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Preparing The Air For Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study Of First Line Nurse Managers Terese Bondas Professor University of Borås, Sweden Associate Professor, Kuopio University, Finland Chair of BFiN and ChuCE CHAPTER 1. ABSTRACT The first line nurse managers’ opportunities to lead nursing care seem to be diminishing. The aim of this study was, therefore, to gain an understanding of the first line nurse managers in their experiences in the development of nursing care as part of a wider research programme. Finnish nurse managers wrote narratives at the beginning of five different leadership courses in this grounded theory study. ‘Preparing the Air for Nursing Care’ emerged as a core category. It was formed by two major categories. ‘Being Concerned about Nursing Care’ describes the nurse managers’ focus on the development of nursing care, the nursing caregivers’ health and knowledge and a concern for the whole organisation. The second major category ‘Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing Care’ describes the

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Preparing The Air For Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study Of First Line Nurse Managers

Terese Bondas

Professor

University of Bors, Sweden Associate Professor, Kuopio University, Finland

Chair of BFiN and ChuCE

CHAPTER 1. ABSTRACTThe first line nurse managers opportunities to lead nursing care seem to be diminishing. The aim of this study was, therefore, to gain an understanding of the first line nurse managers in their experiences in the development of nursing care as part of a wider research programme. Finnish nurse managers wrote narratives at the beginning of five different leadership courses in this grounded theory study. Preparing the Air for Nursing Care emerged as a core category. It was formed by two major categories. Being Concerned about Nursing Care describes the nurse managers focus on the development of nursing care, the nursing caregivers health and knowledge and a concern for the whole organisation. The second major category Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing Care describes the nurse manager working together with the staff to create individual and family-centred best practice, initiating relationships and dialogues for nursing care, and a culture of caring. A typology was created that explained the four main modalities to emerge from the data: the Active Developer, the Passive Thinker, the Impulsive Creator and the Routine Manager.

Key words first-line nurse manager; grounded theory; nursing care development;

nursing leadership; nursing management

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTIONThe first line nurse managers opportunities to lead nursing care seem to be diminishing in complex health care organisations. Research into evidence-based nursing has pointed to the importance of nursing leadership. Nursing leadership and management in the development of nursing care seem to be related to complex phenomena in the organisational culture of the unit as well as phenomena related to the nurse managers and their background and interests. There is research into overall characteristics of nursing leadership. However, to develop evidence-based care, more understanding is needed about the meaning of nursing leadership in the development of care from the nurse managers perspective. The aim of this study was, therefore, to gain an understanding from the perspective of the first line nurse managers themselves, and their experiences in the development of nursing care as part of a wider research programme into nursing leadership.

CHAPTER 3. BACKGROUNDClinical leadership and nursing care knowledge may be considered as an ambiguous part of nursing management (Antrobus and Kitson, 1999; Narinen and Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Stanley, 2006a,b). The first-line nurse manager may handle the ambivalence and insecurity by being one of the nurses who adds administrative tasks to the nurse profile (Johansson, et al., 2007), or on the contrary, nurse managers may distance themselves from the every day world of nursing care, primarily working to their own agendas (Stanley, 2006a,b). Sellgren, et al. (2006) found dominant profiles of an invisible nurse manager and a middle of the road manager in nursing care. Nurse managers often obtain their positions by chance or as a temporary solution rather than choosing their nursing careers in a spirit of ideals, and a conscious nursing career choice (Bondas, 2006). It may also be difficult to maintain the human values of ethical nursing care in the turbulent environment of the health care organisations. Visions of nursing care may easily get lost in the turbulence of the daily administrative matters and routines if the visions are not sustained (Graham, 2003). Vision was hardly mentioned as an aspect of clinical leadership in a British study. However, it was more important that the clinical leaders lived their passion about nursing care (Stanley, 2006a,b).

Advanced knowledge of nursing science and health care administration in healthcare organisations is not always appreciated (McKenna, et al., 2004) and the worth of management training was hardly recognised by the clinical leaders themselves (Stanley, 2006a). There is a lack of appropriate educational qualifications in research and science to develop nursing care, leadership, administration and health economics (Duffield and Franks, 2001). Confusion and disagreement have been expressed about the survival of nursing leadership (McKenna, et al., 2004), whereas administrative positions have been occupied by non-nurses who lack knowledge in nursing care (Mahoney, 2001). The first line nurse managers opportunities to lead nursing care together with the nursing professionals seem to be diminishing in the new public management direction of health nursing care. The ideas and practice of nursing leadership and management based on human dignity, human love and mercy have also been set aside by introducing management practices from industry and business sectors (Bondas, 2003).

Clinical nursing leadership is considered an under-researched phenomenon from anursing science perspective, and much of the literature has been studied frombusiness, general administration or industrial perspectives (Davidson, et al., 2006) There have been many studies from other perspectives such as attributes, traits, qualities, competencies, roles and styles focusing on what the nurse leaders do in their work and who they are (Mahoney, 2001; Drach-Zahavy and Dagan, 2002; Wieck, et al., 2002; Narinen and Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Carroll, 2005; Sellgren, et al., 2006). A recent systematic review shows that the nurse managers need to have an understanding of the key factors associated with producing a positive climate in the organisation and to undertake development activities in nursing care (Pearson, et al., 2007).

Nursing leadership is also regarded as the cornerstone of evidence-based practice programs within health care organisations (Driever, 2002; Banning, 2005; Gifford, et al., 2007). Nursing leaders in any management position combined their sphere of influence with practicing nursing, and they valued nursing knowledge (Antrobus and Kitson, 1999; Lindholm, et al., 2000; Boykin and Schoenhofer, 2001; Drach-Zahavy and Dagan, 2002; Narinen and Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003). Viitanen, et al. (2007) found the role of the nurturing mother, who is committed to take care of the staff. However, it seems to be difficult for the nurse leaders to understand the differences between providing bedside nursing care and clinical nursing leadership. Thus, there is research in nursing leadership from a leader-centred competence, role or profileperspective where nursing care is an ambiguous part beside leadership and management and findings from research in evidence-based care that highlights the importance of nursing leadership. It is thus important to study how first line nurse managers themselves experience their clinical nursing leadership in relation to nursing care development.

CHAPTER 4. AIM, METHOD, AND PARTICIPANTS

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the first line nurse managers experiences of the development of nursing care as part of a wider research programme into nursing leadership.

Method and participants

A qualitative method that applies comparisons and contrasting procedures and theory generation according to the grounded theory tradition was chosen (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). The data were collected by narratives. The questions for the narratives were based on the previous findings of the research programme and a review of the literature. The open questions used were: How would you describe your everyday leadership practice in relation to nursing care?, How would you describe the core of your nursing leadership? and What do you want to develop as a nurse manager in your organisation? The proposal was to allow the nurse managers freely to tell their story, describe their experiences and reflect on them. Background data about age, position, years of working experience and education were also collected.

Sixty-five first line nurse managers (60 women and 5 men) took part in this qualitative study. Variation of age, education and experience of nursing and nursing leadership characterised the sample. The participants were employed as ward managers in both rural and urban areas; in small health nursing care centres as well as in hospitals of various sizes and specialties. Their educational backgrounds varied except for their nursing degrees, and they were all specialised in a certain area of nursing care. Only a few of the informants (5%) had completed masters programs, whereas 71% had participated in various courses in leadership and administration, which had not led to a degree. Additionally, 24% of the participating nurse managers did not report any administrative education apart from their nursing education. The participants experience as managers ranged between 3 months and 26 years. All were experienced Registered Nurses. Their age ranged between 25 and 55 years. The units where they were employed had between 4 and 30 staff positions. The settings of the study were different leadership courses, and the participants were asked to write narratives based on the three open questions at the beginning of their course. The courses in which the participants were enrolled varied. They were either short mandatory or voluntary in-service courses for nurse managers, or leadership courses which were part of a masters degree. Data collection continued in every new course until saturation was reached in the analysis, that is, no new codes emerged from the data (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). Narrative descriptions ranged from a few lines to detailed descriptions and four pages stories.

Data analysis

The data were read, reread and analysed line by line after the data collection at every course, and finally read again, as a whole, when no new codes emerged. The researcher was open to the variation in the data searching for codes and contradictions in the data. Categories were identified after coding. Each text line was read and analysed again and again, going back and forth from the data to the analysis and between the participants, comparing and contrasting the findings. A core category is proposed that is grounded in the data, and it is constructed from the relationships among the main two categories. The combination of the main categories created the basis for a proposed typology (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). Four qualitatively different types of nursing leadership in relation to nursing care development emerged from the analysis.

Ethical considerations

The study was of part of a departmental research programme into nursing leadership. Each participant was given an information sheet in addition to a verbal explanation and a possibility to ask questions. They were informed that it was voluntary to participate and they could withdraw from the study at any time. The anonymity of the participants was protected. The participants were later informed of the preliminary findings and were able to discuss them with the researcher.

CHAPTER 5. RESULTSPreparing the air for nursing care

The core category, Preparing the Air for Nursing Care, was discovered and explained through two major categories: Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing Care and Concerned about Nursing Care. The construction Preparing is worded as a process and it means making possible the best available nursing care at the unit. The preparation in nursing leadership emerged as a continuing and neverending process for the nurse managers. Preparing is important for the core function of the unit; i.e. to create the direction of nursing care and focus on the outcomes of care. Preparing is a meaningful act when it connects to the main function; the care of the patients. The proposed core category that emerged in this study may guide and provide the focus for nursing leadership. The Air as a metaphor also implies a continuous movement. The breathing in and out brings nourishment and a vital exchange of news, knowledge and relations for the unit and its patients, relatives and staff. In order to keep the Air fresh, the unit needs doors and windows that are always open to the surrounding environment. A closed unit does not breathe; it can wither and die without creating new life. The core category was also expressed in these words by some of the participants.

Creating the direction and content of nursing care

The first main category is called Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing

Care. Nurse managers described their role in nursing care as providing knowledge, models and ideals, directly or indirectly, through discussions to guide the nursing care at their unit. Differences in opinion of nursing care existed among the staff. However, differences in opinion leading to conflicts were mentioned often in relation to the co-operation with the physicians or staff at other units. The nurse leaders wanted to create the best individual nursing care practice, and the family was seen as important for the patients wellbeing, but in its uniqueness, difficult to incorporate in nursing care. Relationships and dialogues built the basic ground for nursing care and formed the direction of nursing care at their unit, according to the nurse leaders. The nurse leaders viewed the culture of nursing care as an important expression of the specific ways of providing nursing care and the preferred caring practices at their unit. Three categories emerged: Creating Individual and Family-centred Nursing Care, Creating Relationships and Dialogues for Nursing Care and Creating a Culture for Nursing Care.

Creating individual and family-centred nursing care

The nurse managers described the patients as important guides for their leadership. The ideal that they strove for was nursing care on their unit that was based on knowing each patient: It is our intention to make the patients feel that we are there for them and offer them the time they need, and they are satisfied with the nursing care when they leave us. The nurse managers described that the worries of the patients and their relatives were taken seriously. Nurse managers recognised ethical dilemmas in nursing care, and they knew that their staff needed support and help to deal with the daily prioritisation in caring for their patients. They were also concerned with shortcomings in nursing care, omitted nursing care and the staffs ignorant behaviour. A nurse manager described her intention: I want to be the patients advocate and never accept violations of their dignity, and become more courageous in taking a stand when I see unnecessary suffering.

The participants who had a masters degree or were masters students described nursing science as a basis for nursing care and their leadership. They also emphasised the meaning of listening to the patients, a practice which the participants recognised as important for the development of nursing care. A nurse manager called her participation in the daily nursing care of the patients an inside quality assurance. Pain alleviation was mentioned as an important matter to develop. The nurse managers main responsibility was, however, being in charge of providing nursing care that maintains and furthers the patients health and daily living. They did not want their staff to regard them as controlling or experts who always knew better than the staff. Nurse managers also described their difficult position in nursing care when they tried to help their staff. They wanted to show respect for their staffs knowledge and not get too involved in issues that they felt that their staff knew best.

Creating relationships and dialogues for nursing care

The nurse managers considered the development of collaborative relationships and ongoing dialogues with the patients, their relatives, staff and different stakeholders as pivotal to their role. It was considered important to receive and give feedback regarding nursing care practices. Hierarchy seemed to persist in the nurse managers descriptions as a difficult challenge to overcome and sometimes accept. They felt a need to stand up for their unit and their staff when they perceived threats against their existence or unjust complaints about their practice. The nurse managers described that they, sometimes, had to fight for the ideas that they believed in. They felt that it was a balancing act because they did not want to hurt anybody. Nurse managers also dealt with problem solving and every day conflicts, and emphasised the importance of listening, supporting, motivating and understanding the staffs views and their different perspectives: It is important to create safety (support and knowledge) for the staff, so that they will walk an extra mile for their patients. Nurse managers described closeness to the staff that provided possibilities to monitor what was going on and notice improvement needs: Seeing the human being and listening to the patients and the staff at my unit.

The nurse managers also described their own need to be seen as vulnerable human beings. A first line nurse manager described conflicts at her unit and the fact that she got plenty of support from the nurse executive during that difficult period. It felt bitter to be stabbed in the back and she did not know what was going on at the unit. There were also descriptions of nurse managers personal change from being authoritative and controlling in relationships with the staff at younger age to become more flexible, generous, spontaneous, secure and positive with staff of increasing age and experience. Assertiveness and patience were desired traits for the participating nurse leaders in relation to their staff.

Creating a culture for nursing care

The nurse managers felt responsible for how people experienced the organisational culture of their unit. They hoped that they could create an atmosphere of caring based on ethical values of humanity. Human dignity was mentioned as an imperative, which required constant attentiveness. The nurse managers described how their value base was created and clarified through reflections and discussions about problematic situations in nursing care as well as through handling conflicts at the unit. The value base was metaphorically compared with the main thread that is woven to a fabric with beautiful patterns or glue that holds the staff together. The nurse managers emphasised the creation of an esthetical environment, which was regarded as important for the sense of wellbeing of both patients and staff. Functional aspects of the environment, such as the size of rooms, were also mentioned. It was seen as important to create a good spirit at the unit, including humour. The culture was described by cornerstones, such as trust, safety, supporting contacts, flexibility and openness. An innovative climate was desirable, and the experienced nurse leaders recognised that it was seldom possible to wait for the optimal time for development. According to the nurse managers, there were always some problems or a rush. The nurse managers described that they had to catch the moment; to evaluate and openly examine what has been going on and learn and actively stir and initiate a movement if needed. The nurse managers wanted to discuss and reflect on different matters and situations in nursing care with the staff. According to the nurse managers, the only reason for change should be related to the patients and their needs: Listening to the patients experiences and using my understanding in changing my unit towards a more caring culture. One of the nurse managers used air as a metaphor for the life-giving oxygen to the unit: My task as a nurse manager is to prepare the air to motivate the staff to create good nursing care and to develop nursing care. The organisation could be described in terms of ill health. Change processes could take a long time, which created boredom. Some nurse managers experienced the wished-for cultural change as a hopeless and endless process, which made them think about giving up the change processes or leaving.

Being concerned about nursing care

The second major category is called Being Concerned about Nursing Care. Nurse managers described that they often had nursing care on their mind, and they expressed their ideals for the development of nursing care. They recognised the importance of the nursing caregivers will and knowledge of nursing care, and described that they were lucky to have a knowing and caring staff. The importance of the health care centre or hospital as a human centred organisation was emphasised. The sub-categories are: Concern for the Development of Nursing Care, Concern for the Staff and Concern for the Organisation.

Concern for the development of nursing care. The nurse managers were concerned with the direction, organisation and coordination of nursing care: We all work for the best of the patient; it is the core idea in every aspect of our work. They regarded professional cooperation in nursing care as a very important issue and therefore preferred an open view of knowledge. The nurse managers considered themselves responsible for the continuous movement and development at their unit and the search for knowledge and innovations. However, it took time to find a satisfying and meaningful position. The shift from the nurses responsibilities for the individual patients nursing care to the nurse managers responsibilities for nursing care development at the whole unit was described as challenging and difficult. The nurse managers described that they paid attention to nursing care of both human and material resources. One nurse manager pointed out: each staff member is considered important and everyones ideas of development should be honoured. The nurse managers wanted to involve everyone in the best nursing care and safeguarded specialised knowledge in nursing care. Responsibility for nursing care was also connected to nursing research, staying ahead of new innovations and new technology.

Concern for the staff

The nurse managers described that they wanted to support their staff. They also expected the best performance of their staff. An ideal that the nurse manager strove towards was supporting knowing, engaged and caring staff members who would easily understand the importance of supporting patients and their relatives. The nurse managers perceived that it was their task to recruit and maintain staff. They tried to involve the staff in planning and evaluation, in the formulation of the ideals and visions of nursing care, and in the effort to achieve the common goals. They tried to be just in personnel politics and related their decisions to the guiding ideas of nursing and caring. Being fair was described as a difficult task: I try to treat everyone in a fair way within reasonable limits; it is rather ungrateful, you seldom get thanks but immediate critiques when wishes cannot be fulfilled. The nurse managers described how they cared for nursing staff: If the staff does not feel well, then the whole organisation suffers too. An atmosphere of hopefulness and joy at work is described to have positive effects on the patients and their families at the units. Time for reflections on evidence-based nursing care and innovations was seen as important. There were, however, scarce descriptions of the nurse managers actual practice. The responsibility issue was often mentioned by the nurse managers: It is sometimes difficult when nursing caregivers do not take responsibility; they only do their work if there is someone to tell them what to do and how to do it. They just cannot see the patients needs. Freedom may also be a threat to an insecure person who wants me to be the manager that knows and takes care of everything. The nurse managers recognised the importance of continuous education for all staff members and they described planning for continuous staff education and their nursing careers. The nurse managers own education was not often mentioned, though.

Concern for the organisation

The participating nurse managers described that they wanted to be proud of their organisation, and they felt responsible for the health of the whole organisation in which they were employed. These feelings had changed and developed during their management nursing careers: It is not just about being there, but truly choosing this kind of work and this organisation. There were also descriptions of participating in important work for human beings, love for life and human beings. According to the nurse managers, the difference between their former nursing career and nursing leadership is liability. When they were nurses, they took responsibility for patients in their nursing care and the tasks they were assigned to. As managers, they felt responsible for their unit, some mentioned responsibility for the whole organisation and the use of health nursing care resources. It is important to collaborate in all directions as well as to spread knowledge about the unit and the nursing care that we provide. The nurse managers looked upon themselves as experts when it came to nursing care in their unit, which meant that the world outside their organisation was not that important. A problem for the nurse managers was their attitude to the daily routine matters and problems, which always seem to pop up and block planning, vision, development work and major organisational matters. The nurse managers recognised that these matters would not appear as easily if they had enough time and knowledge available to engage in issues other than managing routine matters and practicing immediate problem-solving. The struggle for material resources was not evident in the answers. It seemed that the nurse managers were content to accept the limitations and their situation as it was. I try to create a world of nursing care in our organisation, as good as possible, based on the economic resources that have been provided. It was also important to obey the laws and see that there was enough knowledge at their unit about the legal framework of health nursing care.

Different modalities of the core category

Different modalities of the main category Preparing the Air for Nursing Care emerged from the variations of the relationship between the two major categories Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing Care and Being Concerned about Nursing Care. This study of nursing leadership led to the development of a typology including four variations: the Active Developer, the Passive Thinker, The Impulsive Creator and finally the Routine Manager. The Active Developer combines both concern about nursing care and creation of nursing care in their leadership: Nursing science is a part of my nursing leadership and I act accordingly to the values and knowledge. The Passive Thinker is dominated by good ideas and is concerned about nursing care, but there seem to be too little translation of their concerns as nurse managers to practice: There is a lack of time for development of new ideas; I get too involved in the nursing care. The Impulsive Creator is characterised by an unplanned ad hoc creation of development, whereas concern may be missing: I feel insecure in many situations, too emotional and too much temperamental. I have had many ideas, but I have difficulties in delegation, and I do not give enough room for my staff, and then it is so easy for me to dominate. Finally, the Routine Manager is mostly interested in accomplishing administrative tasks but he/she seems to lack concern for the content and direction of nursing care: The time schedule for the staff take a lot of my time, meetings, answering the phone and then I try to do the paperwork well in advance. The typology suggests that the core category Preparing the Air for Care may be found in four modalities.

CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSIONThe core category of nursing leadership in relation to the development of care emerged and was described as Preparing the Air for Nursing care. It is explained through two major categories: Being concerned about Nursing Care and Creating the Direction and Content of Nursing Care. A typology has also been offered as a result of the analysis and the modalities are: the Active Developer, The Passive Thinker, the Impulsive Creator and the Routine Manager. These findings add and deepen the insights into nursing leadership in relation to nursing care and support other studies concerned with the nurse managers different attributes, roles and skills (Mahoney, 2001; Drach-Zahavy and Dagan, 2002; Wieck, et al., 2002; Narinen and Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Carroll, 2005; Sellgren, et al., 2006). This study was, however, confined to nurse managers at the ward level in Finland. Nevertheless, the findings may be transferred to other countries with similar nursing care and nursing leadership positions. The categories were discovered from the data and were not pre-selected, and the data analysis was done according to grounded theory approach (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). Saturation in data analysis was safeguarded through a recurring data collection and analysis with comparing and contrasting line by line analysis until no new codes emerged. A core category emerged from the data analysis and a typology was constructed based on the two major categories explaining the variations. The findings of the preliminary analysis were reported to the participants for fit, and there were expressions of recognition that the findings were meaningful. The findings also started lively discussions in the groups and were regarded as relevant to their practice. The work criterion means that the findings provide explanations and interpretations of what is going on. It is possible to modify and develop a tentative theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978).

The nurse managers described that they tried to influence their unit and their world of nursing care, which could be compared with the classical views of leadership and power. The main characteristic of nursing leadership is, however, its unique purpose providing the best possible nursing care. It signifies the special atmosphere, the sphere, the exchange and the movement that are needed for nursing care to take place (Stanley, 2006a,b). The metaphorical construct Preparing the Air for Nursing Care adds knowledge to the caritative leadership theory, especially the meaning of nursing leadership in the creation of a caring culture and the relationships and dialogues in the interest of ministering to the patient (Bondas, 2003, 2006). The reciprocal collaborative relationships with the staff pop up as ideals, but paradoxically, they remain hidden in the fact that the nurse managers receptivity and their own change and growth are not that visible in the findings. This might also signal the loneliness and insecurity that the nurse managers hide in trying to be proficient and perfect. The research of transformational leadership shows the risks of the ideal of the perfect manager and the blind eager followers who place the manager on a throne, which can lead to unfavourable outcomes, such as bad decision-making and dysfunctional organisations (Reinhardt, 2004).

Cultural change is also connected to the respect for the discipline of nursing and knowledge of an evidence-based profession (McKenna, et al., 2004; Gifford, et al., 2007). These types of cultural concerns create involvement in nursing care. However, these concerns are insignificant to a manager without knowledge and understanding of nursing care (Viitanen, et al., 2007) or visions of nursing care (Graham, 2003). In this study, an example is the Routine Manager typology, who accomplishes administrative tasks, but leaves the nursing care development to her/his staff without understanding their role.

Moreover, there is a strongly expressed concern for the staff, an idea that might be related to the nurse managers nursing education and experience of patient nursing care. This finding is in line with the role of the nurturing mother in the focus group study of Viitanen, et al. (2007), the observation study of Drach-Zahavy and Dagan (2002) as well as the Congruent Leadership theory (Stanley, 2006a,b). However, the task of nursing leadership is also to prevent ill health because of the work conditions. The paradox of nursing leadership becomes evident; the focus is double in a special way. The primary focus is patient nursing care, which is provided by professional nursing caregivers and depends on their health, will, competence, strength, and the nurse managers support. The nurse leader needs patience and understanding of the situation at their unit, and not to be running their own race and hurrying into an unplanned or unrealistic change as the Impulsive Creator in this study.

It is not enough to have knowledge of nursing and knowledge about nursing care; the nurse manager has to translate it into development practices. Nursing leadership has the potential of safeguarding an ethical culture of nursing care, where the staff are able to concentrate on nursing care. The nurse manager acts as the Active Creator in relation to the development of nursing care; and it is not enough to feel concerned about nursing care as the Passive Thinker typology in this study suggests. The findings are also in line with Upenieks study on effective leadership in magnet and nonmagnet nurse managers (2003) and Stanleys study on clinical leadership (2006a,b). The literature on evidence-based nursing care and nursing also shows that leadership is the cornerstone in the change process (Driever, 2002; Banning, 2005; Gifford,et al., 2007).

Longitudinal cultural studies based on nursing leadership and its impact on nursing care and interventional studies on nursing leadership in relation to nursing science knowledge and outcomes of phenomena in the organisational culture are needed. How do the nurse managers solve the role conflicts and co-operate with stakeholders with different interests that may blur their passion for nursing care, and how may the visions be sustained in a long-term nursing care development process? The question of nursing leadership is important in outlining and maintaining the ethical value base, direction and content of nursing care in the complex demands of an evidence-based, efficient and cost-effective nursing care. In the light of the findings in this study, the nurse managers seem to have the will but not always the knowledge or courage to mould his or her identity towards a synthesis of a nursing care knowledge in combination with leadership and management knowledge. Another question concerns the health nursing care organisations; do they recognise the nurse managers potential or is it too late to show their knowledge?

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONSThe basic process of nursing leadership in relation to development of nursing care from the first line nurse managers perspective is Preparing the Air for Nursing care. It supports evidence-based nursing care with a starting-point in relationships and dialogues with patients, their relatives, nursing caregivers and the world outside the unit. The Air for Nursing care is prepared together with the staff, by the nurse managers Concern about Nursing care in combination with Creation of the Direction and Content of Nursing care. The main typology of nursing leadership include the Active Developer, the Passive Thinker, the Impulsive Creator and the Routine Manager. There is a need for a continuous ethical reflection that appears from nursing care, leadership and administration. Nurse managers may show their concern and create nursing care to continuously raise the bar for their staff and create the best ethical caring culture in their unit(s) that serves the patient, their relatives and creates an effective working environment for the staff.

Key points

Nursing leadership has been studied from various perspectives such as attributes, traits, qualities, competencies, roles and skills. There is scarce research on the first line nurse managers own perspective on clinical nursing leadership and their experiences of nursing care development.

Preparing the Air for Nursing Care is suggested as the core category of this grounded theory study on the basis of the first line nurse managers concern about nursing care and their creation of the direction and content of nursing care. A typology was identified for nursing leadership in relation to the development of nursing care: the Active Developer, the Passive Thinker, the Impulsive Creator and the Routine Manager.

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Viitanen, E, Wiili-Peltola, E, Tampsi-Jarvala, T, Lehto, J (2007) First-line nurse managers in university hospitalscaptives to their own professional culture. J Nurs Manag 15: 114122.

Wieck, KL, Prydun, M, Walsh, T (2002) What the emerging workforce wants in its managers. J Nurs Sch 34: 283288.

Terese Bondas (PhD, LicNsc, MNsc, RN) is a Professor at the University College of Bors, Department of Caring Science, Sweden; Associate Professor, Kuopio University, Department of Nursing Science, Finland; and Chairperson of BfiN-Childbearing in the Nordic Countries the qualitative research network (http://www.bfin.hb.se) and NiV-the Nordic Research Network in Leadership in Health Care. Terese Bondas has research interests in Leadership in evidence-based care and childbearing and metasynthesis and qualitative research.

Email: [email protected]://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/5295/1/351.pdf

BAB 1. ABSTRAKPeluang yang dimiliki oleh perawat pelaksana tampaknya akan berkurang. Menanggapi hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang pengalaman para perawat pelaksana golongan pertama dalam pengembangan asuhan keperawatan sebagai program pada penelitian yang lebih luas. Pada mulanya perawat pelaksana Finlandia menulis suatu cerita mengenai lima program kepemimpinan yang berbeda dalam penelitian yang didasarkan pada teori ini. Mengolah Udara untuk Asuhan Keperawatan muncul sebagai kategori inti. Hal tersebut terbentuk oleh dua kategori utama. Memperhatikan asuhan keperawatan menjelaskan fokus para perawat pelaksana pada pengembangan asuhan keperawatan, pemberi perawatan kesehatan dan pengetahuan keperawatan dan perhatian untuk seluruh organisasi. Kategori kedua yang utama Menentukan Arah dan Kepuasan Asuhan Keperawatan' menggambarkan perawat pelaksana yang bekerja bersama dengan staf untuk menciptakan praktek terbaik yang berpusat pada individu dan keluarga, memulai hubungan dan dialog untuk perawatan, dan budaya perawatan. Sebuah tipologi diciptakan yang menjelaskan empat modalitas utama untuk memunculkan dari data: Pengembang Aktif, Pemikir Pasif, Pencipta impulsif, dan Pelaksana Rutin.

Kata kunci: perawat pelaksana golongan pertama, dasar teori, perkembangan asuhan keperawatan, kepemimpinan keperawatan, manajemen keperawatanBAB 2. PENDAHULUANPeluang para perawat pelaksana golongan pertama untuk memimpin asuhan keperawatan tampaknya akan berkurang dalam pengorganisasian perawatan kesehatan yang kompleks. Bukti penelitian keperawatan telah menunjukkan pentingnya kepemimpinan dalam keperawatan. Kepemimpinan dan manajemen keperawatan dalam pengembangan perawatan tampaknya berhubungan dengan fenomena yang kompleks dalam unit organisasi budaya sebaik fenomena yang berhubungan dengan perawat pelaksana dan latar belakang serta kepentingan mereka. Terdapat penelitian mengenai karakteristik keseluruhan kepemimpinan keperawatan. Namun, untuk mengembangkan bukti perawatan, pemahaman tentang arti kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam pengembangan perawatan dari perspektif perawat pelaksanalah yang lebih diperlukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh pemahaman dari perspektif para perawat pelaksana golongan pertama, dan pengalaman mereka dalam pengembangan asuhan keperawatan sebagai bagian dari program penelitian yang lebih luas ke dalam kepemimpinan dalam keperawatan.

BAB 3. LATAR BELAKANGKepemimpinan klinis dan pengetahuna asuhan keperawatan dianggap sebagai bagian yang diragukan dalam manajemen keperawatan (Antrobus dan Kitson, 1999; Narinen dan Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Stanley, 2006a, b). Perawat pelaksana golongan pertama dapat menangani ambivalensi dan ketidakamanan dengan menjadi salah satu perawat yang menambahkan tugas di sisi perawat administrasi (Johansson, et al., 2007), atau sebaliknya perawat pelaksana dapat menjauh dari dunia asuhan keperawatan, terutama bekerja untuk rencana mereka sendiri (Stanley, 2006a, b). Sellgren, et al. (2006) Ditemukan sisi dominan dari perawat pelaksana yang terlihat dan pelaksana jalan tengah dalam asuhan keperawatan. Perawat pelaksana seringkali mendapatkan posisi mereka secara kebetulan atau sebagai solusi sementara daripada memilih karir keperawatan mereka dalam impian dan kesadaran memilih karir keperawatan (Bondas, 2006). Hal ini juga mungkin sulit untuk mempertahankan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan tentang asuhan keperawatan dalam lingkungan organisasi perawatan kesehatan yang berputar. Visi asuhan keperawatan dapat dengan mudah hilang dalam masalah administratif dan rutinitas yang berputar jika visi tidak berkelanjutan (Graham, 2003). Visi hampir tidak disebutkan sebagai aspek kepemimpinan klinis dalam studi di Inggris. Namun, itu lebih penting bahwa para pemimpin klinis menghidupkan keinginan besar mereka mengenai asuhan keperawatan (Stanley, 2006a, b).

Pengetahuan ilmu keperawatan dan administrasi kesehatan lanjutan dalam perawatan kesehatan organisasi tidak selalu dihargai (McKenna, et al., 2004) dan nilai pelatihan manajemen hampir tidak diakui oleh para pemimpin klinis sendiri (Stanley, 2006a). Terdapat kekurangan kualifikasi pendidikan yang sesuai dalam penelitian dan ilmu untuk mengembangkan asuhan keperawatan, kepemimpinan, administrasi dan ekonomi kesehatan (Duffield dan kaum Frank, 2001). Kebingungan dan ketidaksetujuan telah dinyatakan mengenai kelangsungan kepemimpinan keperawatan (McKenna, et al., 2004), sedangkan posisi administrasi telah diduduki oleh non-perawat yang kurang memiliki pengetahuan dalam asuhan keperawatan (Mahoney, 2001). Peluang para perawat pelaksana golongan pertama untuk memimpin asuhan keperawatan bersama-sama dengan para profesional keperawatan tampaknya akan berkurang di asuhan keperawatan kesehatan masyarakat umum. Ide-ide dan praktek kepemimpinan keperawatan dan manajemen berdasarkan martabat manusia, kecintaan manusia dan juga keberkahan yang telah disisihkan dengan memperkenalkan praktek manajemen dari industri dan sektor bisnis (Bondas, 2003).

Kepemimpinan keperawatan klinis dianggap sebagai fenomena dalam penelitian dari ilmu perspektif keperawatan, dan banyak literatur telah dipelajari dari bisnis, administrasi umum atau perspektif industri (Davidson, et al., 2006). Ada banyak penelitian dari perspektif lain seperti atribut, ciri, kualitas, kompetensi, peran dan gaya yang berfokus pada apa yang dilakukan oleh para pemimpin perawat dalam pekerjaan dan siapa mereka (Mahoney, 2001; Drach-Zahavy dan Dagan, 2002;. Wieck, et al, 2002; Narinen dan Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Carroll, 2005; Sellgren, et al,. 2006). Sebuah tinjauan sistematis terbaru menunjukkan bahwa perawat pelaksana harus memiliki pemahaman tentang faktor-faktor kunci yang terkait dengan menghasilkan iklim yang positif dalam organisasi dan untuk melakukan kegiatan pembangunan dalam asuhan keperawatan (Pearson, dkk., 2007).

Perawatan kepemimpinan juga dianggap sebagai landasan praktek berbasis bukti program dalam organisasi perawatan kesehatan (Driever, 2002; Melarang, 2005; Gifford, et al, 2007.). Pemimpin dalam posisi manajemen menggabungkan pengaruh lingkup mereka dengan praktik keperawatan, dan mereka menghargai pengetahuan keperawatan (Antrobus dan Kitson, 1999; Lindholm, et al, 2000;. Boykin dan Schoenhofer, 2001; Drach-Zahavy dan Dagan, 2002; Narinen dan Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003). Viitanen, et al. (2007) menemukan peran pengasuhan ibu, yang berkomitmen untuk mengurus staf. Namun, tampaknya akan sulit bagi para pemimpin perawat untuk memahami perbedaan antara penyediaan tempat tidur perawatan dan kepemimpinan keperawatan klinis. Dengan demikian, ada penelitian dalam kepemimpinan keperawatan dari kompetensi pemimpin pusat, peran dimana asuhan keperawatan adalah bagian diragukan selain kepemimpinan dan manajemen serta temuan dari penelitian yang berdasarkan bukti perawatan yang menyoroti pentingnya kepemimpinan keperawatan. Dengan demikian penting untuk mempelajari bagaimana pengalaman perawat pelaksana golongan pertama dalam kepemimpinan perawatan klinis dalam hubungannya dengan pengembangan asuhan keperawatan.

BAB 4. TUJUAN, METODE, DAN PESERTA

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang pengalaman pengembangan pelayanan keperawatan oleh perawat pelaksana golongan pertama sebagai bagian dari program penelitian yang lebih luas dalam kepemimpinan keperawatan.Metode dan peserta

Sebuah metode kualitatif yang menerapkan perbandingan dan prosedur kontras dan teori generasi yang berdasarkan dasar teori yang dipilih (Glaser dan Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). Data dikumpulkan dalam bentuk narasi. Pertanyaan dalam narasi didasarkan pada temuan dari program penelitian dan kajian literatur sebelumnya. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan terbuka yang digunakan adalah: Bagaimana Anda menjelaskan praktek kepemimpinan sehari-hari Anda dalam kaitannya dengan perawatan?, Bagaimana Anda menggambarkan inti dari kepemimpinan keperawatan Anda? dan Apa yang Anda ingin lakukan untuk mengembangkan sebagai perawat pelaksana di organisasi Anda itu? Proposal tersebut memungkinkan perawat pelaksana bebas untuk menceritakan cerita mereka, menggambarkan pengalaman mereka dan merefleksikannya. Latar Belakang data yang dikumpulkan antara lain mengenai umur, posisi, tahun pengalaman kerja, dan juga pendidikan.

Enam puluh lima perawat pelaksana golongan pertama (60 wanita dan 5 pria) mengambil bagian dalam studi kualitatif. Variasi usia, pendidikan, dan pengalaman keperawatan dan kepemimpinan keperawatan ditandai sebagai sampel. Para peserta dipekerjakan sebagai manajer lingkungan di daerah baik di pedesaan dan perkotaan, di pusat-pusat kesehatan keperawatan kecil, serta dalam rumah sakit dari berbagai ukuran dan spesialisasi. Latar belakang pendidikan mereka bervariasi, kecuali untuk derajat keperawatan mereka, dan mereka semua khusus di area tertentu dalam asuhan keperawatan. Hanya beberapa informan (5%) telah menyelesaikan program master, sedangkan 71% telah berpartisipasi dalam berbagai kursus dalam kepemimpinan dan administrasi, yang tidak menghasilkan gelar. Selain itu, 24% dari manajer perawat yang berpartisipasi tidak melaporkan administrasi pendidikan terpisah dari pendidikan keperawatan mereka. Pengalaman para peserta sebagai manajer berkisar antara 3 bulan dan 26 tahun. Semua dialami perawat yang terdaftar. Usia mereka berkisar antara 25 dan 55 tahun. Unit-unit di mana mereka dipekerjakan memiliki antara 4 dan 30 posisi staf.

Pengaturan penelitian merupakan kursus kepemimpinan yang berbeda, dan peserta diminta untuk menulis narasi berdasarkan tiga pertanyaan terbuka di awal. Kursus-kursus di mana peserta yang terdaftar bervariasi. Baik mereka yang wajib atau sukarela in-service mengikuti program untuk manajer perawat, atau kursus kepemimpinan yang merupakan bagian dari gelar master. Pengumpulan data terus dilakukan setiap program baru sampai tingat saturasinya dicapai dalam analisis, yaitu tidak ada kode baru muncul dari data (Glaser dan Strauss, 1967). Deskripsi naratif berkisar dari beberapa baris deskripsi rinci dan empat halaman cerita.

Analisis Data

Data yang didapatkan dibaca sekali, dibaca ulang, dan dianalisis baris demi barisnya setelah pengumpulan data pada setiap tahap, dan akhirnya dibaca lagi secara keseluruhan, bila tidak ada kode baru muncul. Para peneliti terbuka untuk variasi dalam pencarian data untuk kode dan kontradiksi dalam data. Kategori diidentifikasi setelah coding. Setiap baris teks itu dibaca dan dianalisis berkali-kali dan berulang-ulang dari data yang dianalisis dan antara peserta, membandingkan dan mengkontraskan temuan. Sebuah kategori inti mengusulkan sesuatu yang didasarkan pada data, dan itu dibangun dari hubungan antara dua kategori utama. Kombinasi dari kategori utama menciptakan dasar untuk tipologi yang diusulkan (Glaser dan Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). Empat jenis kepemimpinan keperawatan kualitatif dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan asuhan keperawatan muncul dari analisis.Pertimbangan EtikPenelitian ini adalah bagian dari program penelitian departemen ke dalam kepemimpinan keperawatan. Setiap peserta diberi lembar informasi di samping penjelasan lisan dan dimungkinkan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan. Mereka diberitahu bahwa hal tersebut bersifat sukarela untuk berpartisipasi dan mereka bisa menarik diri dari penelitian setiap saat. Kerahasiaan atau identitas peserta itu dilindungi. Para peserta kemudian diinformasikan dari awal pertemuan dan dapat membicarakannya dengan peneliti.BAB 5. HASILMempersiapkan Udara untuk Asuhan KeperawatanKategori inti, Mempersiapkan Udara untuk Perawatan', ditemukan dan dijelaskan melalui dua kategori utama: Membuat Arah dan Kepuasan Perawatan dan Perhatian Mengenai Perawatan. Penyusunan Mempersiapkan adalah kata yang menunjukkan suatu proses dan itu berarti memungkinkan asuhan keperawatan terbaik yang tersedia di suatu unit. Persiapan dalam kepemimpinan keperawatan muncul sebagai berkelanjutan dan proses untuk perawat yang tidak berhenti.Mempersiapkan adalah hal penting dalam fungsi inti unit, yakni untuk menciptakan arah perawatan dan fokus pada hasil perawatan. Mempersiapkan adalah tindakan yang berarti terhubung ke fungsi utama; perawatan dari pasien. Kategori inti yang diusulkan muncul dalam penelitian ini dapat memandu dan memberikan fokus untuk kepemimpinan keperawatan. Udara sebagai metafora juga menyiratkan gerakan secara terus menerus. Napas masuk dan keluar membawa makanan dan vital pertukaran kabar, pengetahuan, dan hubungan untuk unit dan pasien, kerabat dan staf. Dalam rangka menjaga udara segar, dibutuhkan pintu dan jendela yang selalu terbuka terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya. Sebuah unit tertutup tidak memungkinkan untuk bernapas, melainkan bisa layu dan mati tanpa menciptakan kehidupan baru. Kategori inti juga dinyatakan dalam kata-kata ini oleh beberapa peserta.

Membuat Arah dan Kepuasan dari Asuhan KeperawatanKategori utama yang pertama disebut Membuat Arah dan Kepuasan dalam Asuhan Keperawatan. Peran pelaksana dalam asuhan keperawatan telah dijelaskan yaitu untuk menyediakan pengetahuan, model, dan cita-cita, secara langsung atau tidak langsung, melalui diskusi untuk membimbing asuhan keperawatan di unit mereka. Perbedaan pendapat asuhan keperawatan ada di antara staf. Namun, perbedaan pendapat yang mengarah ke konflik sering disebutkan dalam hubungannya dalam kerjasama dengan dokter atau staf di unit lain. Para pemimpin perawat ingin menciptakan praktek asuhan keperawatan yang terbaik untuk individu dan keluarga yang terlihat penting untuk kesejahteraan pasien, tetapi dalam keunikannya, hal tersebut sulit untuk dimasukkan dalam asuhan keperawatan. Hubungan dan dialog membangun dasar dalam asuhan keperawatan dan membentuk arah asuhan keperawatan di setiap unit, berdasarkan para pemimpin perawat. Para pemimpin perawat memandang budaya asuhan keperawatan sebagai ekspresi penting dari cara yang spesifik dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan dan praktek keperawatan yang menjadi pilihan mereka di suatu unit. Tiga kategori yang muncul antara lain: Menciptakan Perawatan yang Berpusat pada Individu dan Keluarga, Menciptakan Hubungan dan Dialog untuk Perawatan, dan Membuat Budaya untuk Perawatan.

Membuat Asuhan Keperawatan Berpusat pada Individu dan KeluargaPara perawat pelaksana menggambarkan pasien sebagai panduan penting untuk kepemimpinan mereka. Cita-cita bahwa mereka berjuang untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada unit mereka didasarkan pada pengetahuan pada setiap pasien: Ini adalah niat kita untuk membuat pasien merasa bahwa kita ada untuk mereka dan menawarkan pada mereka saat mereka membutuhkan, dan mereka merasa puas dengan asuhan keperawatan saat meninggalkan kita. Para manajer perawat menjelaskan bahwa kekhawatiran dari pasien dan keluarga diambil serius. Perawat pelaksana mengakui mengalami dilema dalam etik asuhan keperawatan, dan mereka tahu bahwa staf mereka membutuhkan dukungan dan bantuan untuk menangani dengan prioritas sehari-hari dalam merawat pasien. Mereka juga berhubungan dengan kekurangan dalam asuhan keperawatan, penghilangan asuhan keperawatan, dan perilaku ketidaktahuan staf. Seorang perawat pelaksana yang menjadi manajer menjelaskan niatnya: Saya ingin menjadi advokat pasien dan tidak pernah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap martabat mereka, dan menjadi lebih berani dalam mengambil sikap ketika saya melihat penderitaan yang tidak perlu.Para peserta yang memiliki gelar master atau yang mahasiswa master menjelaskan ilmu keperawatan sebagai dasar untuk perawatan, dan kepemimpinan mereka. Mereka juga menekankan arti mendengarkan pasien, sebuah praktek yang diakui peserta sebagai hal yang penting bagi pengembangan pelayanan keperawatan. Seorang manajer perawat menyebutnya partisipasi dalam perawatan harian di dalam jaminan kualitas pasien. Upaya pengurangan nyeri disebutkan sebagai suatu hal yang penting untuk dikembangkan. Tanggung jawab utama perawat pelaksana adalah, bagaimanapun bertanggung jawab memberikan asuhan keperawatan untuk memelihara dan melakukan pemeliharaan lanjutan kesehatan pasien dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Mereka tidak ingin staf menganggap mereka sebagai pengendali atau ahli yang selalu tahu yang lebih baik dari staf. Perawat pelaksana juga menggambarkan posisi yang sulit bagi mereka dalam asuhan keperawatan ketika mereka mencoba untuk membantu staf. Mereka ingin menunjukkan rasa hormat melalui pengetahuan dan tidak terlalu terlibat dalam isu-isu bahwa mereka merasa bahwa staf tahu yang terbaik.Menciptakan Hubungan dan Dialog untuk PerawatanPara manajer perawat dianggap sebagai pengembangan hubungan kolaboratif dan berdialog langsung dengan pasien, keluarga mereka, staf, dan pemangku kepentingan yang berbeda sebagai peran penting untuk mereka. Hal ini dianggap penting untuk menerima dan memberikan umpan balik terhadap praktik asuhan keperawatan. Hirarki tampaknya bertahan dalam deskripsi perawat pelaksana sebagai tantangan sulit untuk diatasi dan kadang-kadang diterima. Mereka merasa butuh berdiri untuk unit dan staf mereka ketika keberadaan mereka dianggap sebagai ancaman atau keluhan tentang praktek mereka. Para perawat pelaksana menjelaskan bahwa mereka, kadang-kadang, harus berjuang untuk ide-ide yang mereka yakini. Mereka merasa bahwa itu adalah tindakan penyeimbangan karena mereka tidak ingin menyakiti siapa pun. Perawat pelaksana juga berurusan dengan pemecahan masalah dan konflik setiap hari, dan menekankan pentingnya mendengarkan, mendukung, memotivasi dan pemahaman pandangan dan perspektif yang berbeda: Hal ini penting untuk menciptakan keamanan (dukungan dan pengetahuan) untuk staf, sehingga mereka akan berjalan maksimal untuk pasien. Perawat pelaksana menggambarkan kedekatan dengan staf yang memberikan kemungkinan untuk memantau apa yang terjadi dan peningkatan kebutuhan perbaikan: Melihat manusia dan mendengarkan pasien dan staf di suatu unit.Para perawat pelaksana juga menggambarkan kebutuhan mereka sendiri untuk dilihat sebagai makhluk yang rentan. Seorang perawat pelaksana golongan pertama perawat di suatu unit dijelaskan konflik dan fakta bahwa diaPunya banyak dukungan dari eksekutif perawat selama periode yang sulit . Rasanya pahit ketika ditusuk di belakang dan dia tidak tahu apa yang terjadi pada unitnya. Ada juga deskripsi perubahan pribadi perawat pelaksana dari yangotoritatif dan mengendalikan dalam hubungan dengan staf pada usia muda untuk menjadi lebih fleksibel, murah hati staf, spontan, aman, dan positif dengan meningkatnya usia dan pengalaman. Ketegasan dan kesabaran adalah sifat yang diinginkan untuk berpartisipasi pemimpin perawat dalam kaitannya dengan staf mereka.

Menciptakan Budaya untuk Asuhan KeperawatanPara perawat pelaksana merasa bertanggung jawab atas bagaimana orang mempunyai pengalaman organisasi budaya di unit mereka. Mereka berharap bisa menciptakan suasana kepedulian berdasarkan nilai-nilai etika kemanusiaan. Martabat manusia disebutkan sebagai suatu keharusan, yang membutuhkan perhatian konstan. Para perawat pelaksana menggambarkan bagaimana nilai mereka dasar yang diciptakan dan diklarifikasikan melalui refleksi dan diskusi tentang situasi masalah dalam asuhan keperawatan serta melalui penanganan konflik di suatu unit. Nilai basa metaforis dibandingkan dengan benang utama yang kain tenun dengan pola yang indah atau lem yang memegang staf bersama-sama. Para perawat pelaksana menekankan penciptaan lingkungan estetika, yang dianggap sebagai hal penting bagi rasa kesejahteraan dari pasien dan staf. Aspek fungsional lingkungan, seperti ukuran kamar, juga disebutkan. Hal itu terlihat sebagai penting untuk menciptakan semangat yang baik di unit, termasuk humor. Budaya dijelaskan oleh pilar, seperti kepercayaan, keamanan, kontak mendukung, fleksibilitas dan keterbukaan. Iklim inovatif diinginkan, dan para pemimpin perawat yang berpengalaman mengakui bahwa jarang mungkin menunggu waktu yang optimal dalam upaya pengembangan. Menurut manajer perawat, selalu ada beberapa masalah atau desakan. Mereka menjelaskan bahwa mereka harus menangkap saat itu; untuk mengevaluasi dan terbuka memeriksa apa yang telah terjadi dan belajar dan secara aktif mencampur dan memulai gerakan jika diperlukan. Para manajer perawat ingin mendiskusikan dan merenungkan hal-hal yang berbeda dan situasi dalam asuhan keperawatan dengan staf. Menurut mereka, alasan perubahan harus berhubungan dengan pasien dan kebutuhan mereka: Mendengarkan pasien menggunakan pengalaman dan pemahaman saya dalam mengubah unit saya menuju lebih peduli budaya. Salah satu manajer perawat menggunakan udara sebagai metafora untuk hidup memberikan oksigen ke unit: Tugas saya sebagai manajer perawat adalah untuk mempersiapkan udara untuk memotivasi staf menciptakan perawatan yang baik dan untuk mengembangkan perawatan . Organisasi dapat menjelaskan dalam hal kesehatan yang buruk. Proses perubahan bisa mengambil waktu yang panjang, yang menciptakan kebosanan. Beberapa manajer perawat berharap mengalami perubahan budaya sebagai proses harapan dan tanpa akhir, yang membuat mereka berpikir tentang menyerah atau meninggalkan proses perubahan.

Menjadi Perhatian Tentang Asuhan KeperawatanKategori utama kedua disebut Menjadi Perhatian Mengenai Perawatan. Perawat manajer menjelaskan bahwa mereka memikirkan tentang asuhan keperawatan di pikiran mereka, dan mengungkapkan cita-cita untuk pengembangan asuhan keperawatan. Mereka mengakui pentingnya pengasuh jompo keinginan dan pengetahuan megenai asuhan keperawatan, dan menjelaskan bahwa mereka beruntung memiliki staf yang tahudan peduli. Pentingnya pusat perawatan kesehatan atau rumah sakit sebagai organisasi berpusat manusia ditekankan. Sub-kategori adalah: Kepedulian untuk Pengembangan Perawatan Keperawatan, Kepedulian untuk Staf dan Kepedulian untuk Organisasi .

Kepedulian Terhadap Pengembangan Pelayanan KeperawatanPara manajer perawat khawatir dengan organisasi, arah dan koordinasi asuhan keperawatan: Kita semua bekerja terbaik bagi pasien; hal itu adalah ide inti dalam setiap aspek pekerjaan kami. Mereka menganggap kerjasama profesional dalam asuhan keperawatan sebagai masalah yang sangat penting dan karena itu disukai pandangan terbuka mengenai pengetahuan. Perawat pelaksana menganggap diri mereka bertanggung jawab untuk gerakan yang terus menerus dan pengembangan di unit mereka dan mencari pengetahuan serta inovasi. Namun, butuh waktu untuk menemukan posisi yang memuaskan dan bermakna. Pergeseran tanggung jawab dari perawat untuk perawatan pasien individu bagi perawat pelaksana untuk pengembangan asuhan keperawatan di seluruh unit digambarkan sebagai tantangan dan hal yang sulit. Para perawat pelaksana menjelaskan bahwa mereka memperhatikan sumber daya asuhan keperawatan baik manusia dan material. Seorang perawat pelaksana menunjuk keluar: Setiap anggota staf dianggap penting dan ide-ide semua orang pembangunan harus dihormati. Para manajer perawat ingin melibatkan semua orang yang terbaik dalam asuhan keperawatan dan pengetahuan khusus dijaga dalam di dalamnya. Tanggung jawab untuk perawatan juga terhubung pada penelitian keperawatan, inovasi baru ke depan, dan teknologi baru.Kepedulian Terhadap StafPara manajer perawat menjelaskan bahwa mereka ingin mendukung staf mereka. Mereka juga mengharapkan kinerja terbaik dari staf mereka. Ideal bahwa manajer perawat berusaha mendukung menuju arah itu, terlibat, dan peduli pada anggota staf yang dengan mudah akan memahami pentingnya mendukung pasien dan keluarga mereka. Perawat pelaksana merasa bahwa itu adalah tugas mereka untuk merekrut dan mempertahankan staf. Mereka mencoba melibatkan staf dalam perencanaan dan evaluasi, dalam perumusan tujuan dan visi asuhan keperawatan, dan dalam upaya untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Mereka mencoba menjadi personil politik dan terkait keputusan mereka untuk ide-ide membimbing asuhan keperawatan. Menjadi wajar digambarkan sebagai tugas yang sulit: Saya mencoba untuk memperlakukan semua orang dengan cara yang adil dalam batas yang wajar, Anda jarang mendapatkan berkat tapi kritik langsung ketika keinginan tidak dapat dipenuhi. Para perawat pelaksana menggambarkan bagaimana mereka peduli untuk staf keperawatan: Jika staf tidak merasa baik, maka seluruh organisasi juga akan menderita. Suasana harapan dan sukacita di tempat kerja memiliki efek positif pada pasien dan keluarga di unit. Waktu untuk refleksi berdasarkan bukti perawatan dan inovasi dipandang sebagai hal yang penting. Namun ada pada deskripsi langka aktual praktek perawat pelaksana. Masalah tanggung jawab sering disebutkan oleh para perawat pelaksana: Hal ini terkadang sulit ketika pemberi perawatan tidak bertanggung jawab, mereka hanya bekerja jika ada seseorang untuk memberitahu mereka apa yang harus dilakukan dan bagaimana melakukannya. Mereka tidak dapat melihat kebutuhan pasien. Kebebasan juga dapat menjadi ancaman kepada orang yang tidak aman yang ingin saya menjadi manajer yang tahu dan mengurus segala sesuatu. Para perawat pelaksana mengakui pentingnya pendidikan berkelanjutan untuk semua staf anggota dan menggambarkan perencanaan untuk pendidikan staf terus-menerus dan karir keperawatan mereka. Meskipun pendidikan perawat pelaksana sendiri sering tidak disebutkan.

Kepedulian Bagi OrganisasiPara manajer perawat yang berpartisipasi menjelaskan bahwa mereka ingin menjadi bangga pada organisasi mereka dan merasa bertanggung jawab untuk kesehatan seluruh organisasi yang dipekerjakan. Perasaan ini telah berubah dan berkembang pada manajemen karir keperawatan mereka: Hal ini bukan hanya tentang berada di sana, tapi benar-benar memilih jenis pekerjaan dan organisasi ini. Ada juga deskripsi mengenai partisipasi dalam pekerjaan penting mereka bagi manusia, cinta untuk kehidupan dan manusia. Menurut perawat manajer, perbedaan antara karir mantan perawat dan kepemimpinan keperawatan adalah liabilitas. Mereka mengambil tanggung jawab untuk pasien melalui asuhan keperawatan dan tugas tugas mereka. Sebagai manajer atau pelaksana, mereka merasa bertanggung jawab untuk unit, beberapa disebutkan tanggung jawab seluruh organisasi dan penggunaan sumber daya perawatan kesehatan. Hal ini penting untuk berkolaborasi ke segala arah serta untuk menyebarkan pengetahuan tentang unit dan perawatan yang kami berikan . Para manajer perawat memandang diri mereka sebagai ahli ketika datang ke perawatan di unitnya, yang berarti bahwa dunia luar organisasi mereka tidak penting. Sebuah masalah bagi para perawat pelaksana adalah sikap mereka terhadap masalah dan urusan rutinitas sehari-hari yang tampaknya bermunculan serta perencanaan, visi, pengembangan kerja dan masalah organisasi yang besar. Para manajer perawat mengakui bahwa hal ini tidak akan muncul dengan mudah jika mereka memiliki cukup waktu dan pengetahuan untuk terlibat dalam isu-isu lain daripada mengelola hal-hal rutin dan berlatih langsung pemecahan masalah. Perjuangan untuk sumber daya material yang tidak terjawab jelas. Tampaknya para manajer perawat puas untuk menerima keterbatasan dan situasi mereka seperti itu. Saya mencoba untuk membuat dunia asuhan keperawatan dalam organisasi kami sebaik mungkin, didasarkan pada sumber daya ekonomi yang telah disediakan. Hal itu juga penting untuk mematuhi hukum dan melihat bahwa ada pengetahuan yang cukup pada unit mereka tentang kerangka hukum perawatan kesehatan.

Modalitas yang Berbeda Kategori IntiModalitas yang berbeda dari kategori utama Mempersiapkan udara untuk Perawatan muncul dari variasi hubungan antara dua kategori utama Membuat Arah dan Kepuasan Asuhan Keperawatan dan Menjadi Perhatian Asuhan Keperawatan. Studi kepemimpinan keperawatan menyebabkan pengembangan tipologi termasuk empat variasi: pengembang aktif, pemikir pasif, pencipta impulsif, dan akhirnya manager rutin. Pengembang aktif menggabungkan kedua kekhawatiran tentang perawatan dan penciptaan asuhan keperawatan dalam kepemimpinan mereka: Perawatan ilmu pengetahuan adalah bagian dari kepemimpinan keperawatan saya dan saya bertindak sesuai dengan nilai-nilai danpengetahuan. Pemikir pasif didominasi oleh ide-ide yang baik dan yang bersangkutan tentang asuhan keperawatan, tapi tampaknya ada terlalu sedikit terjemahan dari keprihatinan mereka sebagai manajer perawat untuk berlatih: Ada kurangnya waktu untuk pengembangan ide-ide baru; Saya terlalu terlibat dalam asuhan keperawatan. Pencipta impulsif ditandai oleh pembentukan ad hoc yang tidak direncanakan pada pegembangan, sedangkan kekhawatiran mungkin hilang: Saya merasa aman dalam banyak situasi, terlalu emosional dan terlalu banyak temperamental. Saya memiliki banyak ide, tapi saya mengalami kesulitan dalam delegasi, dan saya tidak memberikan cukup ruang untuk staf saya, dan kemudian sangat mudah bagi saya untuk mendominasi. Akhirnya, manajer rutin kebanyakan tertarik dalam menyelesaikan tugas-tugas administratif tetapi tampaknya kurang keprihatinan atas kepuasan dan arah asuhan keperawatan: Jadwal waktu untuk staf mengambil banyak waktu saya, pertemuan, menjawab telepon dan kemudian saya mencoba untuk melakukan dokumen baik di muka. Tipologi ini menunjukkan bahwa kategori inti Mempersiapkan Udara untuk Perawatan dapat ditemukan dalam empat modalitas.

BAB 6. DISKUSI

Kategori inti kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan pelayanan muncul dan digambarkan sebagai Mempersiapkan Air untuk perawatan Keperawatan. Hal ini dijelaskan melalui dua kategori utama: Menjadi prihatin tentang Perawatan dan Menciptakan Arah dan Kepuasan Perawatan. Sebuah tipologi juga telah ditawarkan sebagai hasil analisis dan modalitas yaitu pengembang aktif, pemikir pasif, pencipta impulsif, dan manager rutin. Temuan ini menambah dan memperdalam wawasan ke dalam kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam kaitannya dengan perawatan dan dukungan penelitian lain yang bersangkutan dengan berbagai manajer perawat, peran atribut dan keterampilan (Mahoney, 2001; Drach-Zahavy dan Dagan, 2002; Wieck, et al, 2002;. Narinen dan Kekki, 2003; Upenieks, 2003; Carroll, 2005; Sellgren, et al, 2006). Penelitian ini terbatas pada perawat pelaksana di tingkat lingkungan di Finlandia. Namun demikian, temuan dapat ditransfer ke negara lain dengan perawatan yang sama dan keperawatan pada posisi kepemimpinan. Kategori-kategori yang ditemukan dari data dan tidak dipilih awal, serta analisis data dilakukan menurut pendekatan teori dasar (Glaser dan Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978). Tingkat saturasi dalam analisis data dijaga melalui pengumpulan data berulang dan analisis dengan membandingkan dan kontras baris dengan analisis line sampai tidak ada kode baru muncul. Sebuah kategori inti muncul dari data analisis dan tipologi dibangun didasarkan pada dua kategori utama menjelaskan variasi. Temuan dari analisis awal dilaporkan kepada peserta untuk dicocokkan, dan ada ekspresi pengakuan bahwa temuan itu bermakna. Temuan ini juga mulai menimbulkan diskusi yang hidup dalam kelompok dan dianggap relevan untuk praktek mereka. Kriteria bekerja berarti bahwa temuan memberikan penjelasan dan interpretasi dari apa yang terjadi. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk memodifikasi dan mengembangkan tentatif teori (Glaser dan Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1978).

Para perawat pelaksana menjelaskan bahwa mereka mencoba untuk mempengaruhi unit dan asuhan keperawatan dunia mereka, yang dapat dibandingkan dengan pandangan klasik kepemimpinan dan kekuasaan. Bagaimanapun karakteristik utama dari kepemimpinan keperawatan adalah unik. Tujuannya yaitu memberikan perawatan terbaik. Ini menandakan khusus atmosfer, bola, pertukaran dan gerakan yang diperlukan untuk asuhan keperawatan dalam mengambil tempat (Stanley, 2006a, b). Para membangun metafora "Mempersiapkan Udara untuk Perawatan menambah pengetahuan untuk teori kepemimpinan caritative, terutama arti kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam penciptaan budaya peduli dan hubungan dan dialog dalam melayani kepentingan pasien (Bondas, 2003, 2006). Hubungan timbal balik dengan staf kolaboratif pop up sebagai cita-cita, namun paradoks, mereka tetap tersembunyi dalam kenyataan bahwa penerimaan para manajer perawat dan perubahan dan pertumbuhan mereka sendiri tidak begitu terlihat dalam temuan. Hal ini mungkin juga menjadi sinyal ketidakamanan bahwa manajer perawat bersembunyi dan berusaha untuk menjadi mahir dan sempurna. Penelitian kepemimpinan transformasional menunjukkan risiko kesempurnaam manajer yang ideal dan pengikut buta yang ingin tempat manajer di atas takhta, yang dapat menyebabkan hasil yang tidak menguntungkan, seperti buruk pengambilan keputusan dan disfungsional organisasi (Reinhardt, 2004).Perubahan budaya juga berhubungan dengan menghormati disiplin keperawatan dan pengetahuan profesi yang berbasis bukti (McKenna, et al, 2004;. Gifford, et al, 2007). Jenis kekhawatiran budaya menciptakan keterlibatan dalam asuhan keperawatan. Namun, keprihatinan ini tidak signifikan untuk manajer tanpa pengetahuan dan pemahaman keperawatan perawatan (Viitanen, et al., 2007) atau visi asuhan keperawatan (Graham, 2003). Dalam studi ini, contoh adalah tipologi manajer rutin, yang menyelesaikan administrasi tugas, tapi daun pengembangan perawatan stafnya tanpa memahami peran mereka. Selain itu, ada kekhawatiran kuat diungkapkan untuk staf, sebuah ide yang mungkin terkait dengan pendidikan keperawatan manajer perawat dan pengalaman keperawatan perawatan pasien. Temuan ini sejalan dengan peran pemeliharaan ibu dalam fokus kelompok studi Viitanen, et al. (2007), studi pengamatan Drach-Zahavy dan Dagan (2002) serta teori Kepemimpinan Kongruen (Stanley, 2006a, b). Namun, tugas kepemimpinan keperawatan adalah juga untuk mencegah sakit karena kondisi pekerjaan. Paradoks kepemimpinan keperawatan menjadi jelas, fokus ganda dengan cara yang khusus. Fokus utama adalah keperawatan perawatan pasien, yang disediakan oleh keperawatan profesional dan tergantung pada kesehatan mereka, harapan, kompetensi, kekuatan, dan mendukung manajer perawat. Pemimpin perawat perlu kesabaran dan pemahaman tentang situasi di unit mereka, dan tidak akan berjalan ras mereka sendiri dan bergegas ke perubahan yang tidak direncanakan atau tidak realistis sebagai pencipta impulsif dalam penelitian ini.Hal ini tidak cukup untuk memiliki pengetahuan tentang keperawatan dan pengetahuan tentang asuhan keperawatan; perawat pelaksana harus menerjemahkannya ke dalam pengembangan praktek. Kepemimpinan keperawatan memiliki potensi menjaga budaya etis asuhan keperawatan, di mana staf yang mampu berkonsentrasi pada perawatan. Perawat bertindak sebagai pencipta aktif di kaitannya dengan pengembangan pelayanan keperawatan, dan itu tidak cukup untuk merasa khawatir tentang asuhan keperawatan sebagai tipologi pemikir pasif dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan. Temuan juga sejalan dengan studi Upenieks pada kepemimpinan yang efektif dalam magnet dan nonmagnet perawat manajer (2003) dan studi Stanley pada kepemimpinan klinis (2006a, b). Literatur tentang berbasis bukti perawatan dan menyusui juga menunjukkan kepemimpinan yang adalah landasan dalam proses perubahan (Driever, 2002; Melarang, 2005; Gifford, et al, 2007.).Kajian budaya longitudinal didasarkan pada kepemimpinan keperawatan dan dampaknya terhadap asuhan keperawatan dan studi intervensi tentang kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam kaitannya dengan ilmu pengetahuan keperawatan dan hasil dari fenomena dalam budaya organisasi yang dibutuhkan. Bagaimana perawat pelaksana memecahkan konflik peran dan bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan dengan kepentingan yang berbeda yang mungkin berkurang untuk asuhan keperawatan, dan bagaimana mungkin visi dipertahankan dalam pengembangan perawatan jangka panjang keperawatan proses? Pertanyaan kepemimpinan keperawatan adalah penting dalam menguraikan dan mempertahankan dasar nilai etis, arah dari asuhan keperawatan di kompleks tuntutan dari asuhan keperawatan berbasis bukti, efisien dan hemat biaya. Dalam cahaya temuan dalam penelitian ini, para perawat pelaksana tampaknya memiliki akan tetapi tidak selalu pengetahuan atau keberanian untuk cetakan atau identitasnya menuju suatu sintesis dari pengetahuan keperawatan dalam kombinasi dengan kepemimpinan dan manajemen pengetahuan. Pertanyaan lain menyangkut organisasi keperawatan kesehatan; apakah mereka mengenali perawat yang potensial manajer atau terlalu terlambat untuk menunjukkan pengetahuan mereka?

BAB 7. KESIMPULAN

Proses dasar kepemimpinan keperawatan dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan pelayanan keperawatan dari perspektif perawat pelaksana golongan pertama Mempersiapkan udara untuk Asuhann Keperawatan. Hal ini mendukung bukti asuhan keperawatan dengan titik tolak dalam hubungan dan dialog dengan pasien, keluarga mereka, pengasuh keperawatan dan dunia luar unit. Para Udara untuk perawatan Keperawatan adalah disiapkan bersama-sama dengan staf, oleh perawat manajer 'Kepedulian tentang perawatan Perawatan' dalam kombinasi dengan 'Penciptaan Arah dan Kepuasan perawatan Keperawatan '. Tipologi utama kepemimpinan keperawatan termasuk pengembang aktif, pemikir pasif, pencipta impulsif, dan akhirnya manager rutin. Ada kebutuhan untuk refleksi etika yang muncul terus menerus dari keperawatan, kepemimpinan perawatan dan administrasi. Manajer perawat dapat menunjukkan mereka keprihatinan dan membuat asuhan keperawatan untuk terus meningkatkan dan menciptakan kepedulian budaya terbaik etis dalam unit mereka yang melayani pasien dan keluarga serta menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang efektif untuk staf.

Kunci Poin:

- Perawatan kepemimpinan telah dipelajari dari berbagai perspektif seperti atribut, ciri, kualitas, kompetensi, peran dan keterampilan. Terdapat penelitian tentang perawat pelaksana golongan pertama pada perspektif klinis kepemimpinan keperawatan dan pengalaman mereka dalam pengembangan asuhan keperawatan.- Mempersiapkan udara untuk asuhan keperawatan disarankan sebagai kategori inti dari studi ini berdasarkan perhatian perawat pelaksana golongan pertama tentang perawatan dan penciptaan mereka dari arah dan kepuasan.asuhan keperawatan.- Sebuah tipologi kepemimpinan keperawatan diidentifikasi untuk dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan asuhan keperawatan: pengembang aktif, pemikir pasif, pencipta impulsif, dan manager rutin.DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Terese Bondas (PhD, LicNsc, MNsc, RN) is a Professor at the University College of Bors, Department of Caring Science, Sweden; Associate Professor, Kuopio University, Department of Nursing Science, Finland; and Chairperson of BfiN-Childbearing in the Nordic Countries the qualitative research network (http://www.bfin.hb.se) and NiV-the Nordic Research Network in Leadership in Health Care. Terese Bondas has research interests in Leadership in evidence-based care and childbearing and metasynthesis and qualitative research.

Email: [email protected]://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/5295/1/351.pdf