4 The Union in Peril QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Divisive Politics of Slavery

4 The Union in Peril

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION The Divisive Politics of Slavery 1

SECTION The Civil War Begins 2

SECTION The North Takes Charge 3

SECTION Reconstruction and Its Effects 4

MAP GRAPH

4 The Union in Peril

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To understand the events that led to the Civil War, the course and outcome of the war, and the establishment and eventual failure of Reconstruction

4W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

How can the Union be saved? Examine the Issues

The year is 1850. Across the United States a debate is raging, dividing North from South: Is slavery a property right or is it a violation of liberty and human dignity? The future of the Union depends on compromise—but for many people on both sides, compromise is unacceptable.

• What are the obstacles to altering an institution, such as slavery, that is fundamental to a region’s economy and way of life?

• Is it possible to compromise on an ethical issue such as slavery?

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The Union in Peril

4

The United States The World

1851 The Great Exhibition opens in London.

1852 Franklin Pierce is elected president. Uncle Tom’s Cabin published.

1854 Charles Dickens’s Hard Times is published.

1856 James Buchanan is elected president.

1860 Abraham Lincoln wins presidential election. South Carolina secedes.

1861 The Confederacy is formed. Civil War begins.

1861 Russian serfs emancipated by Czar Alexander II.

TIME LINE

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1863 Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. continued . . .

The Union in Peril

1857 The Supreme Court rules against Dred Scott.

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The United States The World

1868 Cubans revolt against Spain. 1868 Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.

1876 Rutherford B. Hayes is elected president. 1876 Japan forces Korea to open ports to trade.

1877 Reconstruction ends.

TIME LINE

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The Union in Peril

1865 Civil War ends. Lincoln is assassinated; Andrew Johnson becomes president.

1864 Maximilian of Austria becomes emperor of Mexico.

1The Divisive Politics of Slavery

The issue of slavery leads to increased tension and violence between the North and the South and finally brings the nation to the brink of war.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

Disagreements over slavery heightened regional tensions and led to the breakup of the Union.

The modern Democratic and Republican parties emerged from the political tensions of the mid-19th century.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Harriet Tubman

• Franklin Pierce

• Jefferson Davis

• Dred Scott

• Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Underground Railroad

• popular sovereignty

• Stephen Douglas

• Abraham Lincoln

• Confederacy

• secession ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

Event One

Event Two

Event Three

Event Four


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four events that heightened tensions between the North and South.

continued . . .

The Compromise of 1850 includes a new fugitive slave law

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1852, Uncle Tom’s Cabin book on slavery stirs strong reactions

1857, Dred Scott Decision Supreme Court case causes sectional passions to explode

1859, John Brown attacks Harpers Ferry attempt to start a slave uprising intensifies sectional feeling in the country

ASSESSMENT


2. Do you think there were any points at which civil war might have been averted? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:• Yes. The Supreme Court made a major blunder in the Dred Scott decision.• No. The conflict was inevitable.

• the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act • the new political parties • the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott decision

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860


3. John Brown, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Stephen Douglas all opposed slavery. Who do you think had the greatest impact on American history and why?

ANSWERANSWER

Responses should reflect understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each individual and an awareness of their contributions.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. How did the tension between states’ rights and national government authority manifest itself in the events leading up to the Civil War?

ANSWERANSWER

Popular sovereignty reinforced states’ rights. The Dred Scott decision convinced many Northerners that the slave states were influencing the national government. Lincoln’s election frightened supporters of states’ rights, because he believed that Congress could abolish slavery.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

2The Civil War Begins

The Civil War becomes a more prolonged, deadly conflict than anyone had predicted and has a significant impact on civilians, soldiers, and African Americans.


KEY IDEA

HOMEMAP GRAPH


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OVERVIEW

Shortly after the nation’s Southern states seceded from the Union, war began between the North and South.

The nation’s identity was forged in part by the Civil War. Sectional divisions remain very strong today.



ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

• Fort Sumter

• Robert E. Lee

• Clara Barton

• income tax

• Emancipation Proclamation

• Stonewall Jackson

• Ulysses S. Grant

• Bull Run

• Antietam

• conscription

MAP GRAPH


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the military actions and social and economic changes of the first two years of the Civil War.

continued . . .

1. Bull Run 1. African Americans join Union army

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ASSESSMENT

Military Actions Social & Economic Changes

2. Shiloh

3. Antietam

4. First income tax

2. Food shortages in South

3. Battlefield medicine

MAP GRAPH


2. What effects did the Civil War have on women and African Americans? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Opportunities expanded for both groups. For example, the Emancipation Proclamation allowed African Americans to fight for the Union, and new jobs, such as nursing, opened to women.

• the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation

• women’s role in the war effort

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

MAP GRAPH


3. What advantages did the Union have over the South?

ANSWERANSWER

The Union had greater human resources, more factories, greater food production, and a more extensive railroad system.

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ASSESSMENT

MAP GRAPH

End of Section 2

3The North Takes Charge

The South surrenders to the North. However, the war has an enduring effect on the nation and on American lives.


KEY IDEA

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• Thirteenth Amendment

• Gettysburg Address

• John Wilkes Booth

• William Tecumseh Sherman

• Appomattox Court House

• Gettysburg

• Vicksburg

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

OVERVIEW

After four years of bloody fighting, the Union wore down the Confederacy and won the war.

The Union victory confirmed the authority of the federal government over the states.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List political, economic, physical, and social consequences of the Civil War.

continued . . .

Freed enslaved people; prevented disintegration of Union

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ASSESSMENT

Consequences of the Civil War

Political

Stimulated economic growth of the North and contributed to economic decline of the South

Widespread destruction of houses, livestock, and railroads in the South; increased industrialization in the North

Economic

Physical

SocialFamily life in both North and South disrupted by departure of millions of men to fight in the war and the high casualty rate


2. Grant and Sherman used the strategy of total war. Do you think the end justifies the means? That is, did defeating the Confederacy justify harming civilians? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• Yes. Saving the Union and abolishing slavery were worth the cost of civilian lives.

• No. Killing defenseless citizens is immoral under any circumstances. continued . . .

• their reasons for targeting the civilian population

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ASSESSMENT

• Sherman’s march through Georgia


3. How did Lincoln abolish slavery in all states?

ANSWERANSWER

Lincoln thought that a constitutional amendment would be necessary to abolish slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment was passed at the end of 1865.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Why did the Union’s victory strengthen the power of the national government?

ANSWERANSWER

It ensured that states would never again threaten secession.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

4Reconstruction and Its Effects

Reconstruction results in many political, social, and economic changes in the South before being ended in 1877.

KEY IDEA


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• Freedmen’s Bureau

• Radical Republicans

• Andrew Johnson

• sharecropping

• Fourteenth Amendment

• Fifteenth Amendment

• Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

• Reconstruction

• scalawag

• carpetbagger

• Hiram Revels ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

OVERVIEW

After the Civil War, the nation embarked on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts were made to readmit the South to the Union.

The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, passed as part of Reconstruction, gave civil rights to Americans of all races.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five problems facing the South after the Civil War. Then describe the solution that was attempted for each problem.

continued . . .

Physical devastation of the South

Congressional Reconstruction

Public Works Programs

Freedmen’s Bureau established

Reuniting North and South

Former slaves need assistance

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ASSESSMENT

Problem Attempted Solution

Former slaves need land 40 acres and a mule plan

Vigilante groups arise Enforcement Acts


2. Do you think that Reconstruction had positive effects on Southern society? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• Reconstruction’s positive effects include the Freedmen’s Bureau’s assistance to former slaves.

• Reconstruction had negative effects: by trying to help former slaves it encouraged a backlash that intensified racism and led to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan; by not offering land to former slaves, it forced African Americans into sharecropping.

• the formation of the Ku Klux Klan • why so many African Americans turned to sharecropping

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. How did the Radical Republicans hope to reconstruct the South?

ANSWERANSWER

The Radical Republicans wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders. They also wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship, including the right to vote.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 4

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4 The Union in Peril QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Divisive Politics of Slavery