Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Divisive Politics
of Slavery
I AM BLUE!I AM BLUE!I AM GRAY!I AM GRAY!
The Industrial North
Industry and Immigration in the North
–Factories produced textiles, sewing machines, farm equipment, guns.
–Railroads (20,000 miles) was laid during the 1850’s.
Railroads carried raw materials east and manufactured goods west.
Chicago was a railway city that grew overnight due to the volume of goods and people arriving by railroad.
They were more reliable than rivers or canals.
Railroad Lines by 1860Railroad Lines by 1860Railroad Lines by 1860Railroad Lines by 1860
–Telegraph wires strung along railroad tracks provided a network for communication for the North.
–Immigrants from Europe entered the workforce
Mostly Irish and German
Many opposed slavery
1.Slave labor was in competition with people who worked for money.
2. It threatened to reduce the status of white workers who could not successfully compete with slaves.
Characteristics of the Characteristics of the SouthSouth1. Primarily agrarian and rural society
• Small Farms and Large Plantations
2. “King Cotton” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports)
3. 1/3 of the U.S. population lived in the South yet under 10% of all manufactured goods
4. Very slow development of industrialization
5. Lack of development in transportation system
• Still using rivers/canals
Rating theRating the NorthNorth & the& the SouthSouth
Rating theRating the NorthNorth & the& the SouthSouth
Slave/Free States Population by 1861
Slave/Free States Population by 1861
Resources: North & South
Resources: North & South
SouthernSouthern Society (1850) Society (1850)SouthernSouthern Society (1850) Society (1850)
“Slavocracy”[plantation owners]
“Slavocracy”[plantation owners]
The “Plain Folk”[white farmers]
The “Plain Folk”[white farmers]
6,000,0006,000,000
Black FreemenBlack Freemen
Black Slaves3,000,000
Black Slaves3,000,000
250,000250,000
Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000(9,250,000 in the South = 40%)(9,250,000 in the South = 40%)
Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.
Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA
SouthernSouthern Agriculture AgricultureSouthernSouthern Agriculture Agriculture
Slaves Picking Cotton
Slaves Picking Cotton
Slaves Using the Slaves Using the Cotton GinCotton Gin
Slaves Using the Slaves Using the Cotton GinCotton Gin
Changes in Cotton Production
Changes in Cotton Production
18218200
18601860
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave MasterBrands
Slave-Owning Population (1850)
Slave-Owning Population (1850)
Slave CabinSlave Cabin
Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories
Congressmen David Wilmot
(D-PA)
Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the
Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be
duly convicted.
Senate DebatesSenate Debates• Northerners wanted to abolish slavery in Washington D.C.
• Southerners accused the North of failing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.
• Some Southerners began to threaten secession- or the formal withdrawl of a state from the Union.
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT THE U.S. FROM BECOMING TWO NATIONS???
Compromise of Compromise of 18501850
• Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser”
•Wanted the North and South to come to a Compromise.
•Had help from former rival, Daniel Webster
•John C. Calhoun strongly opposed it.
•He was a supporter of Popular Sovereignty- the state is subject to the will of its people.
Terms of the CompromiseTerms of the Compromise
Calhoun’s Goals
Terms Webster’s Goals
• He believed in states’ rights•He blamed the situation on anti-slavery Northerners.• He did not think the South should give up slavery.
• Cali= free state• UT & NM = Popular Sovereignty• D.C. bans slave sales•Fugitive Slave Act required in the free states.
• No slavery in territories.• Supported the Compromise to keep the Union together.
The Compromise is The Compromise is AdoptedAdopted
• The Senate rejected Henry Clay’s compromise.
• He left Washington, discouraged.
• Stephen A. Douglas picked up where Clay left off.
• He unbundled the Compromise and passed each section individually.
• This allowed Congressmen to chose.
Is the issue of slavery really settled?• President Taylor dies
suddenly.
• Millard Fillmore becomes President.
– He supported the Compromise of 1850.
• John C. Calhoun died too.
– This allowed the South room to compromise.
• It was eventually voted into law.
• For the moment, the slavery issue was settled.
Southern Pro-Slavery Southern Pro-Slavery PropagandaPropagandaSouthern Pro-Slavery Southern Pro-Slavery PropagandaPropaganda
Reasons for the Civil Reasons for the Civil War… so far…War… so far…
1. Slavery2. Underground Railroad3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin4. Kansas-Nebraska Act5. “Bleeding Kansas”6. Dred Scott Court Case
““A House A House divided against divided against itself, cannot itself, cannot stand.”stand.”
Stephen DouglasStephen DouglasStephen DouglasStephen Douglas
Famous from the Compromise of 1850.
Leading candidate for President in 1860.
He believed in Popular Sovereignty.
He did not think slavery was immoral.
He did think it was not going to be used in the territories.
Seemed self-confident, pacing back and forth.
Pounded his fists to make points more dramatic.
He accused Lincoln of being an abolitionist and advocating racial equality.
Who is Lincoln?Who is Lincoln?Who is Lincoln?Who is Lincoln? He was a self-educated man.
He was known locally as a successful lawyer.
At first he was a Whig. He didn’t agree with the K-N Act and later switched to the Republican party.
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of 7 open debates to be held throughout Illinois on the issue of slavery in the territories.
Lincoln was direct and used plain language.
Wanted legislation to outlaw slavery.
Believed slavery was immoral.
He tried to make Douglas look like a defender of slavery.
Freeport DoctrineFreeport DoctrineFreeport DoctrineFreeport Doctrine Lincoln asked Douglas a crucial question.
Could the settlers of a territory vote to exclude slavery before the territory became a state?
Dred Scott decision said NO. Territories couldn’t exclude slavery.
So, how did Popular Sovereignty make sense anymore?
Douglas said, “Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulation.
He was basically saying that people could get around the Dred Scott decision.
Douglas won the Senate seat over Lincoln but his response further separated the North and South.
Harpers FerryHarpers FerryHarpers FerryHarpers Ferry
• Got money from Northern abolitionists.
Oct. 26, 1859, he led 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
He wanted to seize the federal arsenal, distribute the captured arms to slaves in the area so they could start uprisings.
He held 60 citizens hostage.
John Brown
Came back on the scene
Ended all hopes of compromise between the North and South.
He agreed with slave uprisings.
Harpers FerryHarpers FerryHarpers FerryHarpers Ferry Local troops killed 8 of Brown’s men.
Colonel Robert E. Lee took a detachment of marines down there.
They stormed the room where Brown and his men were, killed 2 more and captured Brown.
He was turned over to the state to be tried for treason.
He was hanged on Dec. 2, 1859. The South feared the North was inciting and supporting slave uprisings.
Lincoln is Elected PresidentLincoln is Elected PresidentLincoln is Elected PresidentLincoln is Elected President
18601860PresidentiaPresidentia
llElectionElection
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John BellConstitutional
Union
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
Election ResultsElection ResultsElection ResultsElection Results
Southern Southern SecessionSecessionSouthern Southern SecessionSecession
Lincoln’s victory convinced Southerners:
They lost their voice in the national government.
South Carolina was the first to secede.
December 20, 1860
Southern states were now wanting complete independence from the federal gov’t.
Mississippi followed on January 9, 1861, and Florida the next day.
Within a few weeks, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
The ConfederacyThe Confederacy
On February 4, 1861, delegates from the states met in Montgomery, Alabama.
The formed the Confederacy or Confederate States of America.They wrote their own Constitution but it protected and recognized slavery.
On February 9, Jefferson Davis was elected as President.
He was from Mississippi.Alexander Stephens was vice-president from Georgia.
Fort SumterFort Sumter
Confederate soldiers immediately began taking over courthouses, post offices, forts, etc.
The most important fort was South Carolina’s For Sumter.On an island in Charleston Harbor.
Lincoln’s DilemmaShould he reinforce the Fort?If he evacuated the fort, then he would be treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation and threat.
That would just anger the Republican Party, weaken his administration, and endanger the Union.
He decided not to do either one. He only sent food in for the men stationed there.This made Jefferson Davis have to deal with the situation and become responsible for the outcome.
If Davis did nothing, then he would damage the image of the Confederacy as an independent nation.
If he ordered an attack to take the fort, he would turn peaceful secession into a war.
Davis chose war.4:30 am on April 12, 1861, Confederate soldiers bombarded the fort with gunfire and cannons.The fort commander, Major Anderson surrendered.
More Secession…More Secession…The North united.
Lincoln asked for volunteers in the army.
The border states:Virginia was unwilling to fight against the Confederacy, so they joined them.
Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed Virginia= 11Part of Virginia separated into West Virginia.
Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals
Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowell
Winfield ScottWinfield Scott
George George McClellan,McClellan,
Again!Again!
George George McClellanMcClellan
Ambrose Ambrose BurnsideBurnside
Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker
George MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
McClellan: McClellan: I Can Do It All!I Can Do It All!McClellan: McClellan: I Can Do It All!I Can Do It All!
The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals
The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals
Jeb StuartJeb StuartJeb StuartJeb Stuart
James LongstreetJames LongstreetJames LongstreetJames Longstreet
George PickettGeorge PickettGeorge PickettGeorge Pickett
““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford Forrest
Robert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. Lee
Americans Expect a Americans Expect a ShortShort War…War…Union strategy = The Anaconda Plan
Navy would blockade Southern portsUnion riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two.Union armies would capture the capital of Richmond, Virginia.
Battle of Bull RunJuly 21, 1861, 3 months after Fort Sumter30,000 Union soldiers marching toward Richmond, only 100 miles from D.C.They came upon a Confederate camp of soldiers.
• General McDowell VS. General “Stonewall”“Stonewall” JacksonThe South won the battle as the North retreated.
Southerners became confident they were going to win the war.
Lincoln’s responseCalls on 500,000 men to enlist for 3 years3 days later, he calls for another 500,000He appointed General George McClellan
February, 1862
Union invaded western Tennessee
General Ulysses S. Grant
His forces captured 2 Confederate forts
Ft. Donelson and Ft. Henry
The Confederates surrendered.
