The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Centurywmshistoryclasssite.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/5/2/60520433/chapter_4.… · The Divisive Politics of Slavery Section-1 . ... Chapter

The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century

Next

Chapter 4

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.

The Union in Peril


Next Previous


Chapter 4

The Union in Peril

SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery

SECTION 2 The Civil War Begins

SECTION 3 The North Takes Charge

SECTION 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Disagreements over slavery heighten regional tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.

The Divisive Politics of Slavery

Section-1


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Section-1

Controversy over Slavery Worsens

• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor

• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery

• South tries to spread slavery in West

• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread

The Divisive Politics of Slavery

Differences Between North and South


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Section-1

Statehood for California

• California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South

Slavery in the Territories

The Compromise of 1850

• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory

• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union

• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides

• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted

• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Fugitive Slave Act

• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned

• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada

The Underground Railroad

• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South

• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans

Section-1

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Section-1

Protest, Resistance, and Violence {continued}

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska

• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36 30’ line, closed to slavery

• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery

“Bleeding Kansas”

• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas

• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas

Violence in the Senate

• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler

• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Slavery Divides Whigs

• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852

• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories

• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery

New Political Parties Emerge

The Free-Soilers’ Voice

• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers

Section-1

The New Republican Party

• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories

• Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

The Dred Scott Decision

• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom

• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen

• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery

Conflicts Lead to Secession

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln

• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave

• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment

Section-1

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Harper’s Ferry

• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859)

• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed

Conflicts Lead to Secession {continued}

Lincoln Is Elected President

• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes

Section-1

Southern Secession

• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861

• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede from the Union, war begins between the North and South.

The Civil War Begins Section-2


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Southern States Take Sides

• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers

• 4 more slave states join Confederacy

• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union

Union and Confederate Forces Clash

Strengths and Strategies

• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food production

• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers

• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond

The Civil War Begins Section-2

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Bull Run

• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory

• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle

Union Armies in the West

• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins at Shiloh

• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port

Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}

Section-2

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

The War for the Capitals

• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862:

— drives General George McClellan from Richmond

— loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle

• McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw

Section-2

Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Britain Remains Neutral

• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods

The Politics of War

Section-2

Proclaiming Emancipation

• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves

• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible

Both Sides Face Political Dissent

• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent


Next Previous


Chapter 4

War Leads to Social Upheaval

• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides

• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots

African Americans Fight for Freedom

• African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army

• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war

Life During Wartime

Section-2

Continued…

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care

• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Women Work to Improve Conditions

• Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides

• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American Red Cross

The War Affects Regional Economies

• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation

• Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry

• North’s standard of living declines

• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war

Life During Wartime {continued}

Section-2


Next Previous


Chapter 4

After four years of bloody fighting, the Union wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.

The North Takes Charge Section-3


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Southern Victories

• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville

The Battle of Gettysburg

• North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863

• Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized

The Tide Turns

Section-3

Continued…

The North Takes Charge

The Gettysburg Address

• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication

• Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Grant Wins at Vicksburg

• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks

The Tide Turns {continued}

Section-3


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Confederates Seek Peace

• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice

• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace

Total War

• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)

• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander

• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight

• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia

The Confederacy Wears Down

Section-3

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Sherman’s March

• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia

The Surrender at Appomatox

• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House

• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses

The Confederacy Wears Down {continued}

Section-3

The Election of 1864

• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Section-3

Human Cost of the War

• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die

A Revolution in Warfare

• Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly

• Ironclad ships change naval warfare

The War Changes the Nation

Political and Economic Changes

• Civil War increases power, authority of federal government

• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed


Next Previous


Chapter 4

The Thirteenth Amendment

• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states

The War Changes Lives

Section-3

Lincoln Is Assassinated

• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater

• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot

• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train


Next Previous


Chapter 4

After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union.

Reconstruction and Its Effects Section-4


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Building a New South

• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education

• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)

The Politics of Reconstruction

Section-4

Continued…

Reconstruction and Its Effects

Lincoln’s Plan

• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union

• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:

— want to destroy political power of former slaveholders

— want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction

• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan

• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners

• Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen

The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}

Section-4

Congressional Reconstruction

• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)

• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans

• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Johnson Impeached

• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict

Section-4

U. S. Grant Elected

• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes

• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans

The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Conditions in the Postwar South

• By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union

• Republican governments begin public works programs, social services

Reconstructing Society

Section-4

Politics in the Postwar South

• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position

• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war

• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Former Slaves Improve Their Lives

• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders

• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs

Section-4

African Americans in Reconstruction

• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator

Reconstructing Society {continued}

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops

• Tenant farmers rent land from owner


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Britain and France

• The Collapse of Reconstruction

• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:

— destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans

— to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children

• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South

• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires

The Collapse of Reconstruction

Section-4

Support for Reconstruction Fades

• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention

• Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes

Continued…


Next Previous


Chapter 4

Democrats “Redeem” the South

• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction

Section-4

The Collapse of Reconstruction {continued}


Next Previous


Chapter 4

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.


Previous


Chapter 4

Print Slide Show

1. On the File menu, select Print

2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4

3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline

4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation

Documents

The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Centurywmshistoryclasssite.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/5/2/60520433/chapter_4.… · The Divisive Politics of Slavery Section-1 . ... Chapter