17
Simple Energy Conversion Technologies

Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    8

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Simple Energy Conversion Technologies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 2: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Power ProductionSources & Processes

Page 3: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Overview• Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

– Direct Combustion– Internal Combustion Engines– Electric Generators

• A word about electric circuits and the power grid– Steam Cycle

• Primary “thermal” power sources– Biomass– Coal– Oil– Natural Gas– Nuclear– Geothermal

• Activity: Build Your Own Model Electric Grid

Page 4: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Direct Combustion

• Probably the earliest form of intentional energy conversion by humans

• Breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones • Combustible material + heat  volatile gases + residues• Volatile gases + oxygen  heat + H2O + CO2 + CO + C + N• Conversion: chemical  heat(thermal) energy• Heat can be used for a variety of purposes:

– Directly heating something (air, water)– Heating a gas  expansion  work can be performed– Heating a liquid  boiling  steam  spin a turbine or perform work

Page 5: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Internal Combustion Engine (I.C.E.)

Page 6: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric Motors & Generators

• At its most basic level: 

• Motors electric energy  kinetic (rotational) energymagnetic field + current‐carrying conductor = motion!

• Generators kinetic (rotational) energy  electric energymagnetic field + conductor (wire) + relative motion = electricity!

Page 7: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric generators motors• How does a generator motor work?• Requirements

– 1) current‐carrying conductor (a wire with current flowing)– 2) magnetic field

• Current in a coil creates an electromagnet (via RHR)• Magnetic interaction creates a

torque  rotation• When rotor is in horizontal pos’n, rotor

current switches direction  polarity of theelectromagnet switches

• When rotor is in horizontal position, no net torque  relies on momentum

Page 8: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric generators• How does a generator work?• Like a motor but in reverse!  • Requirements

– 1) conductor (wire)– 2) magnetic field (electromagnets 

or permanent magnets)– 3) relative motion between the 

conductor and the magnetic field• Magnetic field induces a voltage

on the coil of wire, causing current to flow (Faraday’s Law)

Page 9: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric motors & generators

• Convenient memory techniques:– Left hand rule for motors– “Motors drive on the left in England”

– Right hand rule for generators– Generator  right– Thumb is now direction of motion

Page 10: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric motors & generators

Page 11: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Electric Motors & Generators

• At its most basic level: 

• Motors electric energy  kinetic (rotational) energymagnetic field + current‐carrying conductor = motion!

• Generators kinetic (rotational) energy  electric energymagnetic field + conductor (wire) + relative motion = electricity!

Page 12: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

A word about electric circuits

• Ohm’s Law:V=IR  where V=voltage(V), I=current(A), R=resistance (ohms)

• Electrical Power:P=IVP=I2R   this is why we use transformers for     

long‐distance electric transmission lines

Page 13: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

A word about electric circuits

• Series: two loads/sources are wired one‐after‐another – current must flow through both of them

• Parallel: two loads/sources are wired such that current can flow through either of them

Current is same through bothVoltages add together

Voltage is same through bothCurrents add together

Page 14: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

A word about the electric power grid

• Basically a giant electric circuit with many interconnected sources and loads

• Three Segments:– Generation– Transmission– Distribution

• Direction of power flow is controlled by the laws of physics

• Analogous to a big system of water pipes– Generators = Water pumps– Electric loads = Water faucets/dishwashers/lawn sprinklers– Electric batteries = Water towers

Page 15: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

A word about the electric power grid

• Traditionally, power plants divided into baseload and peaking load

• Other considerations:‐ Ramp‐up and ramp‐down rate ‐ Fuel costs‐ Operating costs‐ Location

Page 16: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Steam Cycle

• Rankine Cycle: – ubiquitous!

• Describes the thermodynamic cycleof converting liquid fluidto steam, performing work, and condensingback to liquid… repeat

Page 17: Simple Energy Conversion Technologies2...Simple Energy Conversion Technologies. Power Production Sources & Processes. Overview • Mechanisms for energy conversion, power production

Questions?

Matt AldemanSenior Energy Analyst

Center for Renewable EnergyIllinois State [email protected](309) 438‐1440