TECHNOLOGIES IN MUNICIPAL WATER

© Confederation of Indian Industry

TECHNOLOGIES IN MUNICIPAL WATER


Drinking Water Supply in India

Sources of Raw Water

Ground water (direct

through tube wells –

supplied after minimum

treatment) –scenario is

changing due to ground

water pollution

Surface water –through

intake structure in rivers

(Supplied after

treatment in centralized

water treatment plant)


Technologies in Ground Water Treatment

Major contaminants – Fluoride ,

Nitrate, Arsenic, Salinity (TDS) ,

iron etc

Present treatment technologies

Boiling, filtration and

chlorination for relatively good

source

Fluoride - Activated alumina

treatment / Nalgonda

treatment (Alum & lime)

High salinity (TDS) - Reverse

osmosis

NITRATE - Resin based

treatment

ARSENIC - Activated alumina,

oxidation with chlorine


Technologies for Surface Water Treatment

Aeration in cascade

aerators (to remove

iron/manganese)

Chemicals –

Alum/lime/polyelectroly

te followed by

flocculation and

coagulation

Clarifications/sedimentati

on (Innovations possible in

clarifier design)

Filtration (Innovations

possible in filter bed

composition)

Post Chlorination


Innovative Technologies - High rate solids contact type Lamella clarifier

Features:

Compact, Versatile & robust

Inbuilt Thickener

Very efficient

High Quality Water

Multiple applications

Typical applications:

Clarification, Lime Softening

Primary & Tertiary Clarification

Carbonate removal, Metal Precipitation,

Colour removal


Innovative Technologies - Pulsating sludge blanket type clarifier

Features:• Modular & robust process

• Rectangular Flat Bottom RCC Tank

• No underwater moving parts

• Even water distribution over entire

bottom

• Even sludge withdrawal across the

tank

Typical applications :

Raw Water Clarification (River, Dam, Reservoir)

Clarification of Water with Algae


Roadmap for Water Treatment Technologies

Encouraging and adopting community based RO &

Resin based treatment for tackling

Nitrate/TDS/Fluoride in ground water

Replacing space taking conventional clarifiers

with ultra filtration membrane in proposed

projects

Refurbishment of existing clarifiers with lamella

plates to increase efficiency

Using multimedia structure in new and existing

filter beds

Installing PLC in existing and proposed water

treatment plants for proper management


Roadmap for Water Treatment Technologies

Encouraging application of high efficiency

pumps and motors in water treatment plants

and transmission system

Latest lining technologies for transmission

and distribution system

Adopting latest metering appliances for

establishing accountability

Use of quality pipes and accessories from

supply lines to the individual house

connections

Develop community based water connections


Technologies for sewage generated Classified under three categories based on performance

parameters, land requirement, energy demand:

Category I: Good performance, Low energy requirement, low

resource requirement and associated costs, High land requirement

(BOD <30, SS < 30)

Category II: Good performance and high energy requirement , high

resource requirement and other associated costs , moderately low

land requirement (BOD <30, SS < 30)

Category II (Improved version): Very Good performance and Very

high energy requirement , very high resource requirement and

associated costs, low land requirement (BOD <20, SS < 20)

Category III: Moderate performance, moderate energy

requirement, moderate resource requirement and associated costs,

moderate low land requirement (BOD <30, SS < 30)


STP Technologies under category I

Waste stabilization

pond (WSP)

Duckweed pond

systems (DPS)

Facultative aerated

lagoons (FAL)

Slow rate trickling

filter (TF)


STP Technologies under category II

Activated sludge

process and its

modifications (ASP)

Up flow Anaerobic

sludge blanket

process (UASB) with

facultative aerated

lagoons (FAL)

Up flow Anaerobic

sludge blanket

process (UASB) with

ASP


STP Technologies under category II continue

BIOFOR process

Biofor F with multimedia

Filter

FAB (Fluidized Aerobic Bed

MBBR (Moving bed bio

reactor)

SAFF (Submerged aerobic

fixed film)

SBR (Sequential Bio Reactor

Process)

MBR (Membrane bio reactor)


STP Technologies under category III

Facultative aerated

lagoons (FAL)

followed by

maturation pond

High rate trickling

filter (TF) with both

gravel and plastic

media followed by

maturation pond


Few examples location wise in India

ASP 60 MLD plant at Allahabad

UASB 78MLD with bio gas utilization in Agra / 20

MLD bio gas utilization in Faridabad

UASB + ASP 43 MLD in Vadodara

UASB + FAL +FAU 172 MLD in Hyderabad

BIOFOR F 182 MLD STP in Delhi

FAB / SAFF 3 MLD plant in Delhi / 42 MLD Lucknow

SBR C tech 100 MLD in Nerul/12.5 MLD at Panjim

MBR 1 MLD at Tidel park Chennai


Assessment of technologiessource -NRCD

Waste stabilisation pond system

Land – 0.8 -2.3 hectares/MLD

Energy - Negligible

CAPEX: Rs1.5-4.5 million per MLD capacity

O&M: Rs0.06-0.1 million/year/MLD

Duckweed Pond System

Land – 2 - 6 hectares/MLD

Energy - Negligible


O&M: Rs0.18 million/year/MLD

Facultative Aerated lagoon

Land – 0.27-0.4 hectares/MLD (higher than ASP)

Energy – 18KWh/ML treated (much lower than ASP)

CAPEX: Rs2.2 – 2.9 million per MLD capacity

O&M: Rs0.15 -0.2 million/year/MLD


Assessment of technologies

Trickling Filter


Energy – 180KWh/ML treated

CAPEX: Lower than ASP

O&M: Lower than ASP

Activated sludge process


Energy – 180-225 KWh/ML treated

CAPEX: Rs 2 - 4 million per MLD capacity (Around 55% is civil cost)

O&M: Rs0.3-0.5 million/year/MLD

Biofor

Land – 0.04 hectares/MLD



O&M: 0.86 million/year/MLD



High rate activated sludge Biofor F Technology

Land – 0.08 hectares/MLD (Much lower than ASP)

Energy – 180KWh/ML treated (85% met through power from biogas)

CAPEX: Rs 5.2 million per MLD capacity Rs 5.2 million per MLD capacity

O&M: Rs 0.18 million per MLD capacity

Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB)



CAPEX: Rs 3-5 million per MLD capacity (30% is plastic media cost)

O&M: Rs0.6-0.75 million/year/MLD (50% higher than ASP)

Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF) technology


Energy – 390 KWh/ML treated

CAPEX: Rs7 million per MLD capacity

O&M: 1.14 million/year/MLD



Cyclic Activated Sludge Process



CAPEX: -

O&M: Higher than ASP

Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process

Land – 0.2-0.3 hectares/MLD


CAPEX: Rs 2.5 – 3.6 million per MLD capacity

O&M: Rs0.08 – 0.17 million/year/MLD


Roadmap in Wastewater Treatment

Activated sludge process with 24 x 7 committed power

supply should be adopted with mandatory provision for

installing gas engine to partially offset the energy

requirement. Treated wastewater should be linked to

irrigation.

Polishing units (Such as - Pressure sand filters,

Activated carbon filter & chlorination unit) should be

added after ASP for utilizing the treated water for

landscaping, gardening. (Thus conserving fresh water)

Suitable sludge treatment technology should be

adopted in all STPs, to be linked up with Bio fertilizer

market


Roadmap in Wastewater Treatment

Sequential Batch Reactor / Membrane Bio Reactor is

advisable for projects linking industrial requirement of

treated wastewater from the municipals.

Decentralization of sewage treatment units across the

city should be encouraged rather than putting all the

sewage of the city at one place. This would allow

flexibility in choosing technology options.

Compact localized treatment like Rotating biological

contactor, Moving Bed Bio Reactor, root zone

treatment should be adopted for on site treatment in

large institutions, offices and hotels


THANK YOU

Documents

TECHNOLOGIES IN MUNICIPAL WATER