar

Fiur 2. Prjc ra oain

H Environmental Context

The project area is located in the St. Francis Sunk Lands of the easternlowlands of the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (Saucier 1970, 1974;Morse and Morse 1983: 15), just west of the St. Francis River. The areais composed of depressed slack-water flats and the natural drainagewaysare sluggish bayous and sloughs (Gray and Ferguson 1977: 6). Primarilyfrom January to June, this area is flooded for periods of a few days toseveral months. Soils in the area were mapped as Sharkey soils,frequently flooded (Gray and Ferguson 1977: Sheets 27, 36). These soilsare subject to large amounts of shrink and swell due to their large claycontent.

I Vegetation in the project area is primarily hardwood with denseunderstory. Trees include cottonwood, Nuttall oak, cherrybark oak, andsweet gum. Important understory vegetation includes switchcane, sedges,vines, and shrubs (Gray and Ferguson 1977: 38).

Archeological Context

I The cultural resources of northeastern Arkansas are both rich anddiverse. Archeological research, primarily concerned with the region'slate pre-Euro-American occupation, began in the 19th century. Thereexist a number of extensive overviews for these resources, includingDenkin et al. (1978), Morse et al. (1982), and Morse and Morse (1983).

Human occupation has been documented for the region for over the last10,000 years. Most researchers divide the periods of human use into fivesegments: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian, and Historic.

I Paleo-Indian. Researchers estimate that human occupation of the areabegan more than 12,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene geologicperiod. Distinctive tools -- the fluted Clovis and Folsum points, known

Sto have been used by such groups -- are documented for the region. Thisperiod, thought to have been characterized by a highly nomadic lifewaywith an economic focus on now extinct Pleistocene megafauna, is thoughtto have lasted into the early Holocene geologic period.

Dalton. This period follows chronologically after the "fluted point"tradition and is considered by many researchers as the final expressionof the Paleo-Indian lifeway but by others as the beginning of the moreregionally restricted hunting and gathering cultures of the Archaicperiod. The distinctive tools of this culture, the Dalton point and itsI- variants as well as the adze and burins, are found in large numbersthroughout northeast Arkansas and southern Missouri. This period isthought to have lasted from approximately 8000 B.C. until about 7000SB.C. Investigations at the Brand Site, situated in the Western Lowlands"section of Poinsett County, are important for the understanding of thisgroup (Goodyear 1974). A lengthy discussion of the Dalton period isfound in Morse and Morse (1983: 71-95).

4__-I

m Archaic. This is a very long period estimated to have lasted from about7000 B.C. until about 500 B.C. It is marked by a hunting and gatheringlifeway thought to have been organized within band societies. Morse andMorse (1983: 99-114) discuss the possibility of a marked populationdecrease in the Central Mississippi River Valley during the warmer anddrier Hypsithermal period (7000 to 3000 B.C.) during this occupation.After about 3000 B.C., the regional population is thought to haveincreased substantially.

Woodland. This period, from about 500 B.C. to A.D. 900/1000, is thoughtto have seen the first manufacture of ceramics in the region. It isalso associated with mound construction, and a number of researchersbelieve it marks the introduction of horticulture as part of the economy.

Mississippian. The beginning of this period of rapid cultural change isnot known with certainty, but it was clearly in place by A.D. 1000. AI convenient marker for this period is thought to be the widespreadappearance of shell-tempered ceramics. Other traits include constructionof earthen temple mounds, great variety in arrow points, and cultivation

m of corn, beans, and squash.

Historic. Prior to the beginning of the 19th century, Euro-Americanpresence in the area was extremely limited. After the Louisiana Purchasein 1803, Euro-American settlement of the region proceeded at a rapidpace. Poinsett County was organized in 1838, but the county showedlittle agricultural development for the remainder of the century. In1880 there were only 297 farms in the county with F total of 7,979 acresof improved lands (Goodspeed 1889: 579). Apparently, large amounts ofthe county were covered in flooded slackwater deposits which were denselyforested. Timber harvesting and the lumber industry was a major economicactivity.

The town of Marked Tree was a station on the Kansas City, Fort Scott, andMemphis Railroad. In 1889 it contained a depot, post office, and generalstore (Goodspeed 1889: 572). The store and a hotel were operated by A.S. Thorn and Company (Goodspeed 1889: 613).

m The most recent published archeological investigations in the area arethose performed by the Arkansas Archeological Survey for the RivervaleOutlet Ditch (Klinger and Mathis 1978). This work was sponsored by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District. This site locationeffort documented three archeological sites in the near vicinity of theproject area. These were 3PO394 -- an isolated biface found on a slightrise, 3PO400 -- fragments of historic ceramics and brick fragmentsscattered on a river bank, and 3PO401 -- brick fragments and ceramicsscattered along a field road. None were considered significant and noI further archeological investigations were recommended for them.

I5I

SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS

Records Check

A records check was conducted by the Office of the State Archeologist,the Arkansas Archeological Survey, and the Arkansas Historic Preservation

* Program.

The Arkansas Historic Preservation Program reported cne site of possiblesignificance near the project area, the Marked "ree Siphon. Projectconstruction activities will not impact this site.

The Office of the State Archeologist reported no previously recordedsites within the area of direct project impact. However, threepreviously recorded sites are within the near vicinity of the projectarea. These are 3PO394, 3PO400, and 3PO401 discussed above. None areconsidered significant nor will they be impacted by the project.

Field Work

Field work had originally been scheduled for mid-April 1988 but floodingin the area prohibited effective examination at that time. The area wasexamined on May 6, 1986, by John Northrip and James Hoelscher.

The area was examined using pedestrian tactics with transects spaced at20 to 25m intervals and shovel testing done at approximately 30minLervals along the transects. The profiles of two shovel tests weredescribed in detail and matched the typical profile to be expected withina vertisol. Profile 1 contained the following horizons:

All -- 0 to 22cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay; weaksubangular blocky structure; very firm; common, intersectingslickensides; clear, smooth boundary.

A12 -- 22 t0 36cm; dark brown (lOYR 3/3) clay; weak subangular blockystructure; very firm; common, intersecting slickensides; clear, smoothboundary.

A13 -- 36 to 62cm; gray (lOYR 6/1) clay with yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)mottles; weak subangular blocky structure; very firm; commoninitersecting slickensides; gradual smooth boundary.

A14 -- 72 to 86cm; gray (IOYR 6/1) clay with yellowish-red (5YR 5/6)mottles; weak subangular blocky to massive structure; very firm;boundary not observed.

* The extremely heavy clay soil prohibited the possibility of screening anymatrix from these tests at the time of survey. Soil matrix from thesubsurface tests were carefully sorted by shovel and trowel before the

* holes were refilled.

!6

I

I.

At the time of survey the area was heavily vegetated with a hardwood andcypress canopy and dense understory including poison ivy (Figures 3 and4). Numerous areas of standing water were noted. Ground visibilitywithin the area was generally less than 20 percent except in a small areaat the northern end of the north-south corridor which was in cultivation.Here ground visibility was greater than 75 percent.

Results

No cultural resources were observed within the project area. Becausethe area was composed of a dense clay (vertisol), it is extremelyunlikely that it would have been the location of human activitiesresulting in the accumulation of artifacts. In periods of wetness whenthe area was not actually covered with water, the matrix would turn to asticky mud unsuitable for general habitation. During the periods ofdryness the shrinking of the soil results in the development ofdesiccation cracks, often in excess of 2m deep. Any artifacts depositedon the surface would thus be displaced vertically to considerabledistances within a few years.

* Recommendations

No further investigations are recommended for this area.

I7

[[IIi

I

I

'II

F~~~ure .Vewo rject area. Et-:"v estwetn near raird htc .ae

I ,

I REFERENCES CITED

Denkin, Albert, Cecil Brooks, Douglas Edsall, James Mueller, RobertPasnat, Peter Skirbunt, Sally Tompkins, Charles Lee Decker, JamesO'Donnell, Vanessa Patrick, Genevieve Poirier, Phyllis Morse, MartinPociask, and Bernard Poirier

1978 Predicting Cultural Resources in the St. Francis Basin, AResearch Design. Report on file with the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, Memphis. Memphis, Tennessee.

IGoodspeed1889 Biographical and Historical Memories of Northeast Arkansas.

Goodspeed, Chicago.

Goodyear, Albert C.1974 The Brand Site: A Techno-Functional Study of a Dalton Site in

Northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archeological Survey ResearchSeries No. 7. Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Gray, James L., and Dick V. Ferguson1977 Soil Survey of Poinsett County, Arkansas. United States

Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Incooperation with Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.Washington, D.C.

Klinger, Timothy C., and Mark Mathis1978 St. Francis II. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Report

No. 14. Fayetteville.

Morse, Dan F., and Phyllis Morse1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press,

New York.

Morse, Dan F., Neal Trubowitz, Phyllis Morse, Timothy Klinger and RossDinwiddie

1982 Northeast Arkansas. In A State Plan for the Conservation ofArcheological Resources in Arkansas, edited by Hester Davis, pp.NEl-NE26. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Report No. 21.Fayetteville.

I Saucier, Roger T.1970 Origin of the St. Francis Sunk Lands, Arkansas and Missouri.

Geological Society of American Bulletin 81:2847-2854

1974 Quaternary Geology of the Lower Mississippi Valley. ArkansasArcheological Survey, Research Series No. 6, Fayetteville.

9Irm

I t

00 ' _ *r . 0 ZSu ~ i 041 -~1~ A.. r

061

0 o V0 41' C.*

- ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a11 o1~0a~ 0

- ' ~

0 - o 4u

on 41 Q -Z41

lo, -o o

00 -

-or 0- -a cc 41 14 a10

to 141 o. S o 0 o~4 4 x w o m v v & o

-1 ' -. 41 t .O - "0 t0 0 wo..' Oa .0 . . -.o. 'r u1.

411 o oc;

a w aC 8c

1~~~~. -4 * ocow -

AA o~ a

o o o - C- 41 o1 v s 0 0 . o 1

4 40 v. .0 o011U ~ * 1o 4 0 c-". 4 1 .4 0 k- 1 .w*' Us .. 0..0 4

vI

o1 41 d0 a49.1 go 0.

410 3~ 3l' 0- o 0*5 4

t:4 41 .c .x 0 c ~145 I r. c~U- - 4.

I -Cu .~5-'o0C" c ),4 C1*~<

Cc o4w c ws

41 4. '.* - ''.

0~~~'*~ 41o'4~.4

0<~ ~~~~~ 0 V114 u4

w~~~~~~~~ cf0!q0O cI~ !~tl - y~0

* 0 0. 0

01 4410 U 4~rw u.~~> *~.1 :: -- P..0oo

o v

I~~ A s q0 01 *a a wc aa 00 V.

S ~ s, o to4:

0 -. i~ IV

-o~ a..

41 411~0 O

a, a~ o Zo og a 'boo. o aou4 v 4 W .U .9- 1*a. A U0. 41

I o .

.4 c A~ 0

.0~~~~~6 zi' * "02 I~~6"os~x. z 0.. ~ 6

-0 a 06

c - - 6 : ~ -. c Z~ .

C- o~" 100 :z.: 0 - -U-. --, *.:2* z0 _. ~ -

u..0 5* 6* 0. 0 a~

ca0

a o. .. U0

-. C O C~*~ .J -

4-2 x6 0' a el

c6 0 0.0 0

* ~ 006 v0 6 6.w 0 : 6

13. -U~~ 00. b 1 4'0 "C 0. 0- ~ ~ U ~ ~ a

.v0 6 046 6 . . U 0 6 -6

.. 4O U 0 6 2' to-u 6go* c 1 06 :2~ 0

*. ,6 6-u 2 0 06 u ... 0. *'4.

a6 6 0.c 0 6 . . 6 ~ "'~ a 0 0 06O~ 06U6

0.00k 6 0.

4. e 0- :00w :3 A u .. 0 .0 . 0' -A F6a0 ' C

va 0U 6 =CV 4m 6 b...0.0 So

~0.60-4~ -u 0

A, 606 ., C. U 0 U 6 6

~~o~ 66 U6 .u 6- "0 0 . .(

6" j. -C 0 0 2

.00 0

006 0 z006 0 0"-:0 .. c6 00. o"rj. : 6 - 6

*~ ~ v~0. 0 .0 4 iec u W6 6

" 6o .. 6. 6 U 00 0 2 ..C0 -0 00 - 0 U 6.+.6 661

bw .0 we anu

6 6.

-0 . hp 66, 0, 0 t

to U 024 .46 .4 va0 1 60 v0A 060,

60. .g. : 0. ~ : .'06"*a . x V0

00.. U I .. O , 0

006 U,.6.0 U .0.. 6 66 *.6U 6.. * 64U0

41.6 66A' 020 .. ~.0" .. 4U4UU f16 2. .0 . 6 i i

Io

A t a e.0A.4 ac.4

a 10..~ .

II1r c~ 0 z 1 14 --. 6

-0 .. ..~ 4~ . W. - .S z4

a 2 cc ' "a06 "C ca -

aIo U *.. C.

.C c. 0.0 1 4

0 a C a- .*'U

---c'

O

0. a. C 0. 0 W

-4q~~ 41*C6

oa* 40

0.0 0.a 0. 00 .0 V . o6-.50U654o.aOO-'- 2110 .0 CO .. 040.65.- C- 0.40O

1.a 00

U. -0 -4

- ~~ ~o 40.0 43". 4 C '4,> C....) 4

0) 45 CX r a . A > .. o ' a i

50 6 *.5 0

*. -. 4 .0 g- 0.0

0 0 01 60 - r.

m .- 4 x 4 vm -' 0 .0 4 .5 l0.). *a v 13C

a0~ 1 w 0! 0 .U'w4A~ a40I 05w64~a 6 . 6 4 C S 6 " u

Io 0>*J .005 6 40 0. z 44 0 4

A4 6a

>00 ~ ~ q4 C 6 a, o~ a - o 6oU .~ .4 4~>~6 4446

amUI'a OW 4 ~

41 0 o0 m o 'r aU

;.ma..C c a" V6... to-ý Vq6.qUU Ow .6ý0 l6 * .4 o6~>>>qO. ~..A 0 6-a .4o 0044 0 6 4 .4a

ta 4 6.~a.6 44 ~ 40.

IIz

-C a. b~ -0a

30~ .0 -0-

0~~~.O -'sq0 UO

~~ a. -

0

C cc

o a ca ". m

a. 0C

o 0 w 1 0.1 0. .0 'ca cu-0.4c

u! I ~ ~ t i i I ui3 IV z~~ -C 0

9- U .me 0~ 144 .

Np V.04 .. a44 SU,.,US

0- v- a a>4 5 *0.~ ~~ cg c 0 ' .I

a'" go .0 '. a x , " o

-40 c0 0,... 7Q -m U,.~

v 8 .0>-6N 0FA0a - 0 0

o ct 0j t0 o

0'5 ~ U 0. - - V

*10 X"0 4

a . - -2 a: -

~~;- .'* 0 u

Ow '0 oo 31c" C t - . .a

o oU.. 04 ~0 O . 2 *~ a 5 1~. 0 0

0g r . - .U

C.g : 03 u

Cc u~ 0

00 to.0~

- - 0 'c-0.4a

4S 00 ~ 64 ' 0) 0 -"C.O

be'~ A@ 0 C4.. 0.00 v a AA 00 go a 0O.04 4 J 0 ,U0. CL- O U

I

I.a1

00U. 4114 3U~~ ~~ ~ ~ 0.u. w U 443. 1 0

C46 ; .= - , 00' w0

4.4r 0 4. ""o4 4 v .C & - -a4

41.4 ag c t :

* 0....141 . 4 , - ow .8 4-0 :

- ~ : -" . .4 -, C _

4. A

-44 4 0 , 41 404- : o

41- * 3 r

41

4 .o AA m0 0 .0 o

0 . 0cL1- orUUC 4

11 06 0 a o- 10

.,o 001--o>, 00 44-4- 41* -4 Oo > - 411~~0~410 1

o v* 'u o*-c Uc

4 1U~ 44-*44 v0 vo c 0MU~o o01~4 44. 1.. 444 4.4 4440 444 4

414.CVU>0U0~~~~ 414 4044 ~ 44A 4.4 ~ 44.40 0o41 044 410. c.4.04 a0101 * 0 01

.4 441.44. ..,~ -a441 --04U44 ,1 ,114 414qI oaI n-

Ic xt o> 1.141.4 *.Cc 4) 414..> 440.4 *Z.11

Ivoc v c o 4.0>441044044

c444. .00414U10 g

4-~~~~ o4

o0~4 4 4 - -4 0

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~ c-44... 44 -U- 41 4C 4 -*44444

Cc o~.Q )- 410 -mc c o1 '-

p 5. w~2 o4 om-. 3

V r.4 o. 1 o- C604

4 1 .U. 1.4> l.0 0..00 -0..~ 444.444- 41 '41 U .

41 o .4014 ".0.4 "A4- t1 'o41 0614 X41.41~~ 4414 WO 41 401 U. 1 4 4c14:1~.

Co z z uo0 a~- o z o o.4

- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o 3 Oc 4 11 40 ~ U 4

"V r o S0. 4106041 .4.

4. . 01 J 4 0

4 w 1

041U41 * 4- 41 4

o-. c00 0U c4 be0. Q

4-~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ u4~ V 3.444414 4 9 4~44 440 41~..04 .> ,~~ ~ 0.44 4v

c0 m ~ > o.g a

- - Q o o'i4441-3V44-441 qO 44.44 .4441*4p3.443.44141o -o43 ... 1 01 .4 4..,'1041 .

a~~~~~~~~~~~~ C 404- 0 14 04 . 111 4 40004. 4U44.10c .4~

tI

SO I55, .C.5 1 A . c 00 0

a06 0# Aa Sa

0..4 wUO 0 w2 Q v

W OS 0 a m,4 S 4

u~ .- - a "a~a U*a C6a 0 S

aO a a 0 " o 'ccaxU do.. .0c a

c'D S' a A, ' Va a cz

cc o.. a x 4 a w . A5 ,

Q o 0 o a

aa 0 0 v 'a''oo5 LA x wC -a&Z aC a a6

cS .a 4v 4A80

045 gc --

41 5,e a.

4 1' '. d.' '0-

-- a0 > 0 - ~ a 0

a 0.50 5

:S. ca U o .2~ a. asa

-so. a -i - ~ 0 a53- 0

isD A -2 cc .0 S

0 lo C

A0

ý A , a - 5A 0Z a

.0 - aU .0 5, a ~U .

a~~~ ~ vs aW A C ~ . wX~a - a~ ; 0 50 aU~~~ u~A::: !

0S.4 aC 5 C 0sc aU 'a c~ A c~0 '

Q045 -40 e . ia U0 a 41 x3 -- a'

-o, ,v. ..0.

IaC 64S'aas. za'~ 6. u' O w 0

o4,-. ~o -a5. 0 06 a a ~ ~

.4 4. It* ~ , ' a~c Oa 0. Q a

a- '.. :,.- 0aa -

m5 M a go z ..

.. ~~~~~C- :g5..S S. 0 .0a 0 S4

o'0a...~~~~ vs.a a - s U0 ~ ~ .5, a45' ,.0'- 00

'0 w 4

*~ a 0 Cc ,W ~ ~ 5

> . A C 0'

c % .- aa .

.0~ 'r- aO a , aC 3 0 c w Z Ia , .;; ml': vu :ga 0 4

Cq u~ 5

4145 U. 0. r -

u c . o '~ .0 I

c 41

.4 .c0 a r v cC '0

.a a-e A04 0 I 55

2- a as 3- "olA -4o .a w a

I K 3

0U .4

41' -W -Iv S

v 0

A *0

a ''4 - -

S.4

-0 0 a1 0

- ~ .4 0013 - S. t4

10 e: 0 0 w -

0 0

t~ 40 -0 .0 .o..AA4 Cc s a on U

cc r, -0. u , M .4504,-4 A.t -0 'u t

.44 101 04 0-.00I'a1 .. 44 tAO0 m o ~ 6 ' 44U.

ACL 0 2 0~4 w t O. w. 444 0 ~ 0

a4 0 .4. m44w

El 0z o~c Is - - :

A 0 40Av0 u 9,6.4

-o I k

04.

S .0 5 5 4 - 04. -1 1- 3 ~ 4o s..000 50 A 0 -4:I w

CU~ ~~~ -44, US 1.4Co. ..4%.. 14. A d o 4, 3. .4.

0 ~0 C . 0454.

2~ 5: 14.a .44 9v .0 t4W.u is0 cl l U a 00I 0 .0-.4 .

4 0 .4 4 . 4 0 -0.4 0

tj ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ z , 14 AVa2 m4N MA . 0 11

I,0I0

I0

IoIs-.f.

73 a 0 .0-

~~~' I a ., ie ~ o O i. -. S

0-0