123147532 Energy Conversion

7/30/2019 123147532 Energy Conversion

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Energy Conversion and rural

Electrification By Jemal H.


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Course Outline Course Description:

The course discusses the use of various technologies harnessingvarious sources to furnish electrical energy. Issues relevant toenergy efficiency and energy storage are discussed.

Course Objective: To introduce technologies of conventional and nonconventional power plants. To provide an overview of renewable energy resources and technologies.

To give an insight into harnessing potential energy sources for off-grid and grid-integrated electrical power systems. To introduce techniques of planning and designing rural electrification.


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Contents Introduction to Energy Conversion Review of Thermodynamic Fundamentals:

First and second laws, Carnot cycle. Hydropower : Basic concepts, Site selection, and Typesof turbines, Small- scale hydropower design. Solar Energy : Introduction, Solar radiation, Solar

Collectors, Solar cells and PV systems, Applications of SolarEnergy. Lab- Solar panel characteristics study.

Biomass Energy: Introduction, Biomass conversion andDirect combustion applications. Wind Energy: Basic theory, Types of turbines, Windresource analysis, Applications.


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---ctd Geothermal Energy: Introduction, Geothermal resourcetypes, Applications or heating and electricity generation. Non-Conventional Energy Sources: Introduction to FuelCells, Hydrogen Fuels and Other Sources Introduction Rural Electrification: Rural electrificationpolicy, Load forecasting, Feasibility study of small-scalepower systems, Planning and design of rural electrification,techniques of connecting rural villages to national grids. Thermal Power Plants: Steam cycle, Fuels and combustion,Gas turbines and combined cycles, Operating practices. Nuclear Power Plant : Nuclear Fuel, Fission, Fusion,

Radioactive decay, Nuclear power plant


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Introduction to Energy Conversion


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Background on Energy Sector of Ethiopia

Ethiopias energy consumption is predominatelybased on biomass energy sources (94%).

Traditional Energy Sources are Fuelwood,Charcoal, dung

Modern Energy is mainly products of petroleumand Electricity

Petroleum product is the major part frommodern energy and it is mainly used for transportsector

Per capita electricity consumption is28kWh(2006)


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The major source of electricity is hydro powerplant

Reading assignment , what is the current installedcapacity of hydropower in Ethiopia?

Ethiopia has potential of more than 45,000 MWfrom hydropower

Geothermal resource potential is estimated 1070MW

Coal reserve is 70 Million Tones Natural Gas Reserve 4 TCF ( Terra Cubic Feet)


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Energy Issues in Ethiopia Ethiopia has faced serious problems in energy supply

and utilization The new economic policy has created favorable

conditions for the private sector and encouragesinvestment which entails heavy investment burden inthe energy sector

The need to transform from traditional to modernenergy sources which demand for heavy investment interms of foreign currency and domestic resources

The continued destruction of forestry resources forfirewood has resulted in environmental problems, lossof productivity and ecological imbalance


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Increasing scarcity and cost of household fuels, particularly firewoodincreased stress on women and children who usually are supposed tocollect fuel

Traditional energy consumption in Ethiopia is associated mainly withenvironmental problems

The cost of petroleum imports has brought worsening impact on Ethiopiastrade balance and foreign exchange availability

Low efficiency of energy utilization in all sectors The agricultural sector is still at primitive stage and highly dependent on

animate power Lack of access and/or unavailability to modern energy sources in rural

areas


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Energy sources and conversionprocesses


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Energy Conversion is the Process by/in which one energyform is transformed into a different form of energy.Henceforth an energy conversion process transformsprimary energy into secondary energy

Transitional Energy: Energy in motion, e.g. kinetic energy(K..E.); thermal energy; electric energy intransmission/distribution systems; radiatedelectromagnetic energy (e.g. solar energy, radio waves,other electromagnetic energies)

Stored Energy: Energy sources which exist in the forms of sitting masses at higher positions or elevations, andcommonly referred to as potential energy (P.E.)


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Classification of Sources of Energy

Primary (initial) energy sources; e.g. fossil fuels ( coal, oil,natural gas); hydropower. biomass fuels (i.e. fuel wood,branches, twigs, leaves, charcoal, agricultural wastes),different forms of solar energy (e.g. radiant energy,hydropower, and wind energy).

Subdivided into Renewable energy sources solar energy, wind energy,hydropower, biomass sources; geothermal energy areseasonally and slowly recovered energy sources. Non-renewable energy sources: fossil fuels (coal, oil,natural gas (CH4) Note: Once combusted fossil fuels willnot be recovered; instead the resulting washes and ashesare removed as wastes


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Secondary energy: is energy derived after aconversion process e.g.

Electrical Energy (Electricity) coming out from a

generator Mechanical Energy or useful work provided by an

electric motor or a diesel engine

Thermal Energy provide as high enthalpy or potential chemical energy) coming out from a thermal process.


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Conventional energy sources: are mixes of common nonrenewableand renewable energy sources in generating electricity inconventional thermal and hydro power plants, i.e. fossil fuels,hydropower sources and nuclear energy. Non-conventional energy sources: are mixes of common nonrenewable

and renewable energy sources not commonly used instandard generating plants, but found applicable in generatingelectricity in small or isolated power systems, e.g. in generatingelectricity single photovotaic systems, small-scale wind generators. Note: All types of energy sources that are not of adequate volume to

operate conventional power plants (typically of low power capacities)are mostly renewable energy sources except for hydropower, biomassenergy sources, including those that are carbonized like charcoal,briquets (i.e. dried cakes of biomass or coal dust mixed with mud)


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Essentials of an energy ConversionProcess

1. An Energy Conversion Process withoutStorage facilities on Either Side of theConverter (i.e. on the input side beforeconversion and on the output side afterconversion) of the Energy Converter


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2. An Energy Conversion Process with Storagefacilities on the Primary Energy (input) side of the Energy Converter


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3. An Energy Conversion Process with Storagefacilities on the Secondary Energy (output)side of the Energy Converter


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Definition of Renewable Energy Energy sources are categorized in to two basic

parts:1. Renewable Energy2. Non Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is the term used to coverthose energy that occur naturally and Repeatedly

in the environment and can be harnessed for

human benefit. The ultimate sources of most of these energy arethe sun, gravity and the earths rotation.

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123147532 Energy Conversion